SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION 187 the sole fact of participation in more than one group is sufficient to give the individual a more conscious realiza- tion of his individuality. Even in cases where this effect is merely negative, plural participation removes at least the feeling of the inevitableness and the obviousness of his original association. Certain organizations have therefore sometimes opposed the mere formal fact of participation in other associations quite independently of their content and purpose. The amount of sociological determination which the individual receives from his participation in different so- cial circles will be greater if his relative position in each of these associations is a different one. He may hold in one circle a place of authority, in another a subordinate place; in one group a central position, in another a position on the outskirts. He may be economically interested in one organization and personally attached to another one. The structures of these organizations may make it impossible for another individual to hold a similar place. All these factors would lead to a sociological determination which would be impossible in the case of participation in a single group or even in the case of participation with identical position in different groupings.! The Two Aspects of Social Differentiation Social differentiation shows itself in a variety of forms. But, in the main, two basic types can be discovered which appear in various combinations. The first type is manifest in the formation of large superordinated circles out of smaller, more specialized circles. The second type is mani- fest in the differentiation of more specialized circles out of more co-ordinated and more inclusive circles. Perhaps the most interesting illustration of the first t Soz., pp. 412-21.