28 SUMMARY ON ORIGIN AND BIRTHPLACE 
Ukrainian immigrants are the worst with a proportion of 39-46 p.c. illiterate, and the Aus- 
trians are not much better—35-08 p.c. of them are illiterate. The Czechs are different from 
the other Slavs in respect to literacy, as in many other particulars; their illiterates represent 
only 11-94 p.c. Of the foreign born from Latin and Greek countries, the Roumanians with 
27:03 p.c. unable to read or write any language, are the most illiterate; the Italians rank 
second with 23:68 p.c. The Greeks are much better, showing only 11-59 p.c. illiterate. All 
those percentages, however, are quite high when compared with 3-08 pc. for the immigrants 
of Germanic origin, and 1-81 p.c. for the Scandinavians. These dats are presented in sum- 
mary form in Chart 11. 
(2) Birthplace is a factor in illiteracy. The native born show considerably smaller pro- 
portions illiterate than the foreign born, which is an evidence of the effectiveness of Cana- 
dian schools and other institutions. However, strong ancestral tendencies appear over and 
above the influence of nativity, making it very clear that illiteracy is in no small measure a 
matter of group heredity. 
(3) A comparison of the above data on illiteracy with the distribution of the various 
origins by provinces and the proportions naturalized, is rather significant. 
Cuaart XI 
PROPORTIONS ILL! TERATE AMONG FOREIGN BORN, 10 YRS 
ap OVER, ror SPECIFIED GROUPS or COUNTRIES of BIRTH. 
1921. 
%0 
10 
-€ 
N.Westean Eunoee 
S, Eastern ano Cent. Europe 
Scanonavian Countries 
Germanic Countries 
Latin anp Greer Countries 
Sravic Countries 
CRIME 
The relation of criminality to extraction and birthplace is shown by an examination of 
data for reformatory and penitentiary population and of the statistics of convictions for 
indictable offences. 
(1) Data on Convictions for Indictable Offences—An analysis of the data covering all 
convictions for indictable offences showed that, taking the age and sex distribution as they 
actually existed in 1921, the problem of law enforcement was 50 p.c. greater among the 
British born and between three and four times more difficult among the foreien born than