in confunction with demo cratic institutions. 886 POSTSCRIPT enriching itself. In England, with the publicity of parlia mentary government and the effectiveness of the criticism that is possible under the party system, the difficulty of securing administrative excellence under a democracy has been reduced to a minimum, A method h%s been devised for obtaining the services of men of capacity and yet subjecting them to the control of independent authorities from outside. There is no official caste, and if we lose something by being careless of expert training and setting amateurs to learn their business by their mistakes, we have a constant supply of men who have intimate relations with the nonofficial world, and bring their common sense to bear on the problems that present themselves. The Indian Civil Service! has given the type on which other administrative bodies have been modelled—in regions where responsible self-government is impossible,—and this service is the product of the East India Company and Parliament. There is an impressive fitness in the fact that the characteristic institution of a commercial empire should have been developed, not solely by the wisdom of political rulers, but also by the sagacity of English merchants guiding a commercial enterprise. 1 The training of candidates, for posts under the Company, at a college for four years was insisted on by the Act of 1813 (53 Geo. IIL. ec. 155, § 46), and an examination for admission was required by 3 and 4 W. IV. c. 85, §§ 104—106, and patronage in the nomination of candidates was abolished by 16 and 17 Vict. e. 36. The system which was thus organised was taken over without substantial alteration by the Civil Service Commissioners in 1858 (21 and 22 V, ¢. 106, § 32). Bir C. E. Trevelyan, who had long experience of the working of the official system in India, was & prime mover in the reform of the Home Civil Service in 1854. Reports, etc. 1854, xxvii. p. 8.