232 ECONOMIC ESSAYS IN HONOR OF JOHN BATES CLARK 
the hopeless task of organizing American industrial labor in the 
last quarter of the nineteenth century could scarcely have been 
successfully accomplished by any man who did not vastly over- 
emphasize the importance and effectiveness of organization. If 
that faith did not enable Mr. Gompers to cut his way through 
the masses of legal red tape wound round labor organizations 
during the present century, it did at least enable him during the 
preceding years to weld the American labor movement together 
into a powerful working body. 
In that task of organization the eight-hour issue was a tool 
of great value,—to no small extent, it is submitted, because its 
underlying theory made it an effective gospel under the circum- 
stances then existing. That theory came down from the eight- 
hour advocates of the years 1865-72. Mr. Gompers once put 
the whole thing thus: ‘‘In the language of that foremost of eco- 
nomic and social thinkers, Ira Steward, ‘The way out of the wage 
system is through higher wages, resultant only from shorter 
hours.” ’’* The reader should note well the little word only, for 
it represented Steward’s actual thought, and it represented the 
dominant wage theory of the American Federation during its first 
ten proselyting years. In his autobiography Mr. Gompers testi- 
fied to his debt to Ira Steward, George E. McNeill and George 
Gunton, as leaders of the earlier movement.” They furnished the 
idea, and Mr. Gompers hammered out the organization to make 
the idea effective. 
Let us look first at the idea as enunciated by Steward. In 
his pamphlet on ‘‘The Eight-Hour Movement. A Reduction of 
Hours is an Increase of Wages,’’ published by the Boston Labor 
Reform Association in 1865, he states his ultimate aim thus: 
‘The simple increase of wages is the first step on that long road 
which ends at last in a more equable distribution of the fruits of 
toil. For Wages will continue to increase until the Capitalist 
and Laborer are one. But we must confine ourselves first to the 
simple fact that a reduction of Hours is an increase of Wages.’ 
This last revolutionary proposition, which became the corner- 
stone of American Federation thinking, he proceeded to demon- 
strate in the following series of propositions : 
1 Proceedings of the A. F. of L., 1890, p. 13. 
> Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, Vol. I, pp, 59, 209, 290. 
* Steward. Ira. The Eight-Hour Movement, p. 6.