The Industrial Revolution

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1027928145

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-159926

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Cunningham, William http://d-nb.info/gnd/128907487

Title:: The Industrial Revolution

Place of publication:: Cambridge

Publisher:: The University Press

Year of publication:: 1922

Scope:: xxii S., S. 404-886

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

Usage license:: Get license information via the feedback formular.

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Contents

Collection:: Economics Books

evil CONTENTS granted allowances from the rates, and this tided over the transition to spinning by jennies in factories, and subsequent spinning by power. 653 254. Legal and Illegal Woollen Weavers. The flying shuttle brought large earnings to those woollen weavers who found employment, but the anemployed commenced an agitation for enforcing the old rules, The obligation of a seven years’ apprenticeship was get aside temporarily, and, jespite the evidence in favour of retaining if, the system was aban- doned. . “ . . . . . . . . . 657 255. The Shearmen and the Framework Knitters. The use of gig- mills, though possibly illegal, was permitted, since they did the work well; the newly invented shearing frames deprived skilled workmen of employ- ment and roused them into violent opposition, in which they were associated with the Luddites. When the regulation of framework knitting by the Company ceased, complaints of hardship arose from the hands, who paid frame rents; and subsequently inferior goods were produced, which spoiled the market. The evils were aggravated by the practice of spreading work, and were not due to machinery, but to reckless competition. . 661 III. AGGRAVATIONS OF THE Evirs oF TRANSITION. 256. The War and Fluctuations in Maritime Intercourse. The in- svitable difficulties of transition were aggravated by the fluctuations of trade, which rendered manufacturing speculative and tended to lower the operatives’ standard of life. The breach with the American colonists was taken ad- vantage of by French and Dutch rivals; and Russia insisted on maintaining a new doctrine of neutral trading, to the disadvantage of the English, who sustained heavy losses, but no permanent damage to their maritime power. Though England relinquished many possessions in 1783, her maritime superiority was more striking than ever, and enabled her to monopolise the carrying trade and to ruin her rivals. During the Revolutionary War a stimulus was given to English tillage; and after the Peace of Amiens, to manufactures for American markets. English prosperity was securely founded, as industry and agriculture bad all been developed ; a large revenue was derived from customs ; England, despite the pressure of debt, could defy competition through her wealth in coal, and was bound to triumph in the end. The attempt of England to destroy the commerce of France embroiled ber with the United States, since they bad developed a carrying trade between France and her colonies to the disadvantage of British traders. The Orders in Council against neutral trading called forth the Berlin and Milan Decrees ; these pressed severely on the customers of England, but did pot break down her monopoly, as Napoleon failed to develop industries, and a large contraband trade sprung up. The rupture with the States affected ow supplies of material and food as well as our manufactures. With the sstablishment of peace a period of depression ensued. Though successfal speculators had gained, the community as a whole suffered from the fluctua- sions in trade. . : . . ¥ v . . 668 057. Credit and Crises. During the war, industry suffered from want of materials and the interruption of the food supply, and all capitalists were affected by the variations in credit, and the consequent crises, There was

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