PROBLEMS  OF  DISTRIBUTION  221

value  which  a  producer  gets  for  his  work
(exclusive  of  the  element  of  consumer’s
surplus)  and  what  he  sacrifices  in  doing  it.
Let  us  take  the  case  of  a  workman.  What  he
sacrifices  is  the  disutility  or  dissatisfaction
involved  in  working,  which  we  must  remember
to  interpret  as  experience  which  would  not
be  chosen  for  itself,  but  to  avoid  which,  on  the
contrary,  the  workman  would  be  prepared  to
pay  something.  What  he  gets  is  first  his  wage
and  secondly  any  satisfaction  obtained  by  him
from  the  work  itself.  And  there  is  little  work
in  the  world  which  from  minute  to  minute,  day
in  and  day  out,  never  stirs  the  sense  of  enjoyment. ­
  Generally  speaking  the  beginning  of
the  day’s  work  goes  against  the  grain  ;  but
soon  our  activities  become  pleasurable  ;  and
they  continue  pleasurable  until  weariness
again  causes  disutility  to  predominate.  Now
in  a  land  where  labour  is  not  in  slavery  the
marginal  utility  of  the  wage  multiplied  by  its
amount  is  practically  certain  to  exceed  the
disutility  involved  in  work.  This  excess
with  any  positive  utility  got  from  the  activity
of  working  is  analogous  to  consumer’s  surplus
and  is  called  the  workman’s  producer’s  surplus.
It  may  also  be  defined  as  the  net  utility  resulting ­
  from  work,  apart  from  consumer’s  surplus,
when  the  utility  of  the  wage  is  taken  into