churian Beans South Agriculture Office ‘anchuria Railway Company MANCHURIAN BEANS JUNER 1929 AGRICULTURE OFFICE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY DAIREN MANCHURIA }, PRINTED BY Tue MaNcHURIA Daly News. DAIREN CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. HOW SOYA BEANS ARE RAISED. Secrioy L.—Buax CurLTivATioN IN THE WORLD ...... Section II.—Ifow MavcHURIAN BEaNs ARE RAISED (a) Increased Production of Manchurian Beans ... (b) Local Producing Conditions ..... 3 (e} Cultivation of Manchurian Beans .... 3 (1) Manchurian Climate & Bean Crops ......... 8 (2) Manchurian Soil & Bean Crops .. 10 (8) How to Grow Beans . we 11 (4) Improvement of Manchurian Bean Breed 12 CHAPTER II. WORLD-WIDE DEMAND FOR MANCHURIAN BEANS. , Section I.—DisTrIBUTION OF BEANS IN MANCHURIA Section IL.—DEmanp For MaNCHURIAN BEANS oN DrrrerExt MaRkETS . ‘ee Demand for Manchurian Beans in Japan ... Demand for Manchurian Beans in China Proper ... .. 18 (8) Demand for Manchurian Beans in Java ... 19 (4) DPemand for Manchurian Beans in Furope 20 CHAPTER III. USES OF BEANS Section 1.—GENERAL REVIEW . Section IT.—VALUE or Brans . (1) The Food Value of Beans from General Ingredients .. The Food Value of Beans from Standpoint of New Theory of Nutrition . (8) Conclusion 21 21 24 24 25 26 (1) Page 27 27 20 CHAPTER IV. USES SEcTION 1.—CHARACTERISTICS . SegrioNn II.—Di1vers Uses oF Brax Ow .... ; (1) Old Uses of Bean Oil, (2) Refined Bean Oil as Food, (3) Substitute .or Lard, (4) Substitute for Butter, (5) As Paint Solvent, (6) Soap, (7) Glycerine & Fatty Acid, (8) Water Proof, (9) Substitute for Kerosene, & (10) Substitutes for Indian Rubber, ete. CHAPTER V. UESE OF BEAN CAKE . Spcrion I.—CuARACTERISTIC oF BEAN Cake & Irs Exrargep Uses ... es Section II.—Variovs Uses or Bran CARE ......... (1) Bean Cake as Fertilizer, (2) Bean Cake as Cattle Feed, (3) Bean Flour Made from Bean Cake, (4) Bean Cake as Soy-Making Material, (6) Manufacture of ‘‘Ajino-moto” (Appetizer) from Bean Cake & (7) Protein Products Made from Bean Cake CHAPTER VI. BEAN MILLING IN MANCHURIA 40 SecrioN I.—How 17 STARTED & GREW ....cooceon... 40 Section I1.—Omw. Making PrOCESSES 42 SgcrioN I11.—ADVANTAGES . & DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT PROCESSES (1) Wedge, Screw & Hydraulic Svstems Compared (2) Bean Residues Compared . SrotioN TV.—OmL MiLLs iv MANCHCRIA .. CHAPTER VII. HOW BEANS, ETC. ARE PUT ON THE MARKET . OIL .. 44 45 49 k Page 52 Section I.—Ix Sour MANCHURIA .. Section II.—ARRIVALS AT Rainway iv Norra Max-CHURIA . CHAPTER VIII. HOW MANCHURIAN BEANS ARE DEALT IN . Section I.—BuUsINESS ON THE EXCHANGE .......... (1) On Japanese Exchanges . (2) On Chinese Exchanges Section I1.—OUTSIDE THE EXCHANGES (1) Spot Business in Beans . (2) By Forward Contract (1) Spot Business in Beans CHAPTER IX. TRADE IN STAPLE PRODUCE 66 Section I.—How Beans, Bean Cake & Bean OL Staxp ... Section II.—Exportr oF THREE ARTICLES . SecTiON 1I1.—S8TAPLE PRODUCE EXPORTED FROM MANcuatria CusmoMs 60 60 60 61 61 61 62 B62 SECTION IV.—S7arLE PRODUCE OF DIFFERENT DESTI-NATIONS . 79 Cir Seed-Bean Farm Agriculture Experiment Station, Kungchuling Specimens of Bean Plants, Native Breed on the right; Improved breed on the left Osier Bins for storing Beans in Chinese dealers’ yards in Manchuria Beans to their market through wilderness in Manchuria Obsolete Bean Oil expressing method (the screw system) Hills of Bags of Beans at Changchun Station Carload of Bean Cake sent down to Dairen Wharves An inside view of Bean Mill in Manchuria (of hydraulic system) Bean Mill on chemical extraction system Interior view of Bean plate mill in Manchuria, in Nisshin Oil Mills compound, Dairen MANCHURIAN BEANS Chapter 1. How Sova Beans are Raised SECTION T.—PEAN CULTIVATION IN THT WORLD How MANCHURIAN BEANS STAND ON WORLD'S MARKET Cochin China or thereabouts are inferred to have been the place of origin to Manchurian Beans. Still, China proper was the first place where Beans were grown as agricultural produce. The time for the first cultivation is supposed to have been about 4.000 vears back. In the present day world, the chief Bean centres are Manchuria, China, proper, Japan, and Chosen (Korea), all in the Orient. In each country, Beans have been raised as a stavle foodstuff from ancient times. Thus Beans grown specially as a food-stuff within the bounds of the Orient. until, with the flourish of the industry to obtain oil from Beans, etc., as modern science has advanced, the utilities of Beans have come to be remarkably enlarged as an industrial crop. Since in 1908 Manchurian Beans were exported to Europe as commodity through the Nibauls® hands. they rose at a bound in reputation, steadily increasing in its export to Europe and America year after year, until they have become a valuable merchandise in world-wide demand. Taking note of this tendency, many Western countries experimented upon the cultivation of Beans at home and in the colonies, but none of them have yet risen above the experimental stage. The Bean outputs are still very trifling and, excepting the United States, no reliable statistics are available about Beans. We might now give a rough sketch of the leading Bean rentres: Taste (1) TENDENCY oF BEAN CULTIVATION AT CHIEF Bean CENTRES Outputs unit : 1.000 koku Japan (Formosa excepted) 2,999 Chosen (Korea) 4.352 Chief producing zones Most abundant in Hokkaido, followed by the Northeastern Prefectures such as Iwate, Ibaraki & Saitama, Kagoshima & Kumamoto Prefectures coming next. From climatic and other considerations, Nrth Chosen is better suited to Bean cultivation than South Chosen, the outputs being correspondingly larger. Tendency of production Producing condition remains the same. Seen from a standpoint of area of cultivation, Bean raising considered as bumping its head against the blind wall. Gradual increase noticed by reclamation and improvement of farming methods. Manchuria 32,380 In the Liao Valley in South Manchuria, - and Sungari Valley in North Manchuria China proper 15.000 Zones north of Central China having for its centre Honan, Hupeh, Chihli & Shantung. Grown on the heights in the hilly zone with comparatively low temperatare. Java 810 U.S.A. 608 The major portion of North Carolina. As reclamation of waste. land progresses in North Manchuria, particularly in the Sungari Valley, Bean cultivation steady expanded. Tendency of producing condition practically stationary. Producing condition the same but, little prospect of further expansion, seen from the considera tion of cultivation area. The figures indicate actual Bean harvest. But Beans are grown more for cattle-feed and reap ed before getting ripe. eee Total 56.130 Nn i 1d 1g TABLE (2) CoMPARATIVE TABLE oF BraN OUTPUTS IN Cuigr Bran CENTRES Cultivation Output Per “cho” Percentage area unit : unit 1,600 harvest to gross 1,000 cho koku koku total outputs 391 2,999 7.67 0.5 792 4,352 5.50 0.8 32,380 32,380 10.00 5.8. 2,300 15,000 6.50 2.7 167. <0 810 490 . 01 76 608 7.45 0.1 6,964 56,139 7.00 10.0 Remarks =--(1) The statistical figures given in the above tables are those for the fiscal year 1926 for Japan and Chosen; those for Java belong to the fiscal year 1825; those for U.8.A. refer to 1922 (subsequent statistical figure for U.S.A. are unavailable, except that no remarkable change has apparently taken place; as to Manchuria, the vgures have been inferred by the author only lately, based upon those for the fiscal year 1426. The aggragated total Bean outputs in ths chief centres of the world ave roughly estimated at 56,000,000 ‘“‘kokun’’ which figure may represent also the gross total outputs of the world. inclusive of the ather countries than above mentioned. Of the above total, Manchurian Beans take up about 33,000,000 “‘koku’’ being over 50 per eent and almost 60 per cent of the aggregate total. The tendency of increasing production being quite pronounced in Manchuria, what an overwhelming influence Manchurian Beans hold on the world’s market may be easily understood. SECTION 1I.—-HOW MANCHURIAN BEANS ARE RAISED (a) IncrEASED PRODUCTION OF MANCHURIAN BEans As already hinted, there is no definite tracing of Bean cultivation to its undisputed origin. They seem, however, to have been imported from Central China. In old days, Beans were grown merely as a food-stuff, but about 70 years ago, they came to be used at Bean mills for oil-giving agent, attended with gradual increase in production. Howaver, the demand for Beans was still confined to the local Jistrict. Immediately after the Sino-Japanese War, (1894-1805). Beans and Bean Cake began to be exported to Javan. i} y - 1} This opened a new field of utility all at.once. Subsequently as a market for Beans and Bean Cake was exploited in Europe and America, Beans and their products, viz., Bean Cake and Bean Oil, have been raised to their present high level as merchandise in world-wide request. Thus, that Manchurian Beans as an export and as oilyielding agent, increased in production and have come to oceupy their present place, dates back only from only 20 to 30 vears. Manchurian Beans have attained the present popularity by passing through such channel. In order to explain how Manchurian Beans could make such rapid development, rising, as if at a wave of the magic wand, to acquire a world-wide, significance as a commodity, we must set forth how Manchuria fulfils to a T the following conditions: — in TT. 3 {}) 1g RS sa] ido IY. (1) Manchuria, while possessing a vast area for cultivation, holds extensive wasteland awaiting reclamation at a rapid pace year after year. 2) The climate and soil of Manchuria suiting Bean cultivation sxcellently, the Bean production is comparatively larger shan elsewhere. From. the consideration of maintaining the soil power and also of crop-raising by rotation, Bean cultivation is indispensable in Manchuria. Through the South Manchuria Railway and the Chinese Rastern Railway serving as the trunk carriers, the transportation of Beans in a large amount at a time is made easily possible. At present, the arable area in Manchuria is put at about 22,400,000 “‘cho’” (being slightly over 22 per cent of the total area). Half of this area has already been reclaimed, leaving the other half or 11,000,000 ‘““cho’’ still to be reclaimed. What has been reclaimed during the past 10 years is estimated at about 2,300,000 “‘cho’’, giving the annual average of 280.000 ‘““cho’ a year. Let us now denote the cultivation percentage of Beans by 27, figuring the per 300 ‘“‘tsubo’’ harvest at 1 “‘koku’. The annual rate of increased production of Beans may be placed at 620,000 ‘“‘koku”’ on 62,000 ‘“‘cho!’ of the new Bean field. On such bases of calculation, the increase attained during the past 10 years comes up to 6,200,000 “‘koku’. At this pace, 10,000,000 “cho” of the entire wasteland being supposed to be converted into arable land, the total reclamation work will be accomplished in about 40 years. The consequent increment in Bean production will amount to 27,000.000 “‘koku’’ or thereabouts. This being added up to the present total production of 83.000.000 “koku’’ in 1926, by the time the existing wasteland has been completely reclaimed, the aggregate Bean outputs of Manchu. ria are to reach rouchly 60.000.000 “‘koku’”’ (b) Locar. Propucing CONDITIONS Manchuria ig nearly evenly divided between the plains °F 1% an 11 ih 18 YQ e AT ac} and the mountainous districts. In the plains, the Liao and the Sungari run, forming fertile belts along the main and branch rivers. Particularly, in the Liao Valley, reclamation work has long been in progress, putting out half the total Bean harvests, the foremost staple product of Manchuria. The Sungari Valley is far larger in area than the Liao Valley, being located farther from Shantung and Chihli that furnish the bulk of immigrants into Manchuria. It contained a comparatively small area of arable land, yielding a correspondingly inconsiderable amount of agricultural produce. A salutary change came over since the Chinese Eastern Railway was opened to traffic, attended with a steady increase in Bean production. In recent years especially, the reclamation of virgin land in the Liao Valley Ys al 3 At +d Ty rl - 11 = NS seems to have been brought to an end, turning the tide of immigration that has assumed the form of a veritable flood lately from Shantung way, mainly to the Sungari Valley. The Bean production has thus become remarkably expended. Still, much pnrecleimed space is left in the Sungari Valley, and the increase of Bean production in the future must depend upon the progress of reclamation work in North Manchuria, principally about the Sungari Valley. We shall now indicate the cultivation area and Bean production according to the three provinces of Manchuria. Tare (8) CunmisaTioN AREA & OUTPUTS ACCORDING To PROVINCES Cultivation Harvest Per “cho” area (unit : (unit :1,000 harvest 1,680 ““cho’) “koku’") in “‘koku’ Fengtien ..... 1,424 14,240 10 Kirin .., 1,034 10,340 10 Heilungkiang ................ 780 7,800 10 Total .. . 3.238 22.280 In Fengtien Province, the Prefectures that yield the richest products are Shenyang, Tiehling, Kaiyuan, Tengfeng, Hsifeng, Hsian, Hailung, Liaoyang, Kaiping, Haicheng, Liufo, Chuangho, Fu, Changtu, Lishu, Kuping, Hu. aite, Lisoyuan end Fakumen. In Kirin Province we might count such Prefectures as Kirin, Shuangyang, Changchun, Tehui, Itung, Nungan, Fuyu, Yushu, Ayu, Shuangchengpu, Harbin, Tungping, Wuchang, Ningan and Ilan. Those in Heilungkiang Province are Lungkiang, Talai, Chouchow, Choutung, Chingkang, Paichuan, Noho, Nenking, Suihua, Hailun, I.anhsi, Chingeheng, Mulan, and Tanvuan. {¢}) CULTIVATION oF MANCHURIAN BEANS (1). MavcHURIAN CraMATE & BEAN CROP Air Temperature: From about October to the following March, the air temperature in Manchuria is lower than in Japan proper. However, between April and October, the period for the crops to grow, the temperature is higher than in Japan, a feature very advantageous from a general agricultural point of view. nt’ th he r=T Pa at n, 1. r i Supposing seed Beans are sown in April, they will germinate in the latter part of the same month, growing in May and June. The zenith of growth will be attained in July and August, to ripen perfectly in September and October when the weather usually continues fine with dry air and falling temperature. Thus, the temperature of Manchuria suits Bean cultivation excellently. The severe cold in winter, instead of doing harm to the Bean cultivation, serves, on the contrary, to prevent the appearance of infects’ ravages. Precipitation: In May, in which the Beans germinate, there is a small precipitation, the driest season of the year. This point somewhat makes against the Bean cultivation but all that is required in this connection is to make the soil retain sufficient moist for the seeds to germinate, and is better than excessive rain and wet with unseasonable temperature. July and August, in which the temperature is the highest and the growth is the most accelerated, happen to be the rainy season in Manchuria, the precipitation for the two months making up the bulk of the total annual rainfall. In September and October, the precipitation suddenly falls down, with a continuation of fine weather that facilitates the ripening process of the Beans. Humidity : Humidity is very low, while the evapora tion goes on very actively, particularly in spring, as already hinted. The evaporation in the germinating period in spring, together with dearth of rain, from a standpoint of Bean cultivation, can not act favourably upon the germination and growth. However, the large evaporation in summer and autumn makes excellently for the growth and ripening of the Beans. Especially at the havesting time in autumn, ample evaporation tends to perfect the drying of the Beans to befit them better for long storage and to enhance the yualitv. (2) MaxcHURIAN Soin & Bean Crops The soil best suited to Bean cultivation is loamy clay. clay, loam. and sandy loam in the order mentioned. While, as to the relation between the ingredients of the soil and the Bean crops, no definite conclusion is yet available. Beans like other leguminous plants, appear to get the nitrogen needed for the growth principally through symbiotic action with bacilli radicicola, and little thereof is absorbed directly from the soil. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen ingredients contained in the soil has less effect upon the Beans than on any other species of plants. A soil possessed of the qualities suited for the propagation of baeili radicicola is generally of smaller grain having a strong Ya Av Nn A Mi n nd rie Ly ha 1Y, le, nd le. he 100 rhe f ant A nf ng cohesive power, and will readily turn to clay after a rain. Accordingly, Manchurian soil can hardly be called physically excellent. As to ifs chemical ingredients, at many places shortage of organic matter is noticed, but mineral contents being comparatively plentiful, chemically speaking, Manchurian soil may be called suited to Bean cultivation. (3) How To Grow BEANS As regards the method of Bean cultivation in Manchuria, more or less variation is noticed according to places. As regards manuring, generally immediately after the harvest is over in autumn or just prior to the thaw early in spring, heap manure is carried to different spots in the field, to be spread all over it before the sowing season, so as to be ploughed into the soil, to make it prepared to receive the seed. as a rule, in drills. The sowing period varies more or less according to locality. However, the most popular period is between late in April and the middle of May. A fortnight after the seed has been laid down. they will germinate. Two or three weeks after the germination the first weeding will be carried out, and the second or third weedings two or three weeks later. Sometimes the fourth weeding is carried out. The blossoming season starts early in July. By the 11 middle of September, the lower leaves will gradually begin to turn yellow and to fall. The crops are harvested from the middle of September to early inn October. When the peculiar colour indicative of the ripening appears on the pods, the Bean stalks are cut off at about 1 in. from the ground to be left drying for 4 or 5 days. Then, they are to be carted to the place for purification specially prepared for the purpose, where they are spread on the ground evenly to be shelled out by means of a stone-roller. Then, the grains are to be separated from the pods, ete., by the force of the wind, as they are thrown up info the air By means of a wooden shovel. Next, what dirt and other foreign matters there are found will be removed, and then the Beans are to be stored away to be sent to the market according to the price and other inducements. 4) IMPROVEMENT oF MANCHURIAN BEAN BREED That Manchurian Beans have earned the present high reputation as a world-wide commodity is not because of their superior quality, bul because of their production in immense quantities and cheap prices. Speaking of quality, by reason of the slipshod style of cultivation and purification methods, much impurity is found, not to mention the mixture of different kinds of Beans, lowering the reputation as a merchandise far below Beans put out in Chosen, Japan proper, and Hokkaido. Moreover, Beans being of n 1m. 1 1€ 1 re .d lg 16 a0 ra mm “a at -h ~f nn Vv. 10). he qm 1. £ more or less smaller grains, the skin percentage is raised, detracting so much from the real flesh amount. In popularizing Manchurian Beans, nothing is more urgent than the improvement and unification of the breeds. At the S.M.R. Co. Agriculture Experiment Station, Kungchuling (on the S.M.R. Main Line) the experts have experimented upon the raising of Beans yielding more oil and harvest besides grains of better appearance, and have finally succeeded. Ssulihuang, acknowledged as a paragon breed about Kungchuling was used as the base, and a bechnical selection was carried out for producing a superior breed in everv sense, the results being as under: Per hector Harvests Oil percentage harvest unit: compared kilogramme 1,679 Original breed ... .. ... ‘Juichu” (Improved breed 87) an ‘Huangpaochu” (Tmproved breed 4 1,857 ‘11 21.16 1.817 “JR 21 19 The two mentioned improved breeds will give about 10 per cent more in harvest, besides about 8 per cent of oll more than the original breed, further being of better quality. By the side of the common breeds raised by the ordinary Chinese farmers, 50-60 per cent increase is noted in harvest. The S.M.R. Co. has laid out a seed bean farm each at ‘Changehuh and Kaiyuan to propagate the improved 3 4 Bean breeds. The results have been very satisfactory. The amount of improved breeds that were put on the market at the above mentioned two centres during 1927 were roughly 10,000 tons. Indications are that the figure will rise at a rapid pace year after year. Chapter Il. World Wide Demand for Manchurian Beans Beans were used principally as a food stuff and cattle feed, and its demands were confined to the Oriental countries, in which they originated. Generally speaking, local need was satisfied. Since a new demand has been opened for Beans in recent years as an oil-giving agency, their consumption has been remarkably enlarged, rising, almost at a bound, to a world-wide category. Thus, Manchuria that puts out more than half the Bean production of the world has become the central supplier of Beans on earth, practically controlling the market. SECTION I.—DISTRIBUTION OF BEANS IN MANCHURIA As already mentioned, the total production of Manchurian Beans was inferred at about 82,400,000 ‘‘koku’’ in 1926. The local consumption in Manchuria consists of 1A ye. at re 11 what is comsumped as food by the inhabitants as cattle feed, and seed for the next year, besides what is employed at the bean mills. The rest is exported abroad, their distribution being roughly ss follow: TasLe (4) DistrisuTioN oF BEaNs IN MANCHURIA (aBouT 1926) R |@-{Cw sgl nsir at 1a Estimate amount Remarky {unit : 1,000 ‘‘koku’’) Food for inhabitants ..... 3,120 Figured at the rate of 0.08 “koku’’ per capita on the basis of the population of Manchuria placed at 26,500,-000. Figured according to the general data for Manchuria & Mongolia in arable land & population. Figuring per “cho” geed Beans at 0.5 “kokn’’ on an average, the total Bean cultivation area estimated at 3.240.000 ‘“‘cho’. 18 nn. no iy - Bean mill material (for Bean oil for export)...... 12,760 Bean mill material (for Bean Oil for local consumption} ....... 2300 The mean total export for 3 years (1925-1927) being 2,820,000 piculs, & on the basis of 10 kin Bean Oil obtainable per 100 kin Beans. Figuring per capita annual Bean consumption at 1} kin, Bean oil. for 26,500,000 inhabitants of Manchuria converted into Beans. 15 ._ Total domestic consumption in Manchuria ...... Exports abrad ................ Total ........ 20,700 13,120 53.820 Export amount for 1925-1927. Remarks :—1 ‘“‘kokn’’ of Beans has been converted into 221 kip in the above table. From the above table, we may estimate the grand total Bean outputs of Manchuria to be 83,200,000 *‘koku”’ of which the net local consumptions for food, cattle feed, and seed Beans are only 6,120,000 “‘koku’’, but 14,560,000 “koku’’ corresponding to about 43 per cent of the total production is used at the Bean mills, the remainder, 13,120,000 ‘‘koku’’ (40 per cent of the total production) being exported as Beans. 80-00 per cent of Bean Cake and Bean Oil put out at the Bean mills is exported to China proper or foreign countries. Therefore, about 76 per cent of Manchurian Beans, inclusive of what is exported in the form of Beans and such as is made into Bean Cake and Bean Oil represents the exports to China proper and abroad (the major portion of Bean Cake is exported to Japan as manure, and the bulk of the Bean Oil to Europe). The above will give a pretty fair idea of what an important role is being played by Beans and the Bean milling industry in the economic circle of Manchuria. 57 SECTION IL.—DEMAND FOR MANCHURIAN BEANS ON DIFFERENT MARKETS On nea d. 0 al As already given, about 1926, Beans exported from Manchuria were 18,110,000 ‘‘koku’’ or so a year. Of course the rates of shipments vary according to years, but roughly speaking, about 8,800,000 ‘‘koku’’ goes to Japan; about 2,000,000 “‘koku” for Europe; about 600,000 ‘‘loku’’ for Java; and 1,000,000 ‘“‘koku’’ elsewhere. We shall now dwell briefly upon the Bean demand conditions on the different markets for Manchurian Beans. SY. mn) Wit on 111 ns Aw or nd an «an (1) DEMAND For MaNCHURIAN BEANS IN JAPAN The Bean consumption in Japan proper was about 1,500,000 ‘“‘koku’ prior to 1907 (according to the mean for the preceding 10 years) without a remarkable increase or decrease. Since, the consumption amount has increased by degrees attaining the zenith by 1919 in which year 9,140,000 ‘‘koku’’ was used. Why, since 1907, the Bean consumption gradually increased was mainly because, by reason of the Bean milling industry, Beans as working materials were imported from Manchuria into Japan. The acme of prosperity was reached in 1919, in the latter part of the Great War, in which the Japanese economic community was still in the inflated stage. As the War ended, the universal wave of economic rr? depression spread all over the world, withering the oil milling industry. The domestic consumption of Beans began to indicate a declining tendency. The mean for 1925-1927 for the domestic consumption in Japan was 7,800,000 “koku’’ or so, of which 3,300,000 ‘‘koku’’ was supplied by the domestic outputs, but there is little prospect of increasing production at home. Of the shortage amounting to Korean Beans and the remainder that is 3,300,000 “‘koku’ with 4,500,000 “‘koku’’, 1,500,000 ‘‘koku’’ is supplied with Manchurian Beans. Of the imports into Japan proper, more than half the Manchurian Beans goes to the Bean mills, while the rest is employed for manufacture of ‘miso’, soy, and other kinds of food. (2) DemaxDp FOR MANCHURIAN BEANS IN CHINA PROPER In China proper, the production of Beans in a locality is generally regulated by the local demand, in principle. However, about Shanghai and South China, the outputs fall short of meeting the demand and the shortage must be supplied by the import of Manchurian Beans year after year. In recent years, the exports of Manchurian Beans for China proper are about 2,000,000 ‘‘koku’’. While to what separate uses Beans are put in China proper cannot be accurately ascertained, what is used for the manufacture of soy, ‘miso’, bean curd, and other kinds of food and cattle food is in the largest amount, but niilgan 927 000 by 30Q. tor J ku 1th the Bean milling is in most cases conducted mostly as a domestic by-industry to fill the local needs (Hankow being excepted). Therefore, the consumptions are not at all large. Of about 2,000,000 “‘koku” of Manchurian Beans exported to Shanghai and South China, what is used for milling purposes is only of very small quantity, the major remainder serving as material for preparing divers kinds of food, . per, (8) DemaNp For MANCHURIAN BEANS IN Java 2an of 'R ity ple. ruts ust fter NYS hina for ther htt Java has been importing Manchurian Beans in recent years to the amount of 500,000-600,000 ‘‘koku’’ a year. Java being in the Tropics is unsuited to Bean cultivation, but on the higher levels in the mountainous or hilly districts, the temperature is more temperate, better suited to Bean raising. However, Beans are of poor quality and are moreover put out only in a limited amount, the total production being 800,000 “‘koku’ or so without prospect of future increase. How Manchurian Beans came to be in request in Java district originated from their import from Chefoo and Tientsin by the old Chinese setilers in the Island. By and by, the natives got acquainted with them until they have become one of the food stuffs of cheap price and for daily consumption. fy (4) DEMAND FOR MANCHURIAN BEANS IN EUROPE Bean cultivation in European countries has yet not got out of the experimental stage. Therefore what is for domestic consumption is to be imported entirely from Manchuria. The chief uses to which Beans are put are as oilyielding material. Lately the amount for food purposes is on the increase. Still, in point of quantity, there is no comparison with the former. The heaviest consumers are England, Holland, and Denmark. At Hull and Liverpool (England), Copenhagen (Denmark) and Rotterdam and Amsterdam (Holland) and elsewhere, the bulk of Beans is used at the oil mills. The consumption in Germany used to beat the other countries before the War, but their supply was out short on the outbreak of the War. However, with the reconstruction of industry in Germany, time is bound to come when she will rise again to be the heaviest consumer of Manchurian Beans on the Continent Actually, already with the revival of the domestic oil industry, Manchurian Beans are being imported into Germany in an increasing quantity. Next come Italy and Sweden. Especially in Italy, the demand has been showing an inclination of remarkable increase lately. As to the rest, hardly any of them is worth My mentioning. The total annual consumption of Manchurian Beans in all Europe has grown up to 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 “kolku”. Chapter Ill. Uses of Beans SECTION I.—GENERAL REVIEW The uses of Beans may be roughly divided as follow :— (1) As food-stuff: In the chief producing centres in the Orient like Japan, Chosen, and China, Beans have been cooked, ss they are, from old times, to be served at table. Otherwise, they are made into Bean curd, Bean flour, Bean malt, “miso” and soy, making them an indisperanble item of food. (2) Cattle Feed: Needless to say, Beans being rich in nutritive value, furnishes to the domestic animals a very excellent feed. However, a high fatty percentage not being required for a cattle-feed, Bean Cake serves all the better for the purpose than Beans. But, in China and Chosen, no inconsiderable amount of Beans are still used for cattle-feed. (8) Tertilizer: Beans containing a high oil percentage, they will make a very poor manure, the oil contents 2 making more harm than good. At present, in most cases, Bean Cake is employed as manure, or Beans or Bean Cake is given the domestic animals as feed. and their droppings are used as manure, Beans being seldom employed as such. (4) As Oil Producing Material: As chemical industries of all sorts have developed lately, the Bean milling industry has grown steadily, and what is used for milling materials now surpasses the amount of what is consumed as food-stuff. In fact, more than half the total production of Beans is turned to this line of use, owing to there existing an extensive demand for Bean Cake and Bean Oil, the chief products of the mills. Thus, Beans have risen above being an article of food and a cattle feed at the homes of natives in the Oriental countries, becoming a popular food-stuff and an industrial material (principally for yielding oil) of world-wide significance. Especially as an industrial material, the future of Manchurian Beans promises tremendous possibilities because of their fulfilment of the undermentioned requirements :— ‘Bean Oit (by expression and hy extraction) Direct Uses .... CL nses) Wrought upon fPank A source of light \For a lubricator [Befiusd oil (salad oil) Substitute for lard a Cattle Feed Food ......... Manure ‘Bean Cake (Round cake, Pean plate, & Bean meal) ‘Boiled Beans “‘Natto”’ Malt “Yuba Bean curd Dean milk Soy “Miso” Bean milk Confection For making sauce Direct Uses .... Oleomargarine Soap Substitute for Glycerine lard Hardened oil ... {Substitute for Fatty acid butter Water proof oap (Tantulus, etc.) Paints ............ [Paint \ Varnish -Linoleum [Others Substitute for Indian rubber Substitute for kerosene fManure )Cattle feed [Appetizer In paper milling As substitute for Je (satolite, Protein products! etc.) Water paint {Solite, ete.) Medicinal uses |(Nutrition, ete.) Wrought upon Food ............ (Soy, “Miso” & Bean curd Bean flour ‘as substitute for ‘wheat flour) (Material for sanca (1) Essentially suited to food-stuff, cattle-feed, and oil-giving matera (2) Easy to grow. 24 (3) Cheap in price. (4) Handy to be stored away. (5) . Liberal supply obtainable in for a vast producing centre. any amount, having all Manchuria We shall now give a chart in which the great variety of uses into which Beans are put is listed : — SECTION II.-VALUE OF BEANS (1) Tre Foop VALUE oF BEANS FROM GENERAL INGREDIENTS Ingredients vary according as where they are produced, what kinds they are of, and in what years they have been put out. We shall give below as an instance the average ingredients of first class Beans under the S.M.R. Co. Mixed Storage and produced in 1927, being the mean of 62 kinds of first class goods under Mixed Storage put out about Changchun, Kungchuling Kaiyuan, Shangmiaotzu, Kuochiatien, Taochiatun, Machungho. Sanchaho (on C.E.R. Southern Section) Hsiachiutai, and Kalunchieh (on Kirin-Changchun Line): — Water ........ Crude fat .... Crude protein -.. Soluble non-nitrogenous & crude fibrons substances. Ash... 12.16% 17.49% 37.12%, 28.64% 4.599 Seen from the general ingredients, Beans make an excellent food-stuff. Especially they contain a large per-24 centage of protein and fat that have a most important bearing to nutrition. In point of protein, Beans are above all kinds of cereals and pulse and even meat. (2) troop VALUE oF BEANS FROM STANDPOINT oF NEW THEORY OF NUTRITION From the standpoint of the new advanced theory of nutrition up-to-date, the general ingredients hardly form the criterion for deciding the nutrition value of food. In addition, the kinds of ingredients, especially the quality of the protein or the kind and percentage of aminic acid that constitutes the protein should be studied out. Moreover, the latest form of the vitamin theory, together with the animal experiments, ought to be taken into reckoning bo decide the nutrition value fairly and completely. Concerning the food value of Beans, considered in the light of all the above, we might conclude that Beans, on the whole, contain sufficient of tne necessary kind and quelity of aminic acid that constitutes the protein of Beans, demonstrating beyond doubt the ample nutrition value of the protein of Beans. Next, by practical animal experi ments, the protein of Beans is proved to be the most excellent among the vegetable proteins, only next to beef and fish. Then, we might mention also that it contains plenty of fat and besides, according to the latest research, Bean Oil contains more or less vitamin A, surpassing other Ih vegetable oils in excellence of quality. Moreover the fact that Beans, being rich in vitamin B, specially serves to raise their nufrition value. From the latest nutrition theories, the food value of Beans may be inferred as very excellent. However, all these are theoretical inferences. As to the nutrition value of Beans as whole grains, the results of animal experiments have also testified to its satisfactory amount. (3) CoNCLUSION The Orientals who have to depend, for their staple food-stuff, on rice, wheat, and barley from ancient times has been supplied, comparatively speaking, with insufficient nutrition. Particularly in Japan, unlike in Europe and America, meat diet has been in vogue only among the specified classes of the people in deference to the Buddhist doctrines, and the extensive use, to which Beans, together with their products have been put as side dishes, has helped to make good in a substantial way, for the shortage of nutrition, and to preserve the physical strength of the people, thereby rendering incalculable services to the Japanese nation. As already stated, from the dual standpoint of nutrition and food value, Beans are bound to have a more extended utility in the future as a food material. 2h In Europe and America, attention has been directed to these lines, and from seientific points of view, Beans have come to be wrought upon in sundry ways to prepare food articles towards solving the food problem. Already bean milk and bean powder, and confection, snd bread made from bean powder sre on the market. Chapter IV. Uses of Bean Gil SECTION I.—CHARACTERISTICS That Bean Oil came to be recognized as a commodity on the world’s oil market in the West dates back only 20 years or so. Prior thereto, its uses were limited to food, a source of light, and the lubrication of the wheel axles. The seope of its demand never went outside China. In the comparatively brief space of over 12 years, the utility of Beans has become expanded, as it is to-day, firstly because it can be produced at lower costs than other vegetable oils, placing it within the consumers’ reach at more reasonable prices. In the second place, Bean Oil has the characteristic of being available as suitable substitute for food and industrial oils of almost all kinds. For instance, as material for making paints, it’ can be 3%? substitute for olive oil and cotton-seed oil. Bean Oil is also- regarded as suited for making soap. Bean Oil is in widest demand as food and paint and soup-making material in the order mentioned. To be more particular, it serves as material for making salad oil, artificial lard, and oleomargarine. In the second place, it is used for making paints, varnish, linoleum, and other solvents. In the third place, it supplies a soap-making material. The availability of Bean Oil as substitute for other oils of different kinds in their varied uses denotes the wide range of ‘ts utility. On the other hand, Bean Oil has no special characteristic to pose as th~ highest available in any of the varied uses, so as to command any other oil on the market. For instance, linseed oil is unfit to eat, but it has the property to control other oils as paintmaking material. As long as the market is gluttoned with linseed oil quoted at cheap prices, Bean Oil will be left utterly neglected by the paint manufactures, The demand condition for Bean Oil will be reversed, provided linseed oil supply be insufficient and its price be stiff. To cite another instance, olive oil and cotton-seed oil, both unsuited for paint-making material, stands the foremost as table oil, controlling the Bean Oil market with sage. Next, as soap-making material, peanut oil, olive oil, copra oil, and cotton-seed oil defy rivalry by Bean Oil. Thus, Bean Oil has come into extens: but, #v the same time, is unsuited to turn out 8 first grade produdt in any line of utility, and in consequence. 1&-is subject to fluctuation according to the ow abroad. ied -% tone Only, it has various advantagest. Firstly, Beans, as raw material, are quoted comparatively cheaply. Secondly, the cost of manufacturing Bean Oil is small. Thirdly, because of only a small amount of free fatty acid, Bean Oil can stand a long storage in the form of a crude oil, courthly, the demand for Bean Cake is enormous. For these reasons, Bean Oil reserves the room to regulate its own price by the oil market condition abroad. On this aceount, it has a possibility to get its demand abroad expanded year after year, keeping up the same tendency in the future. The major portion of Bean Oil now produced in Manchuria is shipped Europe and America was to the total amount of about 180,000 tons. Figuring the total shipments of Beans in the same dircetions at about 6,500,000 “koku’’, which if totally employed as oil yielding material, will give about 120,000 tons of oil, making the aggregate consumption of Bean Oil in the West about 800.000 tons B year. Awd SECTION II.-—DIVERS USES OF BEAN OIL (1) Owp Uses or Bean OIL We shall now proceed to dwell on the divers uses of Bean Oil. The old uscs of Bean Oil were chiefly for frying and other cooking uses, as a source of light, and also as a lubricating oil. (2) RerFivep Bean Oi as Foop Crude Bean Oil, if deodorized and refined, becomes perfectly odourless with an excellent flavour. It is fit to be used as table oil, salad oil, and in packing sardines, ete., in tins. It also permits of being mixed with olive oil for a compound. Moreover, since how to hydrogenate Bean Oil was invented, Bean Oil, too, in its hardened form, has been made mixable with other liquid oils and solid fats for table ure. ‘3) SUBSTITUTE FOR LARD A substitute for lard is manufactured by mixing a liquid oil of light colour with hog’s fat of other animal’s fat or solid vegetable fat (like coconut oil) and other solid fats. Dearth of animal fat, together with the enlargement of uses for cotton-seed oil that has been employed most extensively in this line having consplred to create shortage nN in its supply, raising the price accordingly, have opened for refined Bean Oil a chance to be used mixedly in a hardened-or a liquid-form. (4) SUBSTITUTE FOR BUTTER The indispensability of butter in the West goes without saying. However, the increase of milk supply can not keep pace with its rapidly enlarged demand, causing the price to go up. Accordingly, the manufacture of oleomargarine has become more extensive, and Bean Oil is in request as one of the materials. Oleomargarine is made from snimal or vegetable-solid fat mixed in a suitable quantity with a liquid oil like peanut oil or Bean Oil. Hydrogenated Bean Oil is finding a fair demand as a solid fat. (6) As Pant SoLveNT As solvent for paint, varnish, and linoleum, ete., linseed oil, a drying oil, has been in the widest request, followed with castor oil, paulownia oil, ete., possessed of a strong drying property. Lately, a semi-drying oil like Bean Oil possessing a high iodine value, if mixed with manganese borate, manganese resinate or cobalt resinate, all drying agents, to make a boiled oil, is found fo acquire a drying property in a remarkable degree, good for a substitute as a paint solvent. 31 Thus Bean Oil has found a new utility in the new direction on being mixed with linseed oil and some other drying oil. (6) Soar Bean Oil, like all other kinds of oil, is extensively used for making soap. Still, it is less suited for making hard soap than either peanut, palm, copra oil, olive oil, or cotton sed oil, being better adapted for making soft soap. Again, Bean Oil is more popular as material for making laundry or industrial soap, for which there is a very large demand, than for making toilette soap of superior grade. Only lately, hydrogenated oil made from Bean Oil has been brought into use as soap-making material. (7) GLYCERINE & FATTY ACID During the Great War, Bean Oil was disintegrated by a special process into glycerine and fatty acid. The glycerine was employed for making gunpowder, for preparing medicines, and for toilette purposes. The fatty acid was employed by the soap manufacturers. (8) WATER PROOF Aluminium of fatty acid being noted to possess a water proof property, Mr. T. Suzuki (formerly in the 8.M.R. Co. service, with which he is still indirectly connected) has 2 succeeded in making aluminium soap on the ground of Bean Oil, naming it Tontalus after-the Greek mythology. It used to be manufactured by the Dairen Solite Mfg. Co. till some years ago. There is a future for a water proof of this kind. (9) SuBSTITUTE FoR KEROSENE The 8.M.R. Co. Central Laboratory has come to see a ray of hope for an industrial success in the matter of manufacturing combustible oil as a substitute for kerosene by subjecting fatty acid lime to dry distillation. In this experiment, Bean Oil has been used as the working base. This industry has not yet been raised to an economically feasible basis, but since it gives glycerine for a by-product, it permits of being raised to a commercially negotiable level as a source of liquid fuel in time of need. (10) SvussTiTUTES FOR INDIAN RUBBER, ETO. Bean Oil or rape-seed oil treated with sulphur or carbon petra chloride puts out a substitute for Indian rubber. It is called factis and is employed as diluting agent for Indian rubber of superior quality or for making Indian rubber of industrial use. 83 Chapter V. Uses of Bean Cake SECTION I.—CHARACTERISTICS OF BEAN CAKE & TI'S ENLARGED USES Bean residue left after the oil has been expressed or extracted from Beans assumes three forms, viz, Bean Cake, Bean Plate, and Bean Meal. In respect of general ingredients, their contents vary in amount, according to the kinds of residue. (vide Chapter 6). Hach contains a good amount of protein, and, being turned out from Beans, an ideal article of food, the scope of utility of the Bean residue is very extensive. . Then, seen from the standpoint of price, the Bean residue is the lowest, making in itself a reassuring feature for its future. Heretofore the major portion of Manchurian Bean Cake was exported to Japan, and it practically dominated the fertilizer market as a cheap, excellent manure. In Europe and America, the residue left of Manchurian Beans after the oil has been extracted is used for cattlefeed. Considering the ingredients of Bean Cake, to consign the Cake for fertilizing purposes as the case in Japan was, would be 8 culpable extravagance. It should first have been used as cattle feed, and then the droppings will do excellently for manure. The future of Bean Cake in Japan as a fertilizer might not look glowing, but, allowing for the eventual development of the industry of recovering fixed nitrogen from air, what gap may be created in demand for Bean Cake as manure is believed to be amply made up for with an increasing demand as fertilizer. The quality of Bean Cake, characterised with a high nutritive value, commends itself as material for manufaeture of some wholesome, palatable food. Plainly, by improving the existing process of separating the oil from Beans, and by rationalizing the way to work upon the Bean residue, new higher utilities of Bean residue may be devised. Actually, in all Western countries, the ablest chemists have the subject under a concentrated study, and the triumphs of science in this direction are being published on Oceasion. The chemists have taken note of the protein in the Bean residue being the cheapest of its kind obtainable, and the manufacture of protein products on the base of the Bean res'due is being experimented upon energetically. In this new field, too. as science advances further, new uses for the Bean residue seem certain to be invented. Thus, the Bean residue will have its utility extended from fertilizer and cattle-feed to: food and industrial material, that promise stupendous possibilities. £109 SECTION II.—VARIOUS USES OF BEAN CAKE 1) Bran Caxe As FERTILIZER The bulk of Bean Cake put out at the bean mills in Manchuria goes to Japan proper. A part thereof is exported bo South China and the remainder to Chosen and Formosa. It is for manure for paddy fields, mulberry fields, ete. The ingredients of Bean Cake contain the three important factors of fertilizer, that is, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium. Since the nitrogen contents amount to 6.8 per cent or so in the case of round cake (known commonly as Bean Cake), it will make an efficacious fertilizer to any kind of plants, excepting such as do not want much nitrogen. In particular, the nitrogen contents of Bean Cake being possessed of high absorbable and fertilizing properties. it deserves commendation as ditrogen manure. Bean Cake, while containing nitrogen to the amount of 6.8 per cent, has only a slight amount of about 1.2 per cent of phosphoric acid and 1.7 per cent of potassium, making it advisable to be used conjointly with phosphoric acid and potassium manures in many cases. In short, Bean Cake occupies the foremost place among fertilizers on the Japanese market, and not only is supplies nitrogen ag an efficacious nitrogen manure, but further it serves to furnish organic matters to the soil. 12 However, as already stated, with the recent development of the industry to recover fixed nitrogen from air, sulphate of ammonia is commanding greater demand, and the position of Bean Cake on the fertilizer market of Japan seems over-shadowed with a gloom. (2) Bran Caxe as Carre FEED As cattle-feed, Bean Cake equals cotton-seed cake and peanut cake in both digestibility and the protein amount, surpassing all other kinds of oil residues as an excellent rich cattle-feed. It causes no harmful reaction on the domestic animals, as the case often is among various oil residues. In consequence, in Manchuria and China, it has been in use as superior cattle-feed from early times. As already mentioned, most part of Manchurian Bean Cake in Japan is employed as nitrogen manure, but the prospect of its successful competition with sulphate of ammonia in the future being not quite reassuring, it is thought the more advisable to enlarge its utility as cattle-feed, as its chemical ingredients highly commend it. At present, the residue of Manchurian Beans that are exported to Europe and America and have the oil contents expressed or extracted are employed as cattle feed and not as fertilizer as the case is in Japan. Of the Bean residues put out in Manchuria, Bean plate produced at the Nisshin Oil Mills, Dairen. and the Kabalkin Mill, Harbin, is reduced to powder and exported to the United States for cattle-feed. To sum up, the heyday of Manchurian Bean Cake as manure is passing away, and the time to utilize it for cattle-feed will be ushered in the near future, and already signs are visible indicative of such trend of event. (3) Bran Frouvr Mabe rrRoM Bran CAKE Bean flour made direct from Beans containing much fat, various inconveniences are met with in working thereupon. Therefore, it is more convenient to extract or express the fat from Beans first, and to employ the residue as a working material. Compared with wheat flour, the Bean residue not only excels the other in nutritive value, but also has the advantage of cheaper prices. It is a most sensible thing to exploit the demand for the Bean residue in this direction. The only drawbacks are that the Bean residue retains the odour or Beans besides ifs assuming a hard, compact mass. However as the chemical researches advance, the surmounting of these shortcomings has been ascertained not to be technically impossible. So, if used mixedly with a suitable amount of wheat flour, rice powder, sugar, ete., it will make a splendid material for making confection, bread, ete. In Europe and America, it is actually put into use in this direction. In Japan proper and China. the economic advantage of the new utility of " Beans has come to be recognized, and it is becoming more popular. The enlargement of this new utility in future is the most promising and of far reaching significance. (4) Bran Cake As Sov-Maxine MATERIAL The Brewing Experiment Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, has taken to the use of Bean meal in place of Beans as soy-making material. The experiments have established beyond question the former’s advantage in respect of quality and costs, compared with Beans of the same kind, and the Station people are encouraging the use of Bean meal. Already in Japan proper, soy breweries that use Bean meal in place of Beans are appearing in an increasing number. Lately, the S.M.R. Co. Central Laboratory, Dairen, has succeeded in inventing an advanced, logical process of brewing soy from round cake and Bean plate crushed fine as a substitute for Beans. The soy made by the process is earning a good reputation. The use of Bean Cake in this new field has a very rosy outlook. (5) MANUFACTURE OF ‘‘AJINO-MOTM’’ (APPETIZER) From Bean CAxE Amino acid that constitutes the Bean protein contains Bb high percentage of glutamic acid that makes the essence of the so-called ‘‘Ajino-moto’’, the most popular appetizer 30 in Japanese diet. It stands to reason that by reducing Bean Cake to its original elements, the manufacture of glutamic acid soda, that is ‘‘Aji-no-moto’’ is believed to lie within a technical feasibility. The study to this end is being taken up in various quarters, and it is nearing the stage of an enterprise economically negotiable. (6) ProrEIN PropUCTS MADE FROM BEAN CAKE The manufacture celluloid substitutes as a satolite, ete., nutrition and other protein products still belongs to an experimental stage, and none of them has yet attained a commercially negotiable stage. Nonetheless everyone of them forms a subject of interesting study. Chapter VI. Bean Milling in Manchuria IRCTION I.—HOW IT STARTED & GREW The industry to express oil from Beans originated in China proper about 200-300 year ago. There used to be practically no oil mills other than such as treated linseed in’ Manchuria. About 60 years ago, about Tiehling and Changchun, which were their important Bean centres, the method of expressing oil from linseed was applied to Beans with encouraging results. This formed the nucleus of bean milling industry. Subsequently, those who interested themselves in this industry increased gradually. Then, as immigrants from Shantung began to pour in, the demand for Bean Oil steadily increased. With the increased production of Beans, the number of the mills, too, greatly increased. However, both Bean Cake and Bean Oil made from Beans were only for the consumption of the inhabitants, and what little surplus stocks were left were forwarded from Yingkou to South China. In those days, at Lisoyang, Yingkou, Mukden, and Tiehling, a number of small mills capable of turning out, say, 100 pieces a day lay scattered. Donkeys were pressed into service in the expressing of oil. Then, there was what is called the wedge system by which boiled Beans were compressed by means of a wedge. The milling industry still partook of 4 primitive complexion. In those times, the mills aimed at obtaining Bean Oil. Bean Cake was regarded as a by-product good for a caltlefeed. As the mills grew in number, Bean Cake they manufactured proved more than meeting the local requirements. It came at last to seek a market in Japan proper, styled Tiehling Bean Cake, Newchwang Bean Cake, and what not. In this manner, Manchurian Bean Cake came to find its way to a foreign market. 3; It was after the Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895, that the export of Bean Cake to Japan commenced and its fertilizer value began to be recognized. This brought about a sharp increase in demand year after year. The Bean mills in Manchuria thus entered upon a new era of development. The position of Bean Oil and Bean Cake became reversed. Bean Cake came to be looked upon as the principal produets with Bean Oil for by-product. During these dozen years or so, the world was confronted with dearth of oil and fat, and this led to the awakening of an immense demand of worldwide scale for Bean Oil. The lively export thereof to Europe and America followed. How the business ran briskly during the Great War is known to everybody. Thus Bean Cake was supplied to Japan and South China as important fertilizer, while Bean Oil was in lively request on the Western markets as a foodstuff and an industrial material. In this way, Beans have been helped to rise to be in worldwide demand, bean milling industry, too, growing up to its present dimensions. SECTION II.—OIL-MAKING PROCESSES The oil-making processes now known in Manchuria may be divided as under: Expressing system (all belong to this system with the sole exception of Honen Oil Mill, Dairen). Wedge system (producing round cake). Wedges are used for compressing Beans. Manual labour and little animal help used, putting on the plant a primitive complexion and making it necessarily small-scaled. In the interior of Manchuria, no small number of such plants still exist. Screw system (turning out round cake). The screw replaces the wedge in this system, whilst the oil-expressing is effected by manual labour, much of other parts of work being done by machine. In point of number. the mills in Manchuria mostly belong to this type. Hoh RATLIC SYSTEM : (Round cake produced). In place of the screw, hydraulic power is used. All large-scaled mills are operated by this system at Dairen and elsewhere. Bran PLATE SYSTEM : Among the oil expressing devices, the most advanced is the Bean Plate system. Compared with the hydraulic system, far greater pressure is required, and the residue assumes the form of bean plate, instead of round cake. As already mentioned, the Nisshin Oil Mills, Dairen, and the Kabalkin Mill, Harbin, are the only plants that are possessed of installations of this system. 3. CHEMICAL EXTRACTION SYSTEM : The oil contents of Beans are extracted by means of a chemical solvent, chiefly benzine or benzol. It is the latest process, the only mill based upon this system in Manchuria being the Honen Oil Mill, Dairen (formerly known as the Suzuki Bean Oil). SECTION III.—ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT PROCESSES (1} WEDGE, Screw & Hypraviic SysTEMS COMPARED The wedge system is the most obsolete, and for all oil-expressing and other operations practically manual labour with animal help is depended upon. While it has only a small producing power, it wants a comparatively large area of land for the factory and working ground. Now that Bean Cake and Bean Oil have risen as commodities of worldwide demand and require quick and extensive production, to cheapen the producing costs by extensive manufacture, a thing like the wedge system may be regarded to have outgrown its usefulness. Actually all the large-scaled mills at the chief centres on the S.M.R. Lines have become mechanicalized, the hydraulic system mills occupying the majority, as might be easily expected. At Dairen, in which extensive production is carried on upon an intensive system, the hydraulic presses are predominant. However, in the remote part of Manchuria, small mills will quite do, the products being only for local consumption, besides owing to the low degree of civilization, the installa ion of a modern equipment is sometimes rendered difficult, and since the obsolete wedge system entails but a light outlay, operated chiefly by manual labour on cheap-priced and, it will make the enterprise pay. This accounts for the retention of wedge-system mills in the outlandish diatriets. The mills of the screw system served for the transitory period from the native wedge system to the new hydraulic aystem. (2) BEeaAN REsipuEs COMPARED Round Cake (by hydraulic system), bean plate, and bean meal. We shall now give the quantities of the products obtained by the different systems, together with the ingredients of the bean residues obtained by the different system and their chief uses. 15 TasLe (6) Quantrries oF PropucTs COMPARED Raw material B. Cake B. Oil Beans kin kin kin 100 84.8 10 Round Cake .............. {by hydraulic system) Bean Plate ............. ..... 100 83.4 12 Bean meal ... ...... ..... 100 80.0 14 {by chemical extraction system) Tare (7) IncrEDIENTS OF BEAN CAKE COMPARED Round Cake DB. Plate B. Meal % % % 16.8 10.6 10.4 7.3 5.7 2.1 40.1 43.5 45.5 24.6 20.0 24.2 5.8 5.5 4.8 53 5.9 6.1 Water .... Coarse fal ..ocirervinniien. Protein ... Carbo-hydrate ....... Fibre .......-Ash ... mr bE ARNE (a) ApvaNTAGES & DISADVANTAGES oF BEAN MEAL According to the benzine extraction system, as tabulatod above, the oil percentage to the beans is 14 per cent or so, what oil and fat have been retained in the residue being not more than 2.5 per cent or thereabouts. Bean meal looks well with a good lustre and is convenient to handle, besides making an excellent manure. In price it is 10 to 20 per cent higher than round cake, ete. However the mechanical and other equipments are necessarily complex and require a large capital to be fixed. Benzine, subject to fluctuations in price, often go to raise the producing cost. Being in the form of meal, receptacles are required for storage and transportation, increasing the bulk and raising the ships’ freights. Especially in’ Manchuria, in which the residue takes in most cases the form of round cake, bean meal is unsuited for Mixed Storage by the S.M.R. Co. - In short, the chemical extraction system is capable of extracting the oil almost wholly, and on this account, may be called an ideal oil milling process, and promises a wider adoption as the most desirable and progressive process, when some day the solvent falls in price, bean oil rises in price, the demand for bean residues as a material for food increases, labour wages rise, and the chemical axtraction system gets improved. (b) ApvaNTAGES & DISADVANTAGES oF Bean PraTe Bean plate gives oil to the extent of 12 per cent of Beans, retaining some 6 per cent of fat and oil itself. 1t is the best suited for a cattle-feed. Most of the Beans 2xported to Europe and America is subjected to this process for the expressing of oil, and bean plate is employed as cattle-feed. Bean plate, compared with round cake, has less water amounting to only 10 per cent or so. Supposing bean plate to get popularized further as cattle-feed, it is not liable to deterioration in quality during transit. = 17 Only as above stated, the chemical extraction system requiring complex equipments and higher degree of pressure, the steamed Beans cannot be wrapped up in reed in the manufacturing process, as in the case of round cake, for fear of geting cut, and a fabric woven with a higherpriced human hair or camels’ hair will be wanted for the purpose, raising the producing cost to that extent. Moreover, bean plate, assuming an oblong shape and being of a comparatively small thickness, is liable to breakage while under transportation, and may be conveniently packed ‘in gunnies. Moreover, the bean oil put out by the bean plate system containing protein, if it is subject to a high temperature, will get discoloured black. For this reason, it needs to be subjected to a refining process. The bean plate system owing to the excellent quality of bean plate and the higher oil percentage obtainable than by the round cake system, is regarded as superior to the other. However, the greater complexity of equipments, that will fix larger capital, qu'ck damage done to the enveloping fabric, as mentioned above, and the necessity to refine bean oil all conspire to raise its price by nob less than 20 per cent at least over round cake of the same amount. As long as bean residues are intended chiefly for manures in Japan proper, this system is somewhat handicapped, but someday when it is used as cattle-feed as in the West, this g:" system will be acknowledged as the most commendable one. (¢) ADVANTAGES & DisapvaNTAGES oF RoUND CAKE SYSTEM The round cake system or the hydraulic system, compared with the two others, is the most primitive, considered from both the oil rate and the quality of the residue. Why this system predominates among the oil mills in Manchuria at present is because of the following: (1) Round cake system requires only simple equipments and operation, thereby saving the cost of production. (2) Round cake being hard and solid, it needs no receptacle for transportation and storage. When laden in the ship’s hold, it is easy to harmonize both space and weight, since either can be readily regulated by the number of pieces. SECTION IV.—OIL MILLS IN MANCHURIA Dairen and Harbin are the two places in Manchuria that contain bean mills equipped with comparatively advanced machines and which can supply bean residus and bean oil as international commodities at moderate rates and further in a large amount. For the rest, all still remain on g nearly primitive footing, not being able to rise above the stage in which the produces were meant chiefly for local consumption. $44 We shall now tabulate the leading mills in Manchuria with their mechanical installations and also the producing capacities, the chemical extraction system and the bean plate system being excluded. Tape (8) Bray Minus in MANCHURIA No. of mills Kinds of machines & their number Hydraulic Screw system system 36 1,873 3,067 22 20 726 24 100 1,077 13 505 1,429 Dairen Yingkou Antung Harbin . Along railways in North Manchuria... . Along railways in South Manchuria coeeeeviviennns 18 22 258 208 3,379 151 2,728 9,037 Total Wedge system Daily producing capacity B. Cake B. Oil pieces ‘kin’ 266,461 1,342,305 21,790 108,950 40,025 200,125 78.537 392.685 Dairen Yingkou Antung Harbin ee Along railways in North Manchuria... a Along railways in South Manchuria ... 18 5914 47,570 156 109,752 548,760 282 528,007 2,640,395 Total ...... From the above table, we find the bean mills in Manchuria, reach 951 in number (not including such as are <p located outside the railway area) containing 8,728 hydraulic presses, 9,987 screw presses, and 282 wedge presses. Amongst them, they can turn out 5.028.097 pieces Bean Cake and 2,640,395 ‘kin’ Bean Oil. Supposing that all these mills be worked at full pressure, about 18,000 tons Beans might be consumed in the course of one day, to be divided between the hydraulic mills and the screw mills respectively at 77 per cent and only 23 per cenf, which latter might be converted into the hydraulic system in no distant future. The annual productions of Bean Cake and Bean Oil and the bean mills in Manchuria in recent years vary according to years, but they might be roughly put at 60,000,000 pieces (46 kin per piece) bean cake and some 200,000 tons Bean Oil. Dairen puts out 55 per cent; North Manchuria including Harbin, 20 per cent; Yingkou 9 per cent: Antung 6 per cent; the rest of South Manchuria about 10 per cent. The Harbin outputs chiefly through the freight policy of the Chinese Eastern Railway, is showing a tendency of further increase. RerLaTion oF Bean & Propucrs (Bean Cake & Bean Ol IN MANCHURIAN MILLS) The mills’ above mentioned use for raw material chiefly Mixed Storage Beans of the S.M:R. Co. Hydraulic and 5 — serew systems and others are employed in expressing the pil from Beans, but the process of expressing Manchurian Beans for obtaining Bean Cake and Bean Oil remains the same. Therefore, the relative quantities of Beans as raw material and Bean Cake and Bean Oil as products are, generally speaking, fixed, and, moreover, little difference is noted in the quality of the products. In turning out a piece of Bean Cake of ordinary size, eligible for Mixed Storage, the amount of Beans required, although subject to variation according to years, the time of manufacture, the quality of Beans, and the water percentage, averages at 49.4 “‘kin®’, out of whieh 5.06 “‘kin”’ {10.24 per cent) Bean Oil and a piece of Bean Cake are obtainable. A piece of Cake will weigh 47 “kin” or 47.5 “kin’’ immediately after being put out, but, when booked for Mixed Storage a few days later, more or less decrease in weight to 46.5 “kin’’ or more, that is the standard weight, will be noted. Chapter VII. How Beans, Etc. are Put on the Market SECTION 1.-—IN SOUTH MANCHURIA Before the railway was built in South Manchuria, bulk of Beans used to be shipped down the Liao to Yingkou of ~") Newchwang. Since the railways opened, their advantage over the waterway has not been disputed. By the water way, date of arrival was variable, not to speak of requiring a longer period, that often let slip a precious commercial opportunity. Next, the trick of wetting Beans during bransit was frequently played, besides other like questionable practices. In addition, the Newchwang Bar at the mouth of the Liao blocks the way to larger-sized steamers. Last but not least, the Port of Newchwang remains icebound during the height of the produce season. All these handicaps made against the Liao waterway, the larger portion of Beans coming to be consigned by railway. At present, the Bean stocks placed on the market may be calculated principally on the base of what is carried by the S.M.R. Lines, including despatches from such feeders as the Ssupingkai-Taonan and the Kirin-Changchun Lina and also the two adjoining lines, that is, the Chinese Kastern Railway and the Peiping-Mukden Line. The leading trade routes in South Manchuria, comprising the S.M.R. Lines and other carries, follow : (1) Consigned to Dairen, Yingkou, and Antung by S.M.R. Lines. (8) Consigned to Yingkou by the Liao waterway. (3) Counsigned to Yingkou by the Peiping-Mukden Line. (4) Consigned to Antung by the Yalu waterway. 8) Consigned for Seishin (Chosen) by the Tumen River. J Of the above trade routes, what is carried by other than the S.M.R. Lines is quite insignificant in amount. Of the total production of 33,000,000 ‘‘koku’, or about 4,820,000 tons of Beans in all Manchuria, about 16,000,000 “koku’’ or 2,850,000 tons are placed on the South Manchur'an markets mainly by the S.M.R. Lines. We need not add that the arrival amounts annually increase as the production increases. Tasik (9) Beans, Bean Om, & Bean Cake CARRIED gy S.M.R. Lines 1¥ Fiscan Year, 1926 Beans B. Cake B. Oil tons tons tons §.M.R. Main Line (from stations on the lines) IT . a Ssupingkai-Taonan Line (booked over to S.M.R. Lines) ....... es Kirin-Changchun Line (booked over to S.M.R. Lines) .... 2 C.E.R. (booked over to S.M.R. Lines)... Total 877.3090 135,227 13,928 101,782 17.657 108 222,796 19,442 1 1,146,194 16,286 1,256 2 348.171 179.612 15.293 Tare (10) Dzsparcugs Ar, & ARRIVALS FroM, S.M.R. PrinciPAL STATIONS Dairen w Yingkou Liaoyang nlcden Beans Bean Cake Despatches Arrivals Despatches tons © tons tons 389 2,127,394 754 121 104,547 2 23,137 230 13,545 0.267 1.567 813 Hsintaitzu ... Tiehling .. Kaiyuan Ssupingkai ... Ssupingkai-Taonan Line .. Kungchuling .....ccceeees Fanchiatun ... Changchun sunERR Kirin-Changchun Line ... C.E.R. Line ...c.cceenveens Fushun Antung Shahochen Elsewhere YH ETRE Total ... Dairen Yingkou Liaoyang Mukden Hsintaitzu Tiehling .-Kaiyuan Ssupingkai .. wes Ssupingkai-Taonan Line .. Kungchuling ..... Fanchiatun Changchun... save Kirin-Changchun Line ... C.ER. Line .... Fushun Antungz Shahochen Elsewhere Total 21,824 575 5,040 21,453 283 22,298 204,937 46,372 5,064 62,194 421 10,899 101,782 i 7,657 86,959 14,372" 9,660 84.944 171} 2,124 153,581 991° 18,392 222796 1 19,442 1,146,194" 48 16,286 57,536 70 15,075 23 8,044 14 7 26,567 51 226,345 15,631 32,486 2,349,131 2,349,131 179,612 Bean Cake Bean Oil Arrivals Despatches Arrivals tons tons tons 102,163 79 8,584 19,506 3,429 768 6 51 391 13,705 19 3,826 3 210 1 1,843 2 518 1,250 108 728 2 389 156 1,288 7 1 | 1,256 1 223 5 25,131 1,533 5 128 567 6 18,962 1,801 1,474 179.612 15.263 15.203 Remarks :—The above tables are quotations from the ‘‘“Annual Statistical Report of the S.M.R. Co.” 3h Taig (11) Toran Anvvar ConsicyMENTS BY S.M.R. Lines 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Beans Bean Cake Bean Oil tons tons tons 1,829,893 399,444 28,956 1,859,896 217,108 31,899 2,034,728 407,531 19,865 1,894,722 564,261 16,077 1,956,322 301,619 14,798 2,348,171 179,612 15,293 SECTION IT.—ARRIVALS AT RAILWAY IN NORTH MANCHURIA In North Manchuria, there are the two great waterways of the Amur and the Sungari, but such Beans as are exportell abroad by either waterway via Vladivostok or Nikolaievsk are only in an inconsiderable amount, mostly being sent first to the C.E. Rly. for consignment either Eastwards to Vladivostok via the Ussuri Line or Southwards to Dairen, Yingkou, or Antung via the S.M.R. Lines, whilst some are sent Westwards to Trans-Baikalia. The heaviest traffic is carried on on both Eastward and Southward routes. From 1917 to 1920, the traffic condition of the Chinese Eastern Railway continued exceedingly unfavourably partly because of the Russian Revolution, and partly because of the presence of the Powers’ Expeditions to Siberia. On this account, a good amount of Beans, ete., that cught to have 8 been booked by railway, had to be sent south into South Manchuria by carts. Those were abnormal times. Subsequently, order was restored and the traffic facility of the C.E. Railway became improved towards attracting freights better. The staple products consigned by the C.E. Railway were destined principally to the Ussuri and the S.M.R. Lines, for export abroad via Vladivostok, Dairen, Yingkou, or Antung, excepting what was for only local transportation, and also for consumption by the bean mills at these ports. Tare (12) STAPLE ProDUCE CARRIED BY C.E., RAILWAY {In Puds) Beans Loca! Consignments on C.E.R. 685,953 1,635,118 4,045,227 5,937,000 5,509,000 Bean Cake 1921 1922 1923 1924 1995 1921 1922 1623 1924 1925 Paw “RE Ra Bean 122,308 122,280 83,537 114,000 185,000 Dil 121,000 207,591 186,000 109,000 134.000 5,811,623 9,849,131 15,638,814 7,750,000 11,148,000 96,000 803,000 1,140,000 2,003,000 1.946.000 ~7 Boans 1921 1922 1923 1625 1021 1922 1923 1924 103s 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Southwards to S.M.R. 26,453,240 31,416,095 36,306,588 51,728,000 Bean Cake 2,737,419 2,898,571 2,726,522 16,672,000 11.043.000 Bean Oil 127,000 163,000 275,000 55,000 120.000 Total 40,409,116 55,166,907 63,791,978 89,351,000 8,671,350 12,869,982 18,448,940 24,536,000 22 376,000 344,000 1,173,000 1,601,000 2,167,000 2.200.000 Remarks :—The above tables have beer. quoted from the Annual Reports of the Chinese Eastern Railway, as prepared by the S.M.R. Co. Harbin Office. TapLe (18) SrtapLe Propuck Carriep BY C.BE. RamLway EASTWARD & SoUuTHWARD RouTES COMPARED 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Beans Eastwards Southwards (booked to (booked to Dai-Eggersheld) ren, Yingkon & Antung) 592,944 575,059 734,337 770,776 1,146,194 ye 1622 1923 1924 1925 1928 Bean Cake 228,721 246,949 115,367 317,156 163,475 9,881 105,116 319,501 110,004 16.286 Bean Oil 1922 1923 1924 1925 1325 16,844 23,125 38,737 34,619 42,350 2,332 4,805 166 2,856 1.956 Beans 1922 1923 1924 1925 1G26 L922 1923 1924 1625 1096 1922 1923 1924 1625 1095 Bean Roan Ratio % East- Southbound bound 1,067,656 44 56 919,427 37 63 1,344,306 45 55 1,343,092 43 57 1,941,487 41 59 Cake 238,602 352,065 434,868 128,060 479.761 Total Oil 19,176 ar 27,930 83 38,003 100 31,475 02 4% 606 97 12 17 oO 2 Remarks :—The above table has been prepared from the Annual Report of the principal freights, as prepared by the S. M. R. Co. Traffic Office. Each year begins on April 1, closing on March 31 of the following year. RQ Chapter VIII. How Manchurian Beans are Dealt In The way Manchurian Beans, Bean Cake, and Bean Oil are dealt in may be roughly classed under two heads, one of them being business on the Exchanges and the other that outside the Exchanges which latter refers to the ordinary business practice as has been in vogue in Manchuria for vears. SECTION I.—BUSINESS ON THE EXCHANGE In Manchuria, there are Japanese Exchanges and Chinese Exchanges. (A) Ox JapaNESE EXCHANGES The Japanese Exchanges have been established by Kwantung Government according to the regulations governing the Exchanges. To each of these Exchanges is attached a Trust & Guaranty Co. as the medium guarantying the actual delivery of the goods bargained for and also for settling ihe accounts. At present, such Exchanges are maintained at Dairen, Mukden, Kaiyuan, Ssupingkai, Kungchuling, and Changchun. The articles dealt in on these Exchanges vary more or less according to places, but each is generally divided into the Produce and the Currency Department. In the matter of Produce, the principal articles are Beans, Bean Cake, Bown Oil, and kaoliang. a0) The Dairen Exchange was founded in September, 1918; that at Changchun and Kaiyuan in 1916, followed with those at Ssupingkai, Kungehuling, Ssupingkai, Mukden (abolished in October, 1924), Yingkou (abolished in the same year as above), and Lianoyang (abolished the same as the others). The Exchanges at Dairen, Kaiyuan, and Changchun are the oldest, and each place being a great distribution centre, b'g business is put through on the Exchange, yielding flattering business returns. On each Exchange, business 18 being done separately in Spots and by Forward Contract (or in Futures). (B) Ox Cuvese ExcHANGES Among the Chinese Exchanges dealing in staple produce, the one at Harbin, styled the Bond & Grain Exchange Co., Ltd., is carrying on a fairly large business. It deals in Beans, Bean Cake, Bean Oil, and wheat. Besides, there are Exchange Guaranty Cos. at Yingkou, Mukden (now closed to business), and Tiehling, noné of which are flourishing. SECTION IIL.—OUTSIDE THE EXCHANGES Talking of business outside the Exchanges dealing in Beans, Bean Coke, and Bean Oil according to the old usage in Manchuria, it may be conveniently divided into Spot hl deals and Future deals. As to Beans, they are dealt oftener in Spots, while, with Bean Cake and Bean Oil, they are usually transacted in by Future Contract. (1) Spor BusiNess IN BEANS Spot business in Beans outside the Exchanges may be subdivided into (a) on the river, (b) on the market, (c) in the osier bins, and (d) on the train. River Beans are mostly carried by junks on the river and are distiguished from railway shipments. River Beans are dealt in most extensively at Yingkou (Newchwang), Tiehling, Antung, Tungkiangkou, Sankiangkou, and Fafengkou coming next. Beans carted over to the market are classed Ttnder this head. During the produce season in winter, stocks are brought by the owners by carts to the nearest market, or by the retailers who have bought the stocks direct from the producers. On the Changchun or the Kaiyuan Market alone, daily arrivals are sometimes measured by 5.000 carloads or thereabouts. In most cases, business is carried on between the farmers and the local produce dealers or between the farmers and the local produce dealers and the wholesalers at the pricipal produce centres on the railway, little business being done by Japanese buyers direct. The wholesalers are also engaged in warehousing, financing, and also ~Y hotel business. They buy stocks put on the local marked in their own account or deal in produce on commission on behalf of their clients. They make up an important medium in produce business in Manchuria. . River Beans or cart Beans are generally stored in osier bins in the wholesalers’ or bean mill yards. Each bin may hold 800-800 ‘‘koku’’ Beans. Business in osier bin Beans is conducted direct in most cases between wholsalers and bean mills and on this account, the business is commonly larger-scaled than business in river-or cart-Beans. Another peculiarity is that ogier bin Beans are disposed of more frequently by Forward contract than in Spots. Train Beans are such as are stored within the station yards or in the wholesalers’ yards, and they are dealt in between wholesalers, between wholsalers and bean mills, or between wholesalers and merchants. Business is usually concluded by means of samples 2) By Forwarp CONTRAQT (a) ForwaArD CoNTRACT DEALS Both price and quantity are agreed upon in advance between sellers and buyers to effect delivery of the stocks at the date named. Ordinary goods are made the standard as in the case of spot deals, ‘and the standard currency and Juantity units in different localities are gone by. ov In this line of business, no fixed market is specified, the deals being put through generally between the producers and the local dealers or oftener between the dealers and bean mills or produce merchants. Business between local dealers and others at the larger centres along the railway takes place comparatively less frequently. (b} Grex Crops IN THE FIELD Dealing in the green crops in the field is a peculiar way of forward contract business in vogue in Manchuria, especially in North Manchuria. A bargain is concluded genedolly on the basis of an estimate harvest of Beans and a price considered as fair about the time of delivery. Such bargains are concluded with the producers or farmers about June or July by fixing the time of delivery. 70-80 per cent of the contract price is paid as earnest money in advance, and the contract is countersigned by a suitable guarantor. The stocks are taken delivery of against the contract paper on paying the balance of the price at the appointed date. The above method is repeated from year to year by Chinese produce dealers and foreign firms like the Wassards, ete., in North Manchuria. In some locality, the buyers will pay the full price in advance against a certificate for delivery of the bean stocks handed by the seller. This certificate is known as ‘‘feitzu,”’ and pending the time of 3 delivery, it is available as a financing instrument to its holder. ‘c) BUSINESS ON PAPER Business on paper may be distinguished from the other methods, in that no bean stocks come in as an actual factor of the bargain. Both price and quantity are gareed upon between the parties concerned in advance as in the other cases, but when the time of delivery arrives, what margin there is left from the current standard quotation is paid by the party who owes is. Practically, the transactions strongly smuck of speculative nature. The Chinese authorities have good reason to have prohibited the questionable practice, and few deals are nowadays carried on openly on the lines indicated. hs Chapter IX. Trade in Staple Produce SECTION I.—HOW BEANS, BEAN CAKE, & BEAN OIL, STAND Manchurian Beans, Bean Cake, and Bean Oil constitute the essence of the economic Manchuria, occupying a very important place in Manchurian trade. As may be seen from Table 14 appended hereto, total exports from Manchuria in the fiscal year 1926 reached about Hk. Tls. 365,000,000. Beans took up Hk. Tis. 78,000,000, Bean €ake Hk. Tis. 87.000,000, and Bean Oil Hk. Tls. 84,000,-000, rolling up the nice total of about Hk. Tls. 200,000,000 that is, 55 per cent of the total exports of Manchuria. In passing, Beans amounted to 21 per cent; Bean Cake. 24 per cent; and Bean Oil. about 10 per cent. Apart from Bean Cake. the export of Beans and Bean Oil is on a steady increase. TABLE (14) ExrorT RETURNS FoR STAPLE PRODUCE {in Hk. Tls.) 1917 1919 .. 1921 .... 1690 Total exports from Manchuria 152,512,760 203,752,719 218,234,585 N69 105 462 Exports of 2 Articles 70,044,234 99,778,147 112,543,062 124 879 578 Exports of Beans 19,736,859 31,063,788 39,729,300 14 472.998 " 1923 1924 ... 1925 .. 1926 1917 1919 i921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 288,860,024 265,246,037 309,497,639 365.003.529 151,495,336 156,296,537 168,641,501 198,392,234 Exports of Exports of B. Cake B. Oil 31,368,587 48,502,145 56,437,100 63,793,641 71,883,678 63,412,200 63,386,920 87.386.161 18,938,788 20,212,214 16,376,656 16,605,939 22,078,572 22,830,604 25,570,679 4.406.048 57,532,086 70,053,634 97,683,902 76.600.025 Percentage of 3 Articles to total pxports 46 19 52 50 52 58 55 4 Remarks :—The above is quoted from the North China Trade Annual Journal, as compiled by the 8.M.R. Co. Research Office. SECTION II.—EXPORTS OF 8 ARTICLES From Soutiz & NorTH MANCHURIA Up to 1927, North Manchuria, (Harbin Customs) used to be somewhat above South Manchuria, (with Dairen, Antung, & Newchwang Customs) in the matter of export volume of Beans. But, from 1018 to 1921, owing to the Russian Revolution, followed with a sharp falling-off of the carrying power of the C.E. Railway, ete., North Manchurian Beans were turned southwards to find an outle for abroad; and in consequence, the export volume abroad for North Manchurian remained very ‘limited. Subsequently v7 as order got restored to Russia and as the C.E. Railway used its effort to attract goods to the Railway, the export of Beans gradually revived, and as shown in Table 15, about 10 per cent of the total exports froma Manchuria was shipped from North Manchuria, the remaining 60 per cent ot so being sent out of the South Manchurian ports. Next, talking of Bean Cake and Bean Oil, the exports from North Manchuria were incomparably smaller than fromt South Manchuria. This was due to the great activity in bean milling at Dairen, Yingkou, Antung, Kaiyuan and elsewhere along the S.M.R, Lines. On the other hand, this particular kind of industry is of a comparatively recent date in North Manchuria. In fact, since the first mills appeared in Harbin in 1915, others came into being in quick succession, but the majority of the mills were obliged to work their plants only in part owing to low business. It followed that the exports of Bean Cake and Bean Oil were also very low. Later, from a businesslike change in the C.E. Railway freight tariff policy, the Harbin mills took to reviving. Correspondingly, the export of Bean Cake and Bean Oil from North Manchuria was on a gradual rise. As shown in Table 15, appended below, in 1926, as much as about 80 percent of the total exports from Manchuria was shipped out of South Manchuria, the balance of 20 per cent bLzing gent out of North Manchuria. TaBLE (15) ComparaTIVE TABLE oF EXPORTS (Unit : Picul) 20 5p Percentage of ad o 3, 4 > 2 = a 1921 ...... 15,956,262 1922 ..... 17,131,870 1923 .... 19,580,469 1924 ...... 22,577,880 1925 ..... 22,935,322 1926 ...... 22.426.142 1921 ... 1922 .. 1923 ...... 1924 ...... 1925 ...... 1026 © 28,186,646 27,983,043 30,882,070 27,974,303 26,397,963 32.081.093 72 = = 38 8 25g = s x = Sas 10,081,590 11,259,899 13,665,345 13,385,778 14,920,404 12.886 .668 Bean Cake 25,559,121 24,653,945 26,853,828 25,858,201 23,620,312 25,5622 164 a ~~ Qo [=F » < g 3 ZH 2 “8.8 5,874,672 37 5,871,571 3 35 5,915,124 0 30 9:192,211 50 40 8,010,919 65 35 9,539,384 58 49 = = = wy 2,627,525 a1 9 2,627,094 80 10 4,028,242 73 13 2,116,102 92 8 2,777,671 89 11 6,558,929 80 20 Bean Ol 1921 1922 18923 1924 1925 .. 1928 2,213,300 1,954,986 "055,520 1,803,001 1,642,078 2,515,179 2,379,041 1,760,199 2,504,804 1,087,653 3,015,812 2.379.312" 258,323 11 252,438 12 326,899 12 618,842 74 2% 517,161 7 21 656,500 © 79 o1 Remarks :—The abova table is also quoted from the North China Frade Annual Report, as prepared by the 8.M.R. Co. Research Office AC SECTION II.—STAPLE PRODUCE EXPORTED FROM MANCHURIA CUSTOMS The port of Dairen exports by far the largest amount of the 8 article of Staple Produce of Manchuria, in fact 60-70 per cent of the aggregate exports from all Manchuria. As may be noticed from Table 16, giving the percentages of exports through the different Custom Houses, the latest returns credit Dairen with 55 per cent of the entire amount, Yingkou and Antung put together with 7 per cent, and Harbin with 38 per cent in the matter of Beans; Dairen with 65 per cent, Yingkou & Antung combined with 18 per cent, and Harbin with 17 per cent in the matter of Bean Cake; Dairen with 76 per cent, Yingkou & Antung combined with 5-6 per cent, and Harbin with little less than 20 per cent in the matter of Bean Oil. TArLE (16) CusroMs Export RETURNS Fox STAPLE PRODUCE —— Percentage of all exports —— Total exports from Manchuria 3 0g £4 HM 1921... 100 ¢ (Tls. 39,729,306) 1922... 100 % 59 (Tls. 53,472,998) hl £ o n 3 5 2 2 x \J 20 3 =o» gH < © wr tM © J £ = op ££ mg | 3 9 24 (1. — Percentage of all exports ———— = gs 8 £ 8 Total exports 2 z 2 B 2 Zn from 5 = 8 g B 28 Manchuri R a Hg I & = & anchong. s 3 ‘8 g. © 9 ‘8 . % : 27 veer 100° 56 (Tls. 57,532,086) 1924 .... 100 % 51 (Tls. 70,053,634) 1925 ..... 100 % 61 (Tls. 79,683,902) er 100 55 (Tls. 76,600,025) 12 zZ0 A 9 Bean Cg’ 1921 1622 [1923 1924 1925 1926 cee 100 9 69 - (Tls. 56,437,100) cen 100% 64 (Tls. 63,793,641) rer 100% 61 (Tls. 71,883,678) vee 100 9 75 (Tls. 63,412,200) vee 100 9 1 (Tls. 63,386,920) corer 100 9 65 (Tls. 87,386,161) 16 16 5 h Co J 10 11 of aks J 11 7 Bean Oik 1921... 100% 87 (Tls. 16,376,656) 1922... 100% 74 (Tls. 16,605,939; 1923... 100% 74 (Tls. 22,078,572) cee 100 9 62 (Tls. 22,830,604) 4 L il 4 3 11 13 50 71 ~— Percentage of all exports —— Total exports from Manchyrig: B o@ 5K NO 1 3, - 2 0) Ed = 5 = I Co I 1925 .... 100 % (Tls. 25,570,679) ee 100 9 76 (Tls. 34,406,048) Three Articles of Staple Producy cee 100 9 74 13 (Tls. 112,543,062) ven 100 9 64 (Tls. 134,872,578) cone 100 % 62 (Ts. 151,494,336) 1924 ...... 100 % 61 (Tls. 151,296,537) 1925 ...... 100% 64 (Tls. 168,641,201) 1926 ...... 100 ¢ 64 7 (Tls. 198,392,234) 5. 2, ec 2 [ogy gq 5 & = <8 og 3 § 55 % % 19 |1O y L - J 17 18 27 23 25 Remarks :—The above is a quotation from the North China An nual Trade Report prepared by the S.M.R. Co. Research Office. SECTION IV.—STAPLE PRODUCE OF DIFFERENT DESTINATIONS As regards the export of Manchurian Beans to different destinations, a brief mention has been given in Section 2, Chapter 2 and is not reiterated herein as regards the exports for different destinations out of the three ports in South 2 Manchuria, Harbin (North Manchuria), and Vladivostok, the figures being given in tables 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, & 22, as given elsewhere. The bulk of Manchurian Bean Cake exported found its way into Japan for manure, and the remainder to South China and Chosen also for a like purpose. Scarcely any is shipped to the West, with the exception of bean plate put out at the Nisshin Oil Mills, Dairen, and the Kabalkin Mills, Harbin, that is exported to England and the United States for cattle-feed, although only in a limited quantity. Concerning Bean Oil, the major portion of the total exports is shipped to England, Italy, Holland, the United States, and elsewhere in the West to be used as food and material for making soap, paint, ete. About 20 per cent goes to South China, and very little to Japan, Chosen, ete. Tarre (17) ExporT RETURNS OF STAPLE PRODUCE FROM Darren, NewcEWANG, & ANTUNG (Iv 1928) To Japan ....... Chosen .... China ports .... Hongkong ... .. Btrait Settlements ........... .......,.. Dutch East Indies .... England ... Germany .... France .. BETTY seprarr crrenernsey Piculs 3,949,305 75,969 3,673,117 347,876 119,240 1,024,380 865,403 135,183 8,458 Tis, 14,318,236 332,086 13,740,299 1,270,923 435,206 3,723,709 3,158,721 493,418 30,872 73 To Holland ............ Italy ......... Sweden ....... U. 8 A. Egypt, Persia, Turkey, &ec..... Elsewhere Total pr Piculs 1,453,256 171,328 100,800 1,956 853,017 12 886.668 Tis. 5,304,384 625,347 367,920 7,140 3,113,512 47,313,730 Bean Cake Japan .... Chosen ..... China ports ...... Hongkong ......... Strait Settlements ... Dutch East Indies ......... England ... France . Holland Italy ...... Sweden .. U. 8. A. . Egypt, Persia, Turkey, &c........... Elsewhere .. .. Total 17,848,826 1,309,835 6,080,138 1.380 15 1 7,856 280,460 1,508 25,522. 164 50,843,000 3,791,502 17,514,025 3.933 43 3 90,737 799,311 4.300 72.956.517 Bean 0Oll Japan ..... Chosen ...... China ports ......... Hongkong .......... Strait Settlements ..... ...... Dutch East Indies .. England Germany Holland ... Italy .......... Sweden .. 1,030 5,701 353,357 6,602 627,932 45,206 226,847 427,834 11,902 61,922 4,479,697 76,253 7,252,615 522,129 2,620,083 5,066,983 To U. 8 A... Egypt, Persia, Turkey, &e..... Elsewhere ... Total ... Piculs 182,511 483,507 2,379,311 Tls. 2,108,001 5,084,506 27.875.559 Remarks :—The above table is also quoted from the North China Annual Trade Report of S.M.R. Co. Research Office. In the :bove table, the greater portion of the exports to Turkey, Persia, Egypt, etc. indicate what was shipped to Port Said to be transhipped to European ports, ete. TapLr (18) ExprorTs oF 3 ARrrIicLES IN NorTH MANCHURIA Via Harpixn Customs (1x 1926) Reans To Siberian Littorals .... Siberia ...... ee Chinese territory on the bank of the Amur Total Piculs D,538,914 470 9.539.284 Tls. 29,284,789 1.500 249.9£6,295 Bean Cake Siberian Littorals .. Siberia ............ eveerenas Chinese territory on the bank of the Amur Total 6,558,035 894 6,558,029 14,427.671 1.967 14.429.644 Bean Ol Siberian Littorals .... es Siberia .......... en aeean Chinese territory on the bank of the Amur Total 627,650 6,439,689 1,649 16,918 7,201 73,882 636.500 6.530.489 Remarks :—The above is quoted also from the North China Annual Trade report, compiled by the S.M.R. Co. Research Office. 15 The shipments for Siberian Littorals are almost wholly destined to Vladivostok whence Beans are shipped to Europe and Japan, while Bean Cake is exclusively for Japan. TABLE (19) - Exports oF 3 ARTICLES ACCORDING TO DESTINATIONS (Unit : English tor in 1926 Beans 157,582 66 179 446.916 To Japan (including Formosa).........., Chosen ........... China ports ..... Europe . B. 0il 36,307 36.307 Total 604,743 327 Beans 117,547 892 601,488 381,017 To Japan (including Formosa)........... Chosen ..... China ports ...... Europe B. Cake 493.566 56 194 Ej B. 0il 38,815 803,927 493,871 38,815 Total ... Remarks :—The above table is quoted from the Economic Statistics for Manchuria, as compiled by the S.M.R. Co. Research Office. TasLe (20) Bran Export ToNNAGES FROM MANCHURIAN Porrs & Vwiaprvosrtock (Unit : American ton) Frise Rairen 1924 1925 418,488 387,238 48,704 190,794 233,077 177,663 84,435 80,574 11,942 22.102 To Japan .....o.cooo... China .. Europe ....... neh Dutch East Indies .......... Elsewhere 1926 1927 282,565 260,526 166,351 292,449 245,865 432,358 68,202 81,274 20,986 20,438 706,646 858,421 773,067 1,017,047 Total ....... .. To Japan ........ China ... Europs ....... peewee Dutch East Indies .......... Elsewhere ... CL Total .. To Japan ........ China ... Europe ... Dutch East Indies .......... Elsewhere Total ... To Japan .... China ... Europe ....... Dutch East Indies ......... Elsewhere . Total .. From Yingkou 1924 1525 6,615 5,025 78,207 108.770 1926 1,724 73,050 1927 8,003 69,154 1,474 267 86,286 114.962 944 75.957 77.247 From Antung 1924 1925 8,101 10,262 1,342 11,315 1826 5,303 5.484 1927 6,575 o6 658 9,443 21,677 10,787 33,233 From Vladivostok 1924 1925 1926 1927 62,753 93,577 175,566 131,653 . wa 200 999 557.292 525,574 500.546 774.466 617.176 619,151 677,312 007.118 Total To Japan ........... China ... Europe ......... Dutch East Indies .......... Elsewhere SPs ren 1924 495,057 128,253 787,490 84,435 13.416 1925 1926 1927 497,052 446,148 406,847 310,879 245074 319.960 703,237 746,429 1,006,825 80,574 68,202 81.278 22.350 30480 | 20.438 Total ... .. 1,509,660 1,614,111 1,536,423 2.034.645 Remarks :—(1) The above is also quoted from the Economic Statistics prepared by the 8.M.R. Co. Research Office. (2) 1 American ton is converted into 15 piculs, and 1 English ton to 1.12 Amerfcan ton. (3) Figures for Chosen are included in Japan. (4) Egypt and Port Said are included in Europe. (5) Hongkong and the United States are included in Elsewhere. T'aBLE (21) Bean Cake Export TONNAGES FROM MANCHURIA Ports & ViapIvosTok From BDairen To Japan ....... Chosen .. China ... ee Europe, America & Elsewhere Total ... To Japan ............ Chosen .... China .. rs Europe, America & Else where Total .. 1924 1925 1926 1927 282,309 1,076,405 1,108,421 939,981 504 235 1,309 6,823 113,231 148,852 213.901 287,070 19,669 14,663 18,801 23,880 .1,415,713 1,240,155 1,342,622 1.257.754 From Yingkou 1924 1925 1526 1927 11,142 38,877 31,857 8,412 172,600 179,251 149,602 155,800 183,742 218,128 181,459 164,212 rom Antung To Japan ...... Chosen ... China .. veer en Europe, America & Elsewhere Total .. PYRE 1024 41,283 38,638 44,504 1925 1926 1927 10,758 48,644 24,647 49,061 85,913 107,726 56,585 41,840 84,842 124,425 116,404 177,397 217,215 1 To Japan ... Chosen ... China ... a Europe, America & Elsewhera Potal From Vladivostok 1924 1925 °° 1826 1927 [52.310 172,735 427,408 552,794 339 €3 217 3,518 62 155,828 172,735 427.747 553.136 Total To Japan ... Chosen . China ... ob Europe, America & Elsewhera Total ... 1024 1925 1926 1097 187,044 1,208,775 1,617,330 1,525,834 39,142 49,296 87,661 114,612 330,335 384,688 405,343 527.929 23,187 14,663 18,891 23,942 1,879,708 1.747.422 2,129.225 2.192.317 Remarks :—(1) The above quotation is also derived from the Economic Statistics of the S.M.R. Co. Research Office. (2) Chosen 's not included in Japan. (3) In Europe, America, & Elsewhere, those destined to other than Europe and America points are only in rifling amounts. I'aBLE (22) Bean Om ExporT TONNAGES FROM MANCHURIAN PorTs & VLADIVOSTOK From Dairen To Japan .. China, .. Burope ... America ... Elsewhere Total 1924 1925. 1926 1027 176 133 69 85 6,000 15,775 13,076 6,741 80,418 88,138 121,046 *124,361 81,150 9,229 12,167 264 489 502 105.008 113,761 147.760 131.754 0, To Japan ........ China ... Europe .... America ............... Elsewhara Téa] To Japan .... China .. Buropse . America .. Elsewhera Toial sass eed From Yingkou 1924 1925 11,903 18,343 1926 10,443 5,282 mb 110 23 12.013 18,366 10,443 5.282 From Antung 1924 1925 1926 1097 300 512 380 66 - 71 8 29 2a ox 418 88 From Viadivostok To Japan | China... Europe ... America .. Elsewhere ....oocooovvninuin., Total 924 1995 34,689 36,226 24.689 36.226 1926 1997 40.664 43.473 40.664 43.473 Tot at To Japan ... China .. Europe ... America ........ Elsewhere Total — TT 1924 1925 1926 1927 485 442 449 151 17,920 34,189 235557 12,045 125107 124,364 162,610 *167,834 8,150 9,220 12.167 + 374 512 502 567 152,036 168,736 199.285 180.597 nv Remarks :—(1) The above is derived also from the Economic Statistics of the S.M.R. Research Office. (2) Chosen is included in Japan. (3) Egypt and Port Said are included in Europe. (4) + added up to Europe and * includes America. Tee Exp 2] D 1929 3 © C. ne = ~~ 5 0 AD 0 i 3 2 Nn >” iN J oo) ®e oy 1 ] z supply, raising the price accordingly, have opened fined Bean Oil a chance to be used mixedly in a J ed-or a liguid-form. " (4) SUBSTITUTE For BUTTER he indispensability of butter in the West goes withying. However, the increase of milk supply can not dace with its rapidly enlarged demand, causing the 0 go up. Accordingly, the manufacture of oleomar-: has become more extensive, and Bean Oil is in t as one of the materials. Oleomargarine is made {rims or vegetable-solid fat mixed in a suitable “by with a liquid oil like peanut oil or Bean Oil. ydrogenated Bean Oil is finding a fair demand as fat oP MEL Spl EEE TS ol. oo oD 0H © CD) QQ NY - — 0 ~l wt (5) As Paint SOLVENT 3 solvent for paint, varnish, and linoleum, ete., linsea drying oil, has been in the widest request, followed iastor oil, paulownia oil. ete., possessed of a strong property. ately, a semi-drying oil like Bean Oil possessing a sdine value, if mixed with manganese borate, mangansinate or cobalt resinate, all drying agents, to make ed oil, is found to acquire a drying ‘property in. a table degree, good for a substitute as a paint solvent. 5 £1 . i t I