68 THE SHADOW OF THE WORLD’S FUTURE 
in the forms of agriculture necessary for the production 
of all forms of food and clothing supplies, would have 
to be properly correlated and co-ordinated. It is self- 
evident that it is only in this way that the highest 
possible measure of efficiency can be reached. Thus 
the numbers concerned in mere distributing should 
always be the minimum requisite. This, of course, 
implies a very highly developed organisation of human 
effort, and one which minimises as far as possible the 
limiting effects of national egoisms. Industrial and 
agricultural production should also be so co-ordinated 
that the highest food-producing efficiency can be 
attained. For ordinary industrial purposes aggrega- 
tion is necessary, the necessities of the case frequently 
involving the use of land which otherwise could be of 
agricultural service. We thus see that even with a 
perfect industrial, distributing and agricultural organ- 
isation there is no possibility of using the entire earth’s 
available surface for the production of food-stuffs. 
The allowance for rocky, for mountainous, desert 
and cold regions, for woods and forests, for roads and 
railways, for factory and residence purposes, will reduce 
the 52-5 million square miles to the order of one-half, 
say to 26-25 million square miles or 16,800 million 
acres. If it be ultimately possible that only two acres. 
will have to be provided per person, which is equivalent 
to a square of slightly over 295 feet side, the maximum 
population for the earth would be only 8400 millions. 
Or yet again, the actual arable land in Japan proper 
is, as already said, only 27,155 square miles out of 
147,650; say, roughly, 18-4 per cent. Its population is 
considerable, and its standard of living so simple that 
the possibilities of using the land agriculturally may 
be taken as very near to that of the possible maximum 
for that country. For the world, as we have seen, it 
is somewhat under 10-0 per cent. For the United 
States, though by no means for the whole of North