256
Modern Business Geography
complex in that it requires much skilled labor and complicated ma-
chinery, and the raw materials are greatly changed before they be-
come finished products. In the northeastern section outside of these
three districts, on the other hand, although manufacturing is impor-
tant it is generally exfensive. That is, the distances between manu-
facturing cities are relatively great and the cities and plants are
commonly small. In fact, much of the manufacturing is carried on
in villages. The type of manufacturing in these outside regions is also
likely to be simple. The raw materials are usually found close at
hand; they pass through only a few processes, and complicated ma-
chinery is rarely used. Logs, for example, are cut into lumber, turned
into wooden ware, or ground into wood pulp for paper; milk is made
into butter, cheese, and condensed milk; fruit and vegetables are
canned ; and rocks like granite and marble are chiseled into blocks
and slabs.
Why parts of the northeastern section have only simple manufac-
turing. In the northeastern section of the United States the indus-
tries outside the three districts of intensive, complex manufacturing
are relatively undeveloped for three reasons: (1) Some regions, such
as the Appalachians, are too rugged for manufacturing, and trans-
portation costs too much. (2) Other regions, such as the peninsulas
of Maryland and Cape Cod, are located at a distance from important
trade routes. (8) Some regions are still young, industrially. The
iron region of Minnesota is a good example.
Cities of the northeastern manufacturing section outside the most
intensive areas. Important manufacturing cities may be located in
regions which are not as a whole characterized by intensive manufac-
turing. Such regions within or on the edges of the northeastern manu-
facturing section contain the cities of St. Louis, Minneapolis, St.
Paul, Scranton, and Duluth.
St. Louis resembles Chicago in its great meat-packing industries,
but being off the routes on which iron ore is cheaply transported, and
near places where hides and tobacco are produced, it specializes in
shoemaking and tobacco products. When the nearness of St. Louis
to a great supply of hides convinced eastern companies of the
advantages of St. Louis for shoemaking, skilled labor and compli-
cated machinery were moved bodily from the East to start the
industry.
Minneapolis and St. Paul, commonly called the Twin Cities, find
unusually favorable conditions for milling wheat at the Falls of St.
Anthony on the Mississippi River, where 50,000 horse power are
