ni
CONTENTS
intervention — Italian competition — Campaign of 1881 —
Treaty of Kasr-es-Said — Pacification of the country — Es-
tablishment of a French protectorate — Treaty of 1883 — Posi-
tion and powers of the Resident-General — Reforms in adminis-
tration, justice, finance, and taxation — Results — Population
and citizenship — Representation and the new Councils.
XII. Tae ReoccurATiON OF NORTHERN AFRICA: Morocco 279
European interests - in Morocco — Topography and local
conditions — Royal family — Government — Importance to
France of possession of Morocco — European treaties affecting
North Africa — France and Morocco — Border troubles —
Treaty of 1901 — First appearance of Germany — Her “coup”
of 1905 — Algeciras Conference — The outbreak against foreigners
— Character of Abd-el-Aziz — Civil war — Triumph of Mulai-el-
Hafid — Correspondence concerning his recognition by Europe
— French efforts for a treaty with Mulai — Franco-German
Treaty of 1909 — The French and Spanish treaties of 1910 with
Morocco — The uprisings of 1911 — Siege of Fez — French
relief expedition — The Agadir incident — The Franco-German
“Conversations” — Treaty of November 4, 1911 — Reception in
the Reichstag — Debate in the French Legislature — The Franco-
Spanish “Conversations” — Treaty of October 25, 1912 — Ne-
gotiations with Morocco — Protectorate treaty of March, 1912
— Lyautey French Resident-General — Abdication of Mulai-el-
Hafid and accession of Yusef — Character of French control —
Reorganization and progress under General Lyautey — Improve-
ments in communications — Finance — Native representation
— Agriculture and trade — North African Conferences and inter-
colonial unity — Franco-Moslem union.
XIII. Tee REoCCUPATION OF NORTHERN AFRICA: TRIPOLI-
TANIA . + « = . «e340
Physical characteristics of Tripolitania — Early history —
Government under the Turks — Relation of Italy to Tripolitania
— Development of Italian interests and ambitions — Turco-
Italian difficulties — Insults to Italian national honor — Ne-
cessity of a solution — Procrastination of Turkey — Italian
ultimatum — Invasion and conquest — Efforts to secure peace
— Declaration of Italian sovereignty — Unofficial negotiations
for settlement — Treaty of Lausanne — Last imperial firman —
Occupation of the “Hinterland” — Reform and Progress —
Effects of the World War — New Constitution — Difficulties
under the Fascisti administration — Constitutional government
in Cyrenaica.
