INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION 71 
face. The lines of the painter are abstractions, 
and so are the “ rights ” of the lawyer when they 
are considered as limiting and dividing. What 
really “ limits ” is the limit of the limited object 
or the beginning of the other object continuous 
with it; but this is not limitation in the sense of 
restriction, it is a completion of the same kind of 
reality carried beyond the particular individual. 
Thus when men work together at using the 
resources of the world, the work of each is the 
carrying out of the work of the other. Juxtaposition 
is co-operation. The work of each is helped by the 
work of the other, so to speak, at his elbow. Ideally, 
industry is a joint enterprise of this kind ; but in 
fact it is not. The work of some is not only not 
helped, it is actually hindered by the work of others. 
The manual worker is dismissed and his tools lie 
idle sometimes because of those who are working 
at the distribution of finance ; the financier and 
organiser of industry is hindered by the inactivity 
of the worker. 
Again, the work of some is sometimes obstructed 
by the presence or close contact of those who are 
doing no work at all in this enterprise for using 
nature. If at a man’s elbow there stands another 
man taking up the free space, his presence obstructs 
the use of the worker’s arm. The owners of property 
have sometimes this effect. They do not use the 
resources they own, but they prevent others from 
using their abilities. And the effect upon workers 
is of two kinds. They are physically obstructive, 
but they are also the causes of psychological 
hindrances. To see a man standing idle while one 
is hard at work may make one unwilling to work. 
The mere existence of a class which does not join