INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 179 
from England, in 1903 to 1905, and in 1905 from Ireland also, ac- 
companies a period of decline or depression in British industry. 
At first inspection, all this appears somewhat confusing; for in 
some years an increase in immigration from these countries appears 
to coincide with good conditions; in others, with bad conditions. 
As a second method of approach, we turn to Chart 34 on page 
159. This chart shows the fluctuations in the ratio of immigration 
from the stated country to total immigration. The most striking 
movements in the English and Irish curves are the sharp decline in 
the year ending June 30, 1892, and the sharp increase in 1895 and 
again in 1904 and 1905. Evidently, if we consider only British 
conditions, we reach the conclusion that the hard times which 
existed there in the latter part of 1890, and in 1891 and 1892, 
materially checked emigration from the United Kingdom as com- 
pared with the movement from other countries; and that the 
marked increase in 1895 may be associated with the revival which 
occurred in Great Britain in 1894 and the spring of 1895. On the 
other hand, the rise in 1903, 1904, and 1905, which is relative as 
well as absolute, occurs in years which are marked by declining 
industrial activity in Great Britain. 
It is evident from the above that even a comparison between 
conditions in Great Britain and fluctuations in the ratio between 
total immigration to the United States and that from England and 
Ireland does not lead us to a clear-cut conclusion concerning the 
relation between immigration and economic conditions in the home 
country. 
We get a better indication of the causes of cyclical fluctuations in 
emigration from the United Kingdom if we compare this emigration 
movement with economic conditions in both the United States 
and Great Britain (Chart 41). 
Emigration and Economic Conditions in the United States and the 
United Kingdom. 
With the aid of Chart 41, we can make visual comparison of the 
relation between cycles in emigration from the United Kingdom to 
the United States and the concurrent economic conditions in these 
two countries. The emigration curves do not agree closely and 
consistently with economic conditions in either country: but there 
is a fair degree of agreement in major features. Good business 
conditions common to both countries are usually accompanied or 
closely followed by high emigration, and bad conditions by low