} MIGRATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES 
of the immediately subsequent increase in immigration, particularly 
from Russia, Italy, and Austria. On the whole, the evidence is less 
clear for Russia than it is for the other European countries studied 
that economic conditions in the United States have dominated the 
fluctuations in migration. 
Austria-Hungary. 
The fraction of total immigration to the United States originating 
in Austria-Hungary rose rapidly from less than five per cent in the 
seventies to 25.6 per cent in the year ending June 30, 1900, and 
from then to the opening of the war remained relatively steady, 
never reaching 27 per cent and falling below 20 per cent only in 1911. 
The large influence of industrial activity in the United States upon 
immigration from Austria-Hungary is indicated by the fact that 
from 1900 to 1914 each decline in pig iron production in the United 
States—that is, in 1901, 1904, 1908, and 1911 (Chart 35)—is ac- 
companied by a concurrent decline in the ratio of immigration 
from Austria-Hungary to the total immigration. Sharp increases in 
this ratio in the years ending June 30, 1874, 1884, 1890, and 1896 
challenge attention. Some significance in this connection may be 
attached to the fact that in Austria at least, which at that time was 
contributing the major portion of the immigration from Austria- 
Hungary, the respective calendar years terminating six months 
prior to the four years of relatively large immigration just mentioned 
were years of poor crops or, as in 1895, of agricultural depression 
despite good crops. However, too much importance should not be 
attached to such fragmentary data. A closer examination of the 
conditions of economic activity in Austria-Hungary would doubtless 
reveal further interesting relationships, but we have not thought it 
necessary to subject the heterogeneous conditions of the Dual 
Empire to close study, in view of the fact that probably clearer 
conclusions can be drawn from the data concerning the more homo- 
geneous countries to which major attention has been given in this 
chapter. 
CHAPTER SUMMARY 
The above study of the international aspects of cyclical fluctua- 
tions in the current of migration, particularly of the immigration 
movement into the United States, reveals that this movement is on 
the whole dominated by conditions in the United States. The “pull” 
is stronger than the ‘‘push.” 
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