CHAPTER VIII
PORT ADMINISTRATION
THE administration of ports, including their government,
management, and working, is carried on in a variety of
ways, the variations, in different countries and even in
the same country, indeed, being so extreme as to render
it difficult to make a satisfactory résumé within reasonable
limits. There are three divisions of the subject which
require consideration, and these may be distinguished as—

(a) The system of control, i.e. the supervisory authority ;

(6) The system of management, or the general adminis-
tration ; and

(c) The system of operation, or the detailed working
arrangement.

We will proceed to deal with them in this order, con-
fining our attention in the present chapter to the first
section, which is really of sufficient scope and importance
to require a volume for its exposition.

SYSTEMS OF PORT GOVERNMENT OR CONTROL

Systems of Port Government have originated under
conditions of varying character: local, national, com-
mercial, geographical and political, and they have
developed along independent lines, but, broadly speaking,
it may be said that there are five outstanding systems,
with distinct characteristics, which may be enumerated as
follows—

1. State Control.

2. Autonomous Control.

3. Railway Control.

4. Municipal Control.

5. Private Control.

1. State Control, as the term implies, signifies the
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