PORT ECONOMICS
for the provision of essential protective works, and advances
have also lately been made to larger ports to enable works
to be put in hand as a relief for unemployment.

In the United States, there is a combination of two
kinds of State control with an additional element, usually
municipal. Federal control is exercised through Congress
in regard to the power of regulating and protecting
navigation and of controlling the movement of goods and
passengers. It is therefore active in the maintenance of
channels, the determination of rules of navigation, the
collection of Customs, the establishment of anchorages,
the lighting of vessels, the provision of lighthouses, the
enforcement of quarantine regulations and such-like
matters. Provincial State control (that is, control by the
individual State of the Union, as apart from Federal
control) is exercised in regard to practically all other
matters, though the field is shared in the majority of cases,
in greater or less degree, with the municipality, it being
difficult to draw a hard and fast line between their respective
jurisdictions.

2. Autonomous Control is the system in vogue at the
principal ports of Great Britain, and, in one or two cases,
it has been adopted lately in France in a slightly different
form. As found in this country, it is exercised through a
representative body, mainly elective, but generally in-
cluding a small nominated element. Such bodies are
those of the Port of London Authority for London, the
Mersey Dock and Harbour Board for Liverpool, the
Clyde Navigation Trust for Glasgow, the Tyne Improve-
ment Commissioners for Newcastle, the Belfast Harbour
Commissioners for Belfast, and so on. The membership of
these bodies is generally much more numerous than that
of the Port Commissions which act as corporate authorities
for certain of the United States ports. The Port of
London Authority is composed of thirty members, the
Mersey Docks and Harbour Board of twenty-eight, the
Clyde Navigation Trust of forty-two, and the Dublin

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