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in other countries, such as the Allmdnna Svenska, have established manufacturing 
subsidiaries or linked up with Italian producers for the exploitation of certain 
patent rights. 
In Austria four firms supply the market—the Osterreich-Siemens-Schuckert, 
which is responsible for about 40 per cent. of the national production, the A.E.G. 
Union, the Osterreichische Brown-Boveri, and a purely Austrian company, the 
Elin, which has specialized in transformers and switchgear. All four companies 
have worked in close co-operation in dealing with the important contracts placed 
by the State in connection with its main-line electrification plans, and, in general, 
their model in organization and price-fixing has been Germany. As in Switzer- 
land, main-line electrification has saved the industry from collapse during the 
last four years, with the result that the manufacturers are now in a fairly strong 
position. It is already clear, however, that the future of the industry depends 
on its capacity to develop a strong export trade, and financial developments will 
make this a matter of some difficulty. 
In Hungary the Ganz Electrical Company has been fighting a stiff battle 
against financial interests which have narrowed down the home demand, especi- 
ally in Budapest, and forced Hungary to import a high percentage of require- 
ments, against political factors which have cut down the area it once supplied 
and, through the imposition of high tariffs, kept it out of the lost territory, and 
against technical difficulties inseparable from the fact that the only experience 
available to the firm in many products has had to be found in export markets. 
Tt has been carrying out persistent propaganda in connection with the introduc- 
tion of main-line electrification into Hungary, since it has specialized to some 
extent in electric traction and has supplied electric locomotives to the French 
railways, but financial considerations have ruled out such a possibility meantime. 
In Czecho-Slovakia the Skoda works, controlled by Schneider et Cie., have 
launched out into electrical manufacture on a large scale, especially turbo- 
generating plant and electric traction material, and have secured important 
orders in connection with suburban electrification in Prague, while the Erste 
Briinner Dampf-Maschinenfabrik has constantly lost ground financially during 
the last two years, heavy losses having been incurred in connection with new 
turbine developments. Depression in industry generally has contributed also 
to a difficult situation, since the output of the firm mostly went to iron and steel 
and coal-mining firms, sugar factories and glass-works. It is doubtful now 
whether the service of the American loan of 3,500,000 dollars raised in 1925 to 
restore financial stability will be met in the current year. 
In Sweden, one firm, the Allminna Svenska, is responsible for almost 60 
per cent. of the national output of electrical machinery and apparatus, and the 
progress of this firm may be considered as decisive for electrical manufacture in 
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