’ EMPLOYEE REPRESENTATION 
converted to employee representation in principle and consequently 
did little to further the proper functioning of the shop committees 
which were established. In a few cases, however, they subsequently 
introduced representation plans of their own, or continued with cer- 
tain modifications those set up by awards. 
Some twenty-five to thirty companies adopted representation 
plans voluntarily during 1918 and a somewhat larger number during 
1919. It was during these years that some of the better known plans 
were installed, such as, for instance, those of the Standard Oil Com- 
pany (New Jersey), Standard Oil Company (Indiana), Procter & 
Gamble Company, Morse Drydock and Repair Company, Bethlehem 
Steel Corporation, Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, Youngs- 
town Sheet and Tube Company, International Harvester Company, 
Washburn Crosby Company, Westinghouse Electric & Manufac- 
turing Company, Willys-Overland Company, Goodyear Tire & Rubber 
Company United States Rubber Company, and the Yale & Towne 
Manufacturing Company. 
The spread of the movement has continued unabated since 1919, 
adding to the list such concerns as seventeen of the associated com- 
panies of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Amos- 
keag Manufacturing Company, Armour and Company, Borden’s 
Farm Products Company, Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Company, 
Commonwealth Edison Company (Chicago), Commonwealth Steel 
Company, Consolidation Coal Company, Davis Coal and Coke Com- 
pany, Dennison Manufacturing Company, Eastman Kodak Com- 
pany, National Cash Register Company, Pacific Coast Coal Company, 
Pacific Mills, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company (Chicago), Phelps 
Dodge Corporation, Pullman Company, Sheffield Farms Company, 
Sperry Gyroscope Company, and Swift & Company. 
Effective January 1, 1921, the Pennsylvania Railroad, with the 
collaboration of brotherhood officials who were employees of the 
road, organized a plan of employee representation for the employees 
of the engine and train service. Somewhat similar plans were later 
adopted by other branches of the service during the spring of that 
year. Subsequently, sixteen other roads, impelled by the shop crafts’ 
strike during the summer of 1922, followed the Pennsylvania’s lead 
and adopted plans along much the same lines.'® 
18 New York Times, October 15, 1922, 
30