The Industrial Revolution

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1027928145

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-159926

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Cunningham, William http://d-nb.info/gnd/128907487

Title:: The Industrial Revolution

Place of publication:: Cambridge

Publisher:: The University Press

Year of publication:: 1922

Scope:: xxii S., S. 404-886

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

Usage license:: Get license information via the feedback formular.

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Contents

Collection:: Economics Books

CONTENTS xix Most of the evils, which were brought to light, had attached to cottage industry, and parents deserve a large share of blame as well as masters. The Commissioners of 1838 tried to isolate the question of child labour, and hoped that shifts would be organised. Limits were imposed on the employment of children ; and inspectors, acting under a central authority, were charged with enforcing the Act. The over-working of children could not be checked affectively till the hours for women were restricted ; and a normal working dey of ten hours and a half was at length established, in spite of the forebodings of experts who ignored the results of Owen’s experience. 774 270. Distress of Hand-loom Weavers. The low standard of comfort of hand-loom weavers was not treated as a subject for State interference. The power-loom was superseding hand work; the concentration of weaving in factories gave facilities for supervision, and encouraged regularity and honesty, so that cottage weavers had no constancy of employment. The depression in the linen trade, during the transition to power weaving, was aggravated by the competition of Irish, and of cotton weavers; and in the tlk trade, by the habitual spreading of work. The application of power to cotton-weaving was delayed through the cheapness of hand work, and led in the worsted trade to labour shifting. The woollen weavers had lost their abnormally high rates, and suffered a period of depression. State action seemed impracticable, but thers has been improvement of wages from other influences, and the conditions for health of factory employment compare favourably with those that characterised cottage industries. . . 790 271. Conditions of Work in Mines. The conditions of work in various industries were the subject of enquiry, and a strong case was established for interfering in regard to mines, when a Commission reported in 1840, The employment of young boys in mines had been increasing, but was now prohibited, as well as that of women under-ground, and a system of State inspection was organised. . . . . . s 802 272. Conditions of Life in Towns. The conditions in which labourers lived attracted attention at the outbreak of cholers in 1831, in insanitary districts ; and, after thorough enquiry, a Health Department was organised, but on an inadequate scale. The work of providing for the housing of the poor has been partly dealt with by building societies, though the problem ia increasingly difficult either for individuals or municipalities. The new administrative machinery for social purposes is very different from that of the Stuarts, both in its aims and its methods. . . 808 V. FaciLities For TRANSPORT. if a dy a .a af 1% 2783. Railways and Steamers. The demands of manufacturing dis- tricts for improved transport were met by the development of railway enterprise, which was a boon to the public generally; but it accelerated the decline of rural life in England, especially after the system was introduced in America. The application of steam power to ocean transport was more mradual, and it has greatly benefited the commercial, but not the landed interest, . . ; . . . . . “ " * 811 274. Joint-Stock Companies. Under the influence of new conditions, facilities were given for the formation of joint-stock companies with limited

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