STATUS OF IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES 149 
ting forces of the principal branches of manufacturing 
and mining were as follows: more than one-half of 
the iron and steel workers, employees of oil refineries, 
slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, furni 
ture factories, leather tanneries and finishing estab 
lishments and woolen and worsted goods and cotton- 
mill operatives; about two-fifths of the glass workers; 
one-third of the silk-mill operatives, glove-factory em 
ployees and cigar and tobacco makers; seven-tenths 
of men and women garment makers; more than one- 
fourth of the boot and shoe factory operatives; four- 
fifths of the wage-earners in sugar refineries. 
The native-born white Americans, or native-born 
whites of native father, are employed most extensive 
ly in the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, collars 
and cuffs, glass, gloves, and shoes. Only a small pro 
portion, ranging from one-tenth to one-fifth of the 
wage-earners in the other leading branches of in 
dustry in the country, are native white Americans. 
The native negroes have their largest numbers of 
wage-earners in cigar and tobacco manufacturing, 
bituminous coal mining, construction work, and iron- 
ore mining of the Southern States; considerable pro 
portions are also engaged in the slaughtering and 
meat-packing industry. The wage-earners of the sec 
ond generation, or of native birth of foreign father, 
have about the same racial distribution according to 
industries as the native-born whites of native father. 
French-Canadians are principally employed in the 
manufacture of cotton goods, woolen and worsted 
goods, in copper mining and smelting, and in the 
manufacture of shoes and collars and cuffs. The 
Croatians are found in the largest proportions in rail 
road and other construction work, copper mining and