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of taxation or patent law policy, or else applied to goods which 
may be described as war material or which are state monopolies. 
Thus, for instance, Hungary forbids the import of apparatus 
for telephony and telegraphy, in so far as they are intended 
for military use; and Bulgaria prohibits the import of radio 
apparatus, which is a monopoly of the Bulgarian postal ad- 
ministration. 
There are also prohibitions which have been established 
purely for protective reasons. These are generally treated in 
such a manner that exemptions can be made, and in this way 
the prohibitions assume the character of restrictions to certain 
limited amounts. 
In Czecho-Slovakia and Austria almost all electrical im- 
ports are still subjected to state control. In Austria, for in- 
stance, the control applies to electric machines, apparatus for 
telegraphy, telephony and wireless telegraphy, electro-medical 
apparatus, measuring instruments and meters, switch-gear and 
contact devices, heating and cooking apparatus and electric 
lamps. In Czecho-Slovakia some of the above mentioned goods 
can only be imported after a permit has been obtained, where- 
as in other cases only a notification is required. A number 
of states, e. g. Switzerland and France, are permitted to import 
into Czecho-Slovakia within the limit of a quota, without 
permit or notification. 
Russia has strict import and export prohibitions for all 
classes of electrical goods, the entire trade with foreign coun- 
tries being carried on through state organisations.