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COASTAL WORKS

243

is usually the formation of a bar, which is a bank joined to
the land at each end, or of a spit, which is joined at only
one end. The most typical spit in the British Isles is Spurn
Head, which is due to the transport of pebbles southward
along the Yorkshire coast; it is 10-20 feet high, and
2% miles long, of which 1} miles have been formed since 1676.

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Fig. 61.—THE CHANGES IN THE BURE (B), Yare (Y), AND WAVENEY (W)
EsTUARIES.
(a) Present course of the rivers; the Broads are marked by horizontal
lines. (b) The condition of the estuary in Roman times. (c) The con.
dition in Saxon times with the formation of Cedric’s Island. (d) In
Norman times with the beginning of the formation of the Yarmouth
(YZ) Spit. (e¢) The extension of the Yarmouth Spit towards Lowesloft
 (1) with the mouth artificially cut at Gorleston (G). C. Caistor.

It formerly grew southward from 20-56 yards a year, but
from 1873 to 1902 the rate has been only 3-4 yards a year
as the movement of the shingle has been checked by groynes.
The spit is worn away along the sea-front and enlarged by
deposits of silt on the inner side, so that it is slowly moving
westward. Ravenspur, a Danish settlement which is now