L'évolution industrielle de la Belgique

The agrarian system of Moslem India

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1784950556

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-170296

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Syrup, Friedrich http://d-nb.info/gnd/130044288

Title:: Regelung des Arbeitsschutzes insbesondere der Arbeitszeit nach den zur Zeit gültigen Gesetzen und Verordnungen (nebst Ausführungsanweisungen) und dem Entwurf des Arbeitsschutzgesetzes (in der vom Reichsrat beschlossenen Fassung)

Place of publication:: Berlin

Publisher:: Verlag von Reimar Hobbing

Year of publication:: 1928

Scope:: 224 Seiten

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Teil A. Die Verordnung über die Arbeitszeit und ihre Nebenverordnungen

Collection:: Economics Books

54 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA in the chronicles, and I can find no contemporary authority for the view which has been put forward by some modern writers that it was only one-tenth!: the actual figure is a matter of conjecture. The method of assessment adopted was Sharing, and we are told that ‘‘apportionments and excess-demands, and crop-failures, and conjectural-assess- ments” were entirely abolished. The words rendered ‘apportionments” and ‘‘crop-failures” are the same as those which have been noticed in connection with the reforms of Ghiyasuddin, and their use here may indicate that Measurement had been practised in some places during Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign; but it is also possible that the chronicler was writing at random, and merely expressing his own preference for the method of Sharing. The other two expressions are not explained, but they point to ex- actions over and above the regular revenue. So far then as concerns the Demand to be made on the peasants, the position was that they were to pay a share of their produce, and nothing more; there is nothing to show whether the payment was to be made in cash or in grain. The question: Who was to receive the payment ? brings us to two important topics, the provincial Governors, and the Assignees. Ziya Barni makes it clear (p. 573) that, at the outset of the reign, the provincial Governors, like the other high officers, were chosen for their personal character, and not for speculative offers of revenue; and the administration was again purged (p. 574) of touts and pests, as it had been purged by Ghiyasuddin. At the same time, the severity of the Audit and Recovery procedure was relaxed: while, by an altogether exceptional order, the value of the Governors’ annual presents to the King was set off? against 1 Possibly some other writers may have been misled, as I was for a time, by the phrase in Dowson’s rendering of the King’s Memoir (Elliot, iii. 377), “First the kharaj or tenth from cultivated lands.” As the phrase stands, “tenth” seems to be here an explanation of khardj, but the text shows clearly that it must be read as an alternative, the reference being to the fundamental rules of Islamic law explained in Chapter I. The king is enumerating the lawful sources of revenue: ‘ first, the khardj, the ‘ushir, and the zakat; next the jiziya,” etc. * Afif, 268. In this reign the Governors came every year to pay their respects to the King; the presents (khidmati) offered on the occasion con- sisted largely of slaves, a commodity which Firiz valued highly, and which he is said to have accumulated (p. 270) to the number of 180.000.

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