3) 
their finding is then applied to the whole parcel. In the case of 
serious damage, the whole parcel may be examined. 
(b) For Quality—When a buyer has bought forward, and 
his goods on arrival are not up to what he considers to be the 
standard called for, he has the right to a * quality * survey. 
The buyer writes a note to his supplier telling him that the goods 
are not up to standard, demanding a survey for quality, and 
naming his representative. The seller thereupon names his 
representative. Neither must have any interest in the goods. 
After examination, they give their award, or, in the event of 
disagreement, the matter is referred to an umpire. If, as a result 
of such a survey, some of the goods are found not to be up to 
the standard of the sale, the buyer has the right to an allowance, 
or to invoice such portion back to the seller at the market price 
of the quality of the goods bought. If more than 20 per cent. 
are assessed as being below quality, the buyer has the right under 
his contract to reject the whole tender at the market price of 
the day. The losing party in a survey pays the costs—a provi- 
sion which tends to prevent the calling of survevs for inadequate 
reasons. 
Quality surveys are more frequently called in times of falling 
prices than in times of rising prices, and this is regarded by 
producers as a grievance. While, on occasions, this grievance 
may be justified, it must be remembered that irregularities of 
quality are often passed over by the trade when business is 
brisk, because time is valuable and feeling more tolerant; when 
prices are falling and sales are difficult to arrange, a merchant 
has more time to examine his purchase, and is more disposed to 
look for faults than virtues. After all, the merchant would reply 
to the producer who felt himself aggrieved by the calling of a 
survey, that the remedy was in his own hands and that, by 
rigid and impartial grading, quality surveys would become 
almost a thing of the past. It may be observed that the surveyors 
employed are usually themselves salesmen, and although there 
is no reason to suppose that surveys are not carried out with 
fairness to both sides, yet, it follows, that circumstances must, 
at times, make impartiality difficult. There are surveyors who 
are not themselves traders, but there is no compulsion to employ 
them, nor is there a registered panel of approved surveyors, 
prepared by either producers or sellers, to do this work. 
(iii) Wholesale Merchanting. (a) General.—The principal ports 
through which frozen mutton and lamb and chilled and frozen 
beef enter Great Britain are London, Liverpool, Southampton, 
Manchester, Hull, Avonmouth, Newcastle and Glasgow, in the 
order of the magnitude of the trade; chilled imports are, however, 
confined to the first three. Formerly Liverpool was the business 
centre of the trade owing to its convenient situation for North 
Atlantic shipments, London being the finance centre. To-day 
this is entirely changed, the trade as a whole is now tending 
to focus on London. Table III on p. 60. shows the quantities