THE MIGRATION OF POPULATIONS 85 
spirit. For example, an aggressive nation will often 
persuade itself—really or apparently—that its domina- 
tion over others, even by armed threats or by war, 
will advance the culture of the subjugated peoples. 
It will perhaps do this even while arguing that all 
relations between nations are necessarily a-moral, and 
that “force” is that which must and which ought to 
decide all issues. 
Again, a supposed democratic people, occupying a 
relatively empty country, may often violently oppose 
the immigration of peoples who are prepared to work 
harder, and to live more thriftily and humbly. Such 
an attitude may also attempt to mask itself by a pro- 
fession of patriotism. In reality attitudes such as 
these need to be dissected for motives; they are not 
always what they seem to be on the surface; and, too, 
they may ultimately lead to unexpected issues, which 
are likely to fall not always upon those that develop 
them, but upon their unfortunate descendants. 
To some extent, it may be, Man is involved in 
conflict, partly through the niggardliness of Nature. 
Whenever it is realised that the ultimate issue, as 
between two communities, is necessarily the downfall 
of one or of the other, doubtless the issue will depend 
upon intelligently directed force. Possibly the pre- 
vailing system of civilisation involves this: but this 
civilisation has been indicted in Sir Rabindranath 
Tagore’s Nationalism (Macmillan, 1918). Without 
committing oneself in any way unreservedly to Tagore’s 
point of view, he has undoubtedly recognised some of 
the limitations of western civilisation, and the penalties 
that have been paid, and doubtless will yet be paid, 
for its defects. These defects operate to increase the 
difficulty of migration adjustments. 
{t is proper to observe, at the same time, that but 
for the influence of western civilisation upon India, it 
would have been impossible for her to have maintained