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Part 3. BEET SUGAR AND WORLD'S PRODUCTION. 
MANUFACTURE OF BEET SUGAR. 
Costs of production of beets on the farms and of beet sugar at 
the factories were not obtained, owing to lack of time. Valuable 
tables have been compiled, however, covering a period of years, 
and are herewith presented. 
They have been compiled from official sources. They include the 
production of beets and beet sugar in all countries, with the acres 
in cultivation together with the exports and the destination of the 
exports of beet sugar from each country. The following describes 
the processes in the manufacture of beet sugar. 
PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE. 
Beet sugar manufacture involves the same general processes 
(juice extracting, clarifying, evaporating, boiling, graining, and 
cenfrifugalling) as cane sugar manufacture. 
Delivery of beets.—As in the case of cane, the delivery of the beets 
to the factories entails considerable expense. Beets must be loaded 
on wagons in the field by hand. In unloading labor saving devices, 
such as the net which unloads a whole cartload at a time and the 
dumping cart and dumping cars, are used. If beets are delivered 
faster than they can be consumed in the factory, they must be stored 
or siloed in the open air or under covered sheds or placed in cellars. 
When the beets are delivered they are sampled in the laboratory, 
weighed, and the tare estimated. Beets are delivered into the factory 
from the silo by means of hydraulic carriers, which consist of flumes, 
usually placed under the siloes, into which water is pumped to float 
the beets. 
Extraction of the juice.—Beet juice is commonly extracted by (1) 
slicing and (2) diffusion. The beets are raised from the flumes by 
lifting wheel or spiral and passed through the stone separator. They 
are then washed, brushed, weighed, and raised to the slicer by a 
spiral or other contrivance. 
The mud and rootlets from the washers and brushers have some 
value as fertilizers. 
Beet slicers are of two types: (a) One consisting of a revolving, 
horizontal disk with knives protruding from the upper surface, this 
type of slicers being the one generally used; (b) another type con- 
sists of a revolving drum, with knives protruding from the circum- 
ference, this one not being used to any great extent. : 
The beets are fed into the slicer by means of a hopper. It is the 
alm to make the slices or cosettes of regular thickness in order to 
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