CONTENTS 
IntRODUCTION. By James T. Shotwell 
I. EvrorEaN Expansion AND WorLD PoLrtics r 
Character and causes of European expansion in the nineteenth 
and twentieth centuries — Industrial and financial revolution — 
Changes in colonial ideals and methods — Influence of the 
popular will on foreign policy — Effect of the increase of popula- 
tion and emigration — Motives for expansion and imperialism 
— Colonial possessions of European states in Africa in 1870 
— The great explorations. 
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II. Tue Founping oF THE CONGO INDEPENDENT STATE . 
The Brussels Conference and the International African 
Association — Stanley’s discoveries and state-building — Por- 
tugal and Great Britain — Bismarck and the West African 
Conference — Recognition of the Congo Independent State — 
Free-trade zone — Spirits and the slave trade — Conference of 
Brussels — Administrative development of the Congo State — 
Destruction of the Arab slavers — The Lado Enclave — Gren- 
fell’s explorations — Exploitation of the natives — Concession- 
naire companies and atrocities — Defects of administration — 
Illusory free trade. 
D0 
III. TraxsiTION TO THE BELGIAN CoNGO «+. 
Increasing complaints of misgovernment — Outside pressure 
— Investigation — Leopold's will — Report of the Special 
Commission — The new Colonial Law — Cession of the Crown 
Domain — Belgium as a colonial power — Reforms of 1910 — 
Organization of colonial administration — Present needs and 
outlook. 
AY 
IV. GERMAN COLONIZATION IN SOUTHWEST AFRICA s = 
Bismarck and colonization — British and German missions 
and traders in Hereroland and Namaqualand — Attitude of 
England toward Great Namaqualand — German request for 
protection — British hesitation — Expedition of Herr Liideritz 
— The Anglo-German correspondence — Germany extends her 
protection to the Southwest Coast — Creation of German 
Southwest Africa — Beginnings of German colonial expansion 
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