SUPPLY AND DEMAND 
89 
delicately adjusted economic system by the 
marginal cost of any normal business which 
was in a position of perfect equilibrium. In 
Chapter VII we shall meet again with the 
differentiation of business experience in the 
matter of business organisation and of the 
action of the law of equi-marginal returns in 
settling it ; and, since the analogies between 
the laws of demand and supply have been 
touched upon, it may further be remarked 
here that we shall find in Chapter IX that 
the marginal method discloses on the supply 
side of value a surplus analogous to that on 
the demand side known as consumer’s surplus. 
To conclude this chapter a few remarks may 
be made as regards the agents in production. 
Production consists in making utilities out of 
the material and forces at our disposal— 
utilities being defined as laid down in the 
previous chapter. The agents are commonly 
classified as land, labour, capital and organis 
ing. Land means not only land but all the 
forces of nature (apart from human nature) 
which are an aid to man’s productive activi 
ties, including animal life and winds and rivers 
and seas. Organising and labour are of the 
same general class, and to a large extent they 
interpenetrate one another, but for purposes