CHAP. VII] THE UPPER HOUSES 519 
of Bills brought to the House from the Legislative Council, 
or returned to the House by the Legislative Council with 
amendments, whereby any pecuniary penalty, forfeiture, or 
fee shall be authorized, imposed, appropriated, regulated. 
varied, or extinguished :— 
(1) When the object of such pecuniary penalty or forfeiture 
is to secure the execution of the Act, or the punishment or 
prevention of offences ; 
(2) Where such fees are imposed in respect of benefit 
taken or service rendered under the Act, and in order to 
the execution of the Act, and are not made payable into the 
Treasury or Exchequer, or in aid of the public revenue, and 
do not form a ground of public accounting by the parties 
receiving the same, either in respect of deficit or surplus ; or 
(8) When such a Bill shall be a private Bill. Nor will 
the House insist on its privileges with regard to any clauses 
in Private Bills sent down from the Legislative Council 
which relate to tolls or charges for services performed and 
are not in the nature of a tax. 
3. There is no legislative provision for the settlement of 
disagreements between the two Houses, whether with regard 
to matters of finance or other questions. But there is no 
limitation on the power of the Crown to add to the numbers 
of the Upper House. 
(a) The Commonwealth * 
Under the constitution of the Commonwealth the Senate 
of the Commonwealth of Australia is composed of senators 
for each state directly chosen by the people of the state 
voting as one electorate. 
Until the Parliament otherwise provides, there shall be 
six senators for each original state. The Parliament may 
make laws increasing or diminishing the number of senators 
tor each state, but so that equal representation of the several 
original states shall be maintained, and that no original state 
shall have less than six senators. The Senators are chosen 
© 63 & 64 Viet. ¢. 12, Const. 8. 7. 
§ 3. AUSTRALIA