Li MIGRATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES 
one-tenth or more, good crops are reported for only two of the 
preceding years, fair for three, and poor for two. However, in 
three instances (1894, 1897, and 1910) in which poor crops or 
agricultural depression are recorded, there is no substantial increase 
in the immigration ratio for the following fiscal year. So again, we 
reach the conclusion that while there may be a slight tendency for 
poor crops to stimulate unusual emigration from Italy, and vice 
versa, it cannot be said to be a pronounced tendency. 
Comparisons with Pig Iron Production in the United States. 
Taking into account the general upward trend in the fraction of 
total immigration represented by the number of immigrants from 
Italy, the movements in this ratio which particularly challenge 
explanation are the declines or low points in 1875, 1880 and 1881, 
1884 and 1885, 1889, 1892, 1894 and 1895, 1900, 1904 and 1905, 
1908, and 1912 (Chart 35, p. 160). 
~ It will be noted that in most of these instances, a relatively low 
immigration from Italy—low relative to total immigration—coin- 
cides with or immediately follows more o1 less marked periods of 
industrial depression, or at least of slackening activity, in the 
United States. This frequent coincidence between industrial de- 
pression and relatively low immigration from Italy suggests that 
Italian immigration is unusually sensitive to industrial conditions in 
the United States. 
Emigration to Countries other than the United States. 
Emigration from Italy was large long before the movement of 
Italian emigrants to the United States reached a substantial volume. 
In each year prior to the eighties, emigration to the United States 
was less than ten per cent of the total emigration to transoceanic 
countries, Europe, and the Mediterranean countries.> In the eighties 
and nineties, it only occasionally amounted to over twenty per cent 
of the total. But from 1900 to 1914, the proportion going to the 
United States ranged from 23 to 45 per cent. As a rule, this ratio 
was relatively high, as compared with the immediately preceding 
and succeeding years, in prosperous years in the United States, 
such as 1903 and 1906, and relatively low in the periods marked by 
depression tendencies, namely, 1901, 1904, 1908, and 1911. This 
fact adds some additional weight to the evidence supporting the 
Based upon the statistics of emigration published by the Director General of Sta- 
tistics, Italy. 
Cor.