C / ul a AIURAL RESOURCES “QUEBEC , CARTIER 1534, L -f at + Rpt Sn Tee 1 70 anus VT Hadeus! 859 CE erm IN Ein R por ~ ++. Colombior Vv gaval Bay ‘ v $301 PY ‘ather ‘Barnaby Se €. Orignal 4 fe $ifsimon ar Tv Besqt REC op) rw” ve 1. *, Veet 39 wd NY ~~ To TY nf” ! - “Ne Kapikitego BS Lor 1 YT or TW t \ "a TTT ETE TE < ——— i x ES i “i, T dl < v ad MAP OF : QUEBEC Scale of miles ” o 50 100 1SC 200 ? ee 20 Jatural Resources shown thus... FUrS ‘ndustrial Areas Be ] oh Department of the Interior CANADA donourable Craries StewasT. Minister WW Cory CMG Deputy Minmatar MAP of Southern Portion of the PROVINCE oF QUEBEC Scale: 35 Miles to | inch '5 3 25 50 Prepared by the Natural Resources Intelligence Service under the direction of FG.C.Lynch, Director aan Mort pe oP Natural Resources of Quebec Revised Edition DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Canada HON. CHARLES STEWART, Minister W. W. Cory, C.M.G., Deputy Minister NATURAL RESOURCES INTELLIGENCE SERVICE F. C. C. LyncH, Director OTTAWA. 1920 R8105—.1 The Natural Resources Intelligence Service acknowledges with thanks the assistance given by the departments and branches of the Dominion and Provincial Governments, and by other authorities, who have examined such sections of this compilation as fall within their respective spheres and whose publications have been freely used. CONTENTS PAGE 1. A ProviNCE OLD IN STORY Discovery by Cartier—Early French Explorers—The Seven Years’ War—Relics of Feudal France. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE Some introductory facts—Phvsical features—Gaspé and the Eastern Townships—Laurentian Plateau—Waterways—St. Lawrence system— Port of Montreal —Rivers—Railways—Roads—Quebec system— Cli- nate — Population — The Habitant — Government — Municipalities— Educational system — Council of Public Instruction — Public Schools — Higher education — Bilingual svstem. . . 111. AGRICULTURE Statistics — Rural population — Systems of farming — Government assistance to agriculture — Demonstration Farms — Schools for Farmers — Field crops — Oats in Quebec — Flax — Tobacco — Maple Sugar — Market gardening — Fruit — Small Fruits — Bee-Keeping — Live Stock — Poultry — Fur Farming — Dairying — Statistics Co-oper- ative Marketing. (iV. FORESTS-STATISTICS Forest areas — Forest wealth — Classification of timber lands — Forest and Wood-using Industries — Pulp and Paper — Allied industries — Sorest administration — School of Forestry — School for paper-makers— Ranger's school — Forest reserves — Fire prevention — Co-operative Protective associations — Reforestation. \V. MINERALS Potentialities — Value of production — Principal minerals, location and statistics — Clay products — Building materials — Mining laws — Table of mineral production. ... VT. WATER-POWERS Resources of Quebec — Developed water-powers — Montreal, Quebec, Eastern Townships, St. Maurice, Hull and Lake St. John Districts — Pulp and paper installations — Quebec Streams Commission — Leases of water-powers. . VII. FISHERIES AND GAME Early industry — Commercial importance — Statistics — Salt-water fisheries — Cod, Herring, etc. — Inland Fisheries — Hunting — and Angling — Leases of Privileges — Fishing regulations — License fees — Hunting — Big Game — Regulations — Fur Industrv — Rovalties — Fur farming. .. VIII. MANUFACTURES Labour supply — Basis of industries — Leading industries — Statistics of manufactures — Foreign markets. . . IX. SETTLEMENT AREAS Statistics — Abitibi — The Soil, etc. — Timiskaming ~— Matapedia — Lake St. John — Temiscouata — Chaleur Bav — Labelle — Eastern Townships... . X NEw QUEBEC OR UNGAvA Agriculture — Climate — Timber — Minerals — Fisheries, sea and inland — Furs — Water Powers. AppENDIX I. List oF PuLP AND PAPER MILLS... ............. II. List or DEVELOPED WATER-POWERS............. INDEX... .... .. 88105 —11 37 75 1) 100 [10 112 119 123 126 130 ILLUSTRATIONS Map of southern portion Province of Quebec........ A Quebec Farm...................... Montreal from Mount Royal.......... Chateau Frontenac, Quebec.... . Farms in Richmond County................ Cape Trinity, Saguenay river, from Eternity... Portion of Montreal Harbour................ Cold storage warehouse, Montreal.......... Gravel road at St. Nicholas. ............... View neax Roxboro, Island of Montreal... .. At Ste. Geneviéve................ Road near Beaconsheld......... The Spinning Wheel............... .. Carpet making at Ste. Anne de Beaupre... Parliament buildings at Quebec. ....... View of McGill University........ Public School at Temiskaming... Macdonald College.......... Dairy School at St. Hyacinthe.......... Agricultural map of Province of Quebec... . Haying on the island of Orleans....... A farmer’s residence. ....... Typical farm scene........... Flax steeping in Beauce County. . Tobacco culture in Quebec... A field of tobacco. ............ . A maple-bush in the sugar season. Gathering the sap............ A field of lettuce. .......... Orchard at St. Frangois.... Field of strawberries............... Raspberry culture in Quebec. ... . Apiary at Mascouche............... Dairy herd of cattle............... A modern poultry house. .......... Typical dairy farm. ........... .... Butter and cheese factory........ Forestry map Province of Quebec. ...... Stand of spruce near lake St. John.. Hauling logs. ...........cooio. Pulp wood logs in Gatineau river. . Pulp and paper mill at Kipawa... Mill at Riverbend............ Mills at Shawinigan Falls. .... Town of St. Joseph d’Alma... Reforestation scene........... Transplanted beds of spruce......... Three year seedlings of spruce.............. Map of principal minerals Province of Quebec. ... Noranda smelter... .... Town of Arvida............ Asbestos quarry at Black lake. Specimen of asbestos.......... High Fall in Liévre river. .... Power house at Chelsea. . The dam at Chelsea... . Percé Village......... Cod fishing, at Percé.... Fishing boat of Gaspé. PAGE ......frontispiece 29 ) 3 3 3 a3 G5 96 01 102 103 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC CHAPTER 1 A Province Old in Story “HE story of the early years in the province of Quebec is rich in the romance of history. The record begins with the year 1534, when Jacques Cartier, starting from Brittany in his search for Cathay, passed through the straits of Belle Isle and sailed as far as Anticosti before his return. Next year he anchored opposite this island in a small bay, to which he gave the name St. Lawrence, which has since been extended to the gulf and river. Continuing his voyage past the island of Bacchus (now Orleans), he penetrated as far as the Indian settlement of Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadacona (Quebec) for the winter, and on May 3, 1536, before weighing anchor for France, planted there a cross bearing a shield with the lilies of France and a scroll claiming the land for Francis I, his king. EARLY FRENCH EXPLORERS Nothing permanent was accomplished for more than half a century until Samuel de Champlain, the resourceful mariner and soldier, founded Quebec on July 3, 1608, the birthday of the Canadian nation. As the first explorer to ascend the Ottawa river and to return from Georgian bay by the route of the Trent canal, as the discoverer of lake Champlain, as the first governor of New France, and as the devoted servant of Henry IV and Richelieu, who by honest perseverance opened Canada to fur-trader, agriculturist, and missionary, he has left a record that cannot perish. In the years between the death of Champlain in 1635 and the death of the great governor Frontenac at the close of the century, the chief events were the founding of the Mission at Montreal by Maisonneuve (1642) in defiance of the Iroquois; the grant of a charter to the Hudson's Bay Company by Charles II in 1670; the arrival of several detachments of the Carignan-Salieres regiment; the defeat of Sir William Phips in his futile attack on Quebec in 1690; and the impetus given to colonization NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC and industry by Jean Talon, the energetic agent of Colbert and Louis XIV. In this period, also, the Jesuit Father Albanel reached the shores of James bay, Joliet and Marquette the river Arkansas, and La Salle followed the Mississippi to its outlet. THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR So far all initiative in Canadian enterprise had come from France. The treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which ended a half century of desultory warfare, finally gave to Britain the Hudson bay territory and Acadia, but the government at Quebec still kept control of the St. Lawrence from the Atlantic to the farther end of the Great Lakes, and endeavoured to hem in the English colonies by a chain of forts extending from Louisbourg through the St. Lawrence valley to the Great Lakes and down the Ohio Region of mixed farming showing the long and narrow strips of land characteristic of uebec farms and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. This design was frustrated by the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763). The issue was decided by the destruc- tion of Louisbourg and the battle of the Plains of Abraham, 1759. RELICS OF FEUDAL FRANCE From 1759, the history of the province of Quebec has been separate from that of France. The Quebec Act of 1774 determined the status of A PROVINCE OLD IN STORY 1 the province and perpetuated the characteristics which give to it such distinction and charm. What was once New France is, in some respects, older than the France of to-day; relics of old French survive in the lang- uage of the French-Canadian farmer; the superficial plan of the old seigniories accords with that of feudal France, and to this day, in certain nooks of the province, names occur in the folk-songs that are often echoes of the troubadours of Provence. Notwithstanding the immigration of the Loyalists from the United States into the Eastern Townships, or the growth of the British population in Montreal and the influx of British and American enterprise and capital which have so much added to the prosperity of the province, Quebec still maintains her national unity, one of a family of nine provinces, steady and contented, safely guarding her constitutional rights, and now in the morning of a vigorous development of her unbounded resources. MONTREAL View from Mount Royale CHAPTER 11 The Land and the People UEBEC is a quaint, old, yet new, province. Its modern cities, (Dora in character and bustling with the energy of commerce, are in striking contrast to the quiet, thrifty existence of the habitant on his ancestral acres; and the new pioneer agricultural areas of the north and west stand out in relief against the older rural districts adjacent to the St. Lawrence, settled and tilled since the time of the early French explorers. With its immense wealth in natural resources, its thrifty law- and-order-loving people and its laws respectful of individual liberty and initiative, it appeals to the capitalist and the business man, as well as to the agriculturist and artisan of other countries, venturing into new and more prolific fields of endeavour. PHYSICAL FEATURES The Largest Province.—The largest of all the Canadian provinces,* it extends from the frigid sub-arctic regions of Ungava to the more temper- ate area of the Ottawa. a distance of 1.200 miles. On the west, the prov- Chateau Frontenac, Quebec * The estimated landYand water area of Quebec, exclusive of the territory under jurisdiction of New- foundland by decision of the Judical Committee of the Privy Council, March 1, 1927, is 594,434 square miles. 10 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC ince has a shore-line of about 1,300 miles on Hudson Bay and James Bay, and on the south it borders upon the St. Lawrence river system, a distance of 1,100 miles from the Strait of Belle Isle to the City of Quebec. This great navigable waterway penetrating through the province into the very heart of the continent to the head of lake Superior for 2,340 miles, has been Canada’s great artery of commerce from the earliest times. Upon it are located the two largest cities of the province, Montreal and Quebec, and from its shores settlement has extended toward the interior. Geological Divisions.—Quebec may be divided into three main geological regions of distinct character. First, the Laurentian Plateau Region, which comprises the whole northern part of the province to the north of the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers—about 90 per cent of the total area; second. the Appalachian region which embraces Farms in Richmond County the south-eastern part, lying east of a line joining Quebec city to the foot of lake Champlain; third, the St. Lawrence lowlands which include the plains bordering the St. Lawrence river above the city of Quebec, and the south-western part of the province. OLDER SETTLED PORTIONS That portion of the province south of the St. Lawrence river may be divided, for the purposes of description, into two parts, viz.. the area THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 11 northeast of Quebec city including the Gaspé peninsula and that portion south of the city of Quebec known as the Eastern Townships. The Gaspé peninsula is a picturesque, mountainous country into which the Appala- chian mountains thrust a spur from the United States. Its chief indus- tries are lumbering, fishing and, to a certain extent, agriculture, where the nature of the country permits. It is rich in game and its streams abound in game fish. Many wealthy Americans and Canadians have fish and game preserves in this district. The Eastern Townships are one of the oldest settled areas of the province and were largely settled by English- speaking people after the British occupation in 1763 and by Loyalists from the United States in 1784. There are proportionately more English- speaking people in this part of Quebec to-day than in any other part of the province. The land is fertile and well suited to farming, and some of the finest farms in Canada are to be found there. Scattered through the View of Cape Trinity, Saguenay River. from Eternity, Quebec Eastern Townships are a number of small but thriving manufacturing towns, supplied with hydro-electric power from the great Shawinigan Falls developments on the St. Maurice river and from smaller local water- power plants, Cheap power and a plentiful labour supply make this one of the most inviting districts in the province to the prospective manufac- turer, The north shore of the St. Lawrence river from the Saguenay east- ward is for the most part a ‘‘stern and rock-bound coast,” but from the 2 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Saguenay westward extends a narrow strip of fertile and well-settled agricultural territory. The valley of the Ottawa is also a productive agricultural area. To the north of this strip, bordering the northern shores of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, lies the. extensive and picturesque Laurentian plateau, with its forest-clad mountains and its clear sparkling lakes and rivers. THE BEAUTIFUL LAURENTIAN PLATEAU— *““The striking features of the Laurentian Plateau are innumerable lakes, large and small, with intervening rounded rocky elevations, wooded, in their natural conditions to the south, rising above the tree line to the northward, while in the far north, on both sides of Hudson Bay, hills and valleys become eventually characterized by grasses, mosses and lichens alone, constituting the great ‘‘barren lands” of North America. The rivers and lakes are everywhere well stocked with fish, while deer and moose in the southern parts, and to the north the caribou, abound wherever the Indian hunters have not followed them too closely. Thus, where the region can be entered without undue difficulty, it has already become a much favoured resort of the sportsman. “Although it is appropriate to describe this region as a plateau or table-land, such terms, it must be understood, are applicable only in a very general way. Its average elevation of about 1,500 feet is notably greater than that of the adjacent lands, and is maintained with consider- able regularity, but its surface is nearly everywhere hummocky or undu- lating. Away from its borders, the streams draining it are, as a rule, extremely irregular and tortuous, flowing from lake to lake in almost every direction; but assuming more direct and rapid courses in deeply cut valleys as they eventually leave it. “It contributes little to the fertile areas of the country in proportion to its size . . . In its southern parts, ‘it carries forests of great value, and its mineral resources are already known in some places to be very important. = It constitutes moreover a gathering ground for many large and almost innumerable small rivers and streams, which, in the sources of power they offer in their descent to the lower adjacent levels, are likely to prove in the near future of greater and more permanent value to the industries of the country than an extensive coal field. Particularly notable from this point of view is the long series of available water-powers which runs from the strait of Belle Isle nearly to the head of lake Superior. coin- cident with the southern border of the plateau.” x George M. Dawson. C.M.G.. F.R.S.. in The Physical Geography and Geology of Canada. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE WATERWAYS#* The St. Lawrence System —The province is particularly favoured in its waterways. Foremost in this regard is the St. Lawrence river, navigable for large ocean liners as far up as Montreal, approximately 1,000 miles from the ocean, during seven and a half months in the year. It furnishes an outlet for the commerce of central Canada. Quebec is a port of call for ocean liners going to Montreal and the port of debarkation for emigrants from Great Britain and Europe. Montreal is one of the great ports of the world, standing first as a grain handling port and in point of foreign trade being second on the American continent only to New York. Approximately one-third of Canada’s exports and imports pass through it yearly It has the most modern facilities for handling grain and other cargoes, such as nine 100-ton electric freight locomotives and eleven car unloading machines, and it provides 16 miles of waterfront on each side of the St. Lawrence with dockage capable of accommodating over 100 ocean vessels. An electric belt-line railway nearly 70 miles in length connected with the large steam railway lines serves the entire waterfront. The development of the port has been carried out at a cost of $50,000,000, and is in charge of a Board of Harbour Commissioners appointed by the Dominion Government. Plans for additional facilities involving a capital expenditure of $12,000,000 are in hand. Four large fireproof terminal grain elevators, with a combined capacity of 15,000,000 bushels, are operated by the Harbour Commissioners. The Harbour facilities include also a cold storage warehouse of 4,628,000 cubic feet capacity, equipped and constructed on the most modern and hygienic principles. From 1850 to 1888 the dredging of the Ship channel was under the jurisdiction of the Harbour Commissioners, and during this period the depth of the channel was increased from 12 feet to 271 feet. Since 1888, when the Government took charge of the deepening of the St. Lawrence, the depth of the waterway leading to Montreal has been in- creased from 273% feet to 30 feet and a 35-foot channel is now being dredged. The new Montreal Harbour bridge, in course of building, crosses the St. Lawrence river from north to south shore. It is a highway and tramway structure two miles long and will be one of the world’s longest and most useful bridges. Lumber-Driving Rivers.—Many of the tributaries of the St. Law- rence flowing south from the Laurentian plateau are of great service in floating logs, lumber and pulpwood to the mills. The more important of these lumber-driving rivers are the Ottawa, which forms a large portion of the boundary between Quebec and Ontario, the St. Maurice which taps a country rich in lumber and pulpwood, and the Saguenay with its tributaries. The Ottawa is a large river navigable by river steamers TF fis He the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal. Central Division of Montreal Harbour. One of the most intensively operated sections of waterfront in the world THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 15 from Montreal to the city of Ottawa by the aid of locks at Ste. Anne, Grenville and Carillon. The country which it drains was once very thickly forested but the best has now been cut off. The St. Maurice, whose waters are impounded and regulated by the great Gouin dam, produces a large amount of water-power and as a result there are thriving manufacturing centres at Shawinigan Falls and at Three Rivers. The Montreal. Largest cold storage warehouse in British Empire Saguenay, an important lumber-driving river, is very deep and is navig- able for large ocean steamers for 60 miles from its mouth. Its high fiord- like banks of rock and its deep dark waters add to the grandeur of the imposing scenery for which it is noted. The Richelieu Waterway.—The Richelieu river waterway passes through the Eastern Townships to lake Champlain in the state of New York. This system, commencing at Sorel on the St. Lawrence, extends by the Richelieu river, through the St. Ours lock, to Chambly basin, thence by the Chambly canal to St. Johns and up the Richelieu river to lake Champlain. From there, connection is made by the Hudson river system with the city of New York. This waterway, which has a minimum depth of 6% feet. is of local importance only. RAILWAYS New Areas Opened.—The Canadian National System of railways traverses the southern portion of the Laurentian plateau and has given 6 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC access to a number of settlement areas. The opening of this new country by railway is expected to produce considerable mining activity. This portion of the province is timbered principally with spruce and balsam, the two most valuable pulpwood species, and the settler in this region possesses the advantage of being able to sell as pulpwood the trees felled in clearing his land. Important settlements are now growing up in the Abitibi and Timiskaming districts near the Ontario border, and also in the vicinity of Lake St. John. A Network of Railways.—The older settled portions of the province are well supplied with railways. At Confederation in 1867, Quebec had less than 600 miles of steam railway; on December 31, 1925, the total railway mileage of the province was 5,267 miles. Additional mileage was constructed in 1926 and 1927. The railways are almost all comprised under the two large systems, the Canadian National and the Canadian Pacific. The map of the Eastern Townships shows a network of railways. The St. Lawrence valley is also particularly well served. A principal line of the Canadian National railways from Halifax, entering the province in the Gaspé district, extends the whole length of the St. Lawrence valley to Montreal, passing through Lévis, opposite Quebec. Another principal line of the Canadian National runs eastward from Montreal through the Eastern Townships on its way to Portland, Maine, on the Atlantic coast. Both Canadian National and Canadian Pacific have lines connecting Quebec with Montreal, and the latter with Ottawa. The Laurentian plateau is traversed by the main line of the Canadian National system running from Quebec city westward to the Pacific coast. A branch of the same railway extends from Quebec to the lake St. John district and a branch connects the main line at Taschereau with the recently opened gold and copper mines at Rouyn and Noranda. The Canadian Pacific sends several branches from the St. Lawrence and Ottawa valleys up into the picturesque Laurentian country; one extends from Montreal to Mont Laurier, another from Ottawa up the Gatineau valley to Maniwaki, and another from Ottawa to Waltham. The Canadian Pacific also sends a branch from the main line at Mattawa north into the heart of the Temis- kaming district. ROADS* A Good Roads Policy.—Quebec holds a leading place among the provinces of Canada for good roads. This is due to the policy of the Provincial Government inaugurated in 1912. Since then, by grants and subsidies, it has encouraged and promoted the making, improvement and maintenance of municipal roads and highways. By Act of Legislature, 1927, the Government is authorized to maintain at its expense all improved " * Revised by the Department of Roads, Quebec. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 17 roads throughout the province. Between 1911 and the spring of 1929 more than $95,000,000 has been expended by Quebec for road improvement, not to mention $16,000,000 for opening new roads and the province is still spending $9,000,000 annually to maintain and extend its system of highways. Not only has it spent liberally, but it has spent wisely on colonization roads, and bridges, the latter, wherever possible, of steel and concrete construction. It has bought out turnpike roads and toll bridges, Gravel road at St. Nicholas on the Lévis-Huntington Highway and particular attention has been paid to farm and market roads, and these are classed among the best improved earth roads in Canada. The Quebec highway system is now considered one of the best and most com- nlete in Canada. Colonization Roads.—Between 1920 and the end of June, 1928, more than $12,000,000 were expended in opening new roads for incoming settlers and also in improving the existing colonization roads in the newly settled regions of the province. The length of new colonization roads built and of old roads repaired reached over 20,000 miles at the end of Tune, 1928 Quebec Roads System.—Macadamized or gravel roads now cover the whole province, connecting towns and centres of any importance and forming an unbroken network. The rural roads of the province, exclusive RR115..-9 3 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC of cities, populous towns and remote colonization districts, formed on January 31, 1928, a total length of 31,342 miles. For improvement pur- poses these roads are classified as follows — Ist Class, Main Trunk highways...... . 4,823 miles 2nd Class, County and Market roads................. 9,123 « 3rd Class, Local roads........ cee... 17,396 Total... 21.249 The Main Trunk Highways System, having a total length of 4,823 miles, ranks among the longest in Canada and has reached the most advanced stage of completion. These main highways are distrib- uted over an area of 16,000 square miles and extend throughout the inhabited area of the province from Chapeau, 100 miles west of Hull, to the Gaspé peninsula at the extreme eastern section of the province. Near Roxboro on the island of Montreal This class includes forty-six main highways providing a large number of connections between the neighbouring provinces and the United States. Arteries most travelled are paved with concrete, waterbound macadam or bituminous macadam. Other arteries are excellent gravel roads main- tained in first class condition and second to none of the hardest pavements for comfort and security. THE SECONDARY SvsTEM of roads covers a total length of 9,123 miles, of which about 3,200 miles are improved in the most populous THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE i9 centres of the province, especially in the Montreal, Quebec and Sherbrooke districts. It includes fifty-one arteries offering ample facilities for reaching any desired point. The improvement of the secondary system is pro- ceeding rapidly to completion. TaIrRD CrLAss ROADS, not generally used by tourists, are chiefly main- tained for local traffic as earth roads. Their present total length is 17,396 miles, of which about 12,000 miles have been thoroughly graded and 1,200 miles have been surfaced with macadam or with gravel. Of the total length of the three classes, 10,531 miles have been per- manently improved during the past seventeen years as gravel, macadam and concrete highways, constituting a compact network of good roads, of which the province mav well be proud. STATEMENT OF IMPROVED RURAL Roaps To DECEMBER 1, 1928 8,276-33 miles 332-21 « 449-49 128-15 wn "7 “ vl 1” Gravel........c viii Sand-clay.......... Macadam................. Bituminous macadam. . .. Cement concrete. ....... Bituminous concrete. . Total lencth..... 10 520-76 Maintenance.—Improved roads in Quebec are reliable at all times and can always be depended on by the travelling public. The Quebec Roads Department maintains the roads to the highest standard of excel- lence. Under the existing law, all improved roads of the three classes are maintained directly by the Roads Department wholly at the expense of the Government. The care of these roads involves an annual expen- diture of $6,000,000, and, in addition over $3,000,000 is spent annually on new construction. Tree planting has grown in importance annually. More than 160,000 trees have been planted on main and secondary high- ways since 1922. "CLIMATE Extending over such a large area as that comprised within the 45th and 65th parallels of north latitude, Quebec has a considerable variety of climate. The same area in Europe would extend from northern Italy to the White sea. The settled portions of the province, however, do not Present markedly noticeable contrasts of climate. In the newly opened colonization areas such as Abitibi and lake St. John, a greater degree of sunlight is enjoyed in the growing season, by reason of the northern latitude, than in the more southern and older settled areas of the St. Lawrence valley, The clearing of forests has also a marked effect in ameliorating the climate and tends to prevent unseasonable frosts. 8810503 0 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC At Ste. Geneviédve on the island of Montreal An Invigorating Climate..—With the exception of the northern territory of Ungava where the summer is scarcely three months long and the winters are very severe. the climate of the province of Quebec is health- A gravel road near Beaconsfield island of Montreal THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE : 21 ful and favourable to most forms of agriculture. The prevailing features are long, cold winters; short springs and warm bright summers. Though cold, the winters are most exhilarating for the atmosphere is dry and there is abundance of sunshine. A heavy snowfall protects the winter wheat and the grass from damage by frost, and being a non-conductor of heat, the deeper the snow the warmer the ground. The fertilizing elements it contains filter into the ground with the thaw; its presence gives the soil a rest and prevents leaching in the winter; by slow permeation it keeps the soil moist much longer than does its equivalent in rain and its slow melting on the heights is a check on wasteful floods. Statistics of Climate.—The Bureau of Statistics at Quebec city publishes monthly a meteorological bulletin showing the precipitation and temperature from observations made at seventy-nine stations in the province. The information is given by the Federal Meteorological Service with the assistance of the Running Streams Commission of Quebec. This bulletin is sent gratuitously on request to interested persons. The tables which follow show the monthly average temperature, the monthly precipitation, and monthly duration of sunshine for several years at widely separated localities both in the long-settled areas and in those in which colonization is now in progress. MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE: MONTREAL AND QUEBEC Months January........ February. ...... Match. oy April. ......... May..... .... June........... July. .......... August......... September... .. . October. ....... November......| December... .. Montreal 1923 ' 1924 ' 1925 | 1921 ' 1922 ' 1923 | 1924 ! 1925 Quebec 1921 | 1922 1 17.5 12.8 111.5 | 14.3 1641 9.11114 30.1’ 18.9 30.1! 38.3 141.0! 50.2 8.5 13.7 14.1 28.7 30.9 9.0 13-3 26-8 7:2 5.7 16.0 33.01 36-1 18.9! 33.9 ' 22-6 31.7 5.2 18-6 27-5 | 38.0 8.3 16.6 | 42.4 42.5 30.9 50-5 48.8 62.4 "' 62:1 62.8 72-5 67.5 65-1 65-5 66.91 66-4 65.71 67-4 6961 63-0 64.0 62.0 66-1 61-91 60.6 59-11856-5'57.3 57.7 58.1 56-4!55.4 53.1 46.9 44.8 48.1 148.3140.0 43.8 42.2 46.7145.8 38.1 20.71 35.8 1 35.6 | 35.8 | 33.41 27.7 131.5 ' 33.2] 33.81 30.0 19.21 18.31 20.7 1 15.0 | 20.2 15.1! 141 26.5" 10.9 | 16-8 By. NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE: SHERBROOKE AND VILLE MARIE Ville Marie 1921 ! 1922 ' 1923 ' 1924 | 1925 Months January........ February....... March......... April. ......... May........... Tune........... 1711 SN, August......... September...... October........ November...... December. ..... 17-2 11-9 17-6 | 16-6 33.8 | 29-6 47.11 41.8 56-4 | 55.4 163.3 era 61.3 | 65.2 50.2 | 57.6 9.2 15-8 | 7.7 24.0 33-6 10.1 3.1 7.6" 7.5 25.0 | 22.1 0.91 -1.6!-3.0 1:0! 1-11 11.2 21-2 36-7 43.3 61-3 57.91 50.6 63-0! 62.7" 61.5 £0.28 1 4.6 7.5 R.7 20.3 9.71 21.6 38.0 39.1 41.2 48 .8 41.8 53.7 64-7 74.0 62.2 58-8 42.7 38.4 56-8 51.5 49.0 62.1 60-3 64.2 68-6 | 65.4 65-2 55.4 45.6 | 37.8 38.6 34.9 | 32.11 22.5 1 30.7 1.98 oat mal 12.0 64-4 62.8 50.5 46.7 84.1 89,8 14.8 | 44.7 28.91 33.3"! 35.6! 17.61 16.21 90.0 42.0 29-1] 193 man’ 1.2] aa 30.2 MaNnTHTI Vv PRECIPITATION {IN INCHES) MONTREAL AND OUEBEC 1924 | 1925 Montreal 1921 ' 1922 ' 1923 !' 1924 | 1925 Months Ouebec 1921 °° 1922 1023 January....... February....... Mare, oa: 00 April......... May........... Fung. consis san July........... August. ........ September...... October........ November...... December. ..... 1.74 2.36 | 3.2% 4.96 | 4.12 3.41 2.18 1.90 2-44 1 4.21 2.61 4.73 | 3.27 2.50 | 5.04 l 3.15 1.92 4.571 3.10 l'3.58 | 4.53 l 3.10 l 6.04 1.55 | 2.72 3.00 | 3.03 5.04 | 2.79 1.20 © 2.75 1-84 7.2( 2.64 2.0% 2.82 1.75 72.04 | 4.50 1.71 9.097 1.88 4.76 4.28 65.10 2.56 1 9.41 | 2.33 I &.qn 0-47 ' 1.77 8.62 3.23 3.22 3.81 3.34 1.58 4.43 4.75 2.00 4.08 3.22 4.30 1.02 5.08 0.92 1.74 4.54" 3.66 5.22 0.84 4.05 3.05 3.31 | 1.831 5.28 2.88 2.104 7.98 2.14 2.21 2.69 3.55 1 3.86 3.74 1.24 1.68 3.41 3.07 nN. 6.04 3.06 7.72 | 0.42 | 3.80 3.87 | 3.45 2.36 } 2.00 1-74 ' 6.28 1.70 | 4.84" Snow is reduced to tain inthe total, this i 1/10 of fie height. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE A MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (IN INCHES):! SHERBROOKE AND VILLE MARIE Ville Marie Y1921 1 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 Months January....... February....... March..... ....! April. ......... May...........! June.......... Tuly.......oo. August......... September... ... October. ....... November... .. December. 1-60! 1.92 1 2.00 | 3.08 1 4.03 0-61"! 0.60 0.75 | 3.00 1.41 | 2.53 | 1.58 0-651 2.70 | 1.30 1.50 1.53 1.09 3.31 3.21 3.18 1.40 2.45 1.42 ‘2.88 9.20! 1.15 1 0.60 1.321 2.80 12-38 11.38" l 2.15. 2.79 1-231 1.99 3.03 1.04 | 3.46 | 3.50" 3.18 | 1.31 2.31 1 4.07 1.05! 1.731 2.93 9.49 2.80 ! 0.86 2.38 2.40 | 2.23 2.46 | 5.711 3.75 1 3.92 2.10 1 1.27 2.04 7.311 6.57 4.68 3.55 | 2.420 3.47 1 0.831 3.73 2.77 | 4.77 3.57 | 1.39 1 3.01 | 3.64 | 3.41 12.78 2.15 1 0.78 | 2.27 nao] 1.38" 2.41 1 2.10 | 2.58 | 3.84 | 0.50 9.141 3.76 1.87 5.08 1.24 1.04 1 Snow is reduced to rain in the total, this is 1/10 of its height. DURATION OF SUNSHINE (HOURS) 1921......... 1922.............. 1923............. 1924... 1028 Montreal 2,008 2,040 1,738 1,855 1636 Duebec 1,832 1,864 1,862 1,817 1.616 Sher- brooke 1,797 1,909 1,877 1,846 1 690 POPULATION French Canadians Predominate —The population of the province of Quebec, as given in the census of 1921, was 2,361,199. Of this, French Canadians constitute 80 per cent. The average percentage of increase in population of Quebec since 1900 has been 20 per cent. In many districts the population is almost exclusively French Canadian. The Eastern Townships were originally settled by United Empire Loyalists and other English-speaking people, and although there are proportionately more English-speaking neople in this district to-dav than elsewhere in the 24 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC province, the French-speaking element is gradually gaining ground. In- deed, the French-Canadian population has overflowed into the New England states and forms a large portion of the operatives in the textile, shoe and other manufacturing industries there. The new settlement districts of the province are attracting a predominantly French popula- tion. The Habitant —The rural French Canadian, known as the habitant, has long been famed in song and story sharing honours with the pictu- resque voyageur. But under modern conditions they have both greatly Spinning wheel— Baie St. Paul changed. An influence that has contributed much to modernize the younger generation is the accessibility of the cities by automobile. The spinning-wheel is often removed to the attic and the ‘étoffe du pays’, is seldom seen except in certain districts where the demand for homespun by American tourists has revived interest in the industry. Always a steady, industrious, thrifty home-loving individual, strongly attached to his church and fond of political discussion the habitant is known as a practical farmer. He reads the city and agricultural papers, is a member of a co-operative dairy or cheese factory, wants a rural mail and good roads. Although much of the boisterous enthusiasm of the old-time “Rouges et bleus” has disappeared, the habitant has remained a keen politician and there is yet a weak spot in his heart for a good orator. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 25 Strongly attached to the soil, he generally places his sons on the land round him, but aims at sending some of his daughters to convent and sons of his sons to college; for his pride is to have a priest, a lawyer or a doctor in the family. Talks at the church door after service and occa- sional soirées fill up his social programme, but the folk dances and songs are slowly disappearing before radios, phonographs, pianos and modern dances. Not given to any excess, he is averse to social legislation that would interfere with his personal liberties, and arbitary prohibitions in any domain have never found favour with him. Temperate, law-abiding, Carpet making at Ste. Anne de Beaupré traditionally prudent in social matters, he is not a ready listener to the labour agitator or socialistic propagandist. Strong, willing and resourceful, he makes a valuable employee in mills and factories of all kinds. He is sought after for his unequalled ability as a woodsman; and, in fact from the earliest days of the province he has figured largely in the lumbering and river-driving operations for which Quebec has been noted and in which field she still leads. GOVERNMENT Responsible Government —Quebec enjoys the British system of responsible government. The British North America Act reserves for 26 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC the exclusive authority of the provinces, matters of purely local and prov- incial concern, chief among which may be mentioned the imposition of direct taxes. administration of justice. maintenance of gaols, hospitals, asylums and similar institutions, the control of natural resources vested in the province, education, property and civil rights and municipal insti- tutions. In Quebec as in the other provinces, the Lieutenant-Governor, ap- pointed by the Dominion Government, is the representative of the Crown. In addition to him the legislature consists of the Legislative Council of twentv-four members appointed for life bv the Lieutenant-Governor in Parliament Buildings at Quebec Council, and the Legislative Assembly of eighty-five members elected by popular vote. The Executive or Cabinet Council in Quebec is composed of the Premier, Provincial Secretary, Provincial Treasurer, Minister of Public Works and Labour, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Coloniz- ation, Mines and Fisheries, Minister of Lands and Forests, Minister of Roads, Minister of Municipal Affairs, and one or more ministers without portfolio. French civil law is the basis of civil law in the province. In the House of Commons of Canada Quebec is represented by sixty-five members, and in the Senate by twenty-four senators. Local Self-Government *—Municipal government in the province is administered under the Municipal Code, the latest edition of which TT ¥ Revised by the Department of Municipal Affairs, Quebec. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 27 was revised in 1916. In 1918 a special government department, called the Department of Municipal Affairs, was created, mainly to supervise and direct the finances of the municipalities, thus insuring a sound basis and good market for debentures issued. Every municipal corporation borrowing money is required by law to impose taxes each year sufficient to pay the annual interest and provide a sinking fund large enough to retire its debentures at maturity. Rural and village municipalities are erected under the Municipal Code and their affairs are administered by an elective council of seven members over which one of them presides as mayor. The county councils are made up of the mayors of the local municipalities within the county. Most urban municipalities have been created under special charter of the legislature, although provision is made for the erection of such muni- cipalities under the Cities and Towns Act. In 1927 the various classes of municipalities in the province were: city municipalities, 24; town municipalities, 96; village municipalities, 288; parish municipalities, 992. The area of the municipalities of the province now amounts to 25,466,325 acres, whilst the taxable lands have an area of 21,348,170 acres. The value of municipally-owned public utilities in 1927 was as follows: — Waterworks and sewers... .. Gas........... Light.............. Telephone. ......... Others. .. Total $ 79,652,818 516,584 10,913,267 64,285 11,063,230 .$102,210,184 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM#* Provincial Control.—In Canada education is one of the activities of Government over which the British North America Act gives the province exclusive control, and each of the provincial governments, there- fore, has a department of education in charge of a minister. In Quebec, however, there is no minister of education, but the provincial secretary represents the interests of education in the provincial cabinet and in the legislature. The educational system is in charge of the Department of Education, the administrative officer of which is known as Superintendent of Education. Council of Education.—The Council of Education is the legislative and advisory body in the educational system of the province. It is com- * Revised by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Quebec. 18 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC posed of two committees, the Roman Catholic Committee, having charge of Roman Catholic Schools, and the Protestant Committee, which controls Protestant Schools. Each committee makes its own regulations for the organization, administration and discipline of its respective schools. The Roman Catholic Committee consists of a number of high dignitaries of the Roman Catholic church, who are members ex-officio, together with a number of Roman Catholic laymen appointed by the Lieutenant-Gover- nor in Council. The Protestant Committee is made up of Protestant General view of McGill University members. both from church and laity, equal in number to the lay members on the Roman Catholic Committee, appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. The Superintendent of Education is assisted by an English secretary and a French secretary, each having the rank of deputy minister. These secretaries also act as secretaries of the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Committees of the Council, respectively. Public School System.—Religion is thus a dominating influence in the organization of the educational system of Quebec, the most out- standing feature being that the public schools are religious in their control and distinctively either Roman Catholic or Protestant. For purposes of primary education the province is divided into school municipalities, the boundaries of which are usually coincident with those of the parishes. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 29 On the 30th of June, 1927, there were 1,796 school municipalities in the province, of which 1,445 were Roman Catholic and 351 Protestant. In a municipality where there are ratepayers of various religious beliefs the minority may organize themselves into a separate municipality for public school purposes, electing an administrative board of three trustees. The schools of the majority in each municipality are administered by an elective board of five commissioners. These trustees or commissioners, as the case may be, levy taxes for school purposes on the supporters of the schools they represent. It is usual to find a board of commissioners Public School at Temiskamir and a board of trustees in the same municipality, but in cities like Montreal and Quebec and some others with special charters, as well as where boards represent Catholics only or Protestants only, there may be two boards of commissioners. This dual system of schools, divided according to relioion. has been in effect since 1846 and functions well. Higher Education.—There are three grades of schools: primary, secondary and university. The primary course is intended to cover the first eight years of school life. The Catholic Primary schools are divided into five categories, namely Maternal schools, Primary Elementary schools (formerly known as Elementary and Model schools), Primary Comple- mentary schools (formerly known as Academies), Primary Superior schools 30 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC and Domestic Science schools. The Protestants retain the former classi- fication of Elementary, Intermediate and High schools. Secondary educa- tion is given in the classical colleges and the high schools, and also in the Primary Complementary, Primary Superior and Intermediate schools. There are four universities, McGill and Montreal in the city of Montreal, Laval in Quebec and Bishop's College in Lennoxville. Other educational institutions comprise nineteen normal schools for the training of teachers, Macdonald College School for Teachers, Ste. Anne de Bellevue schools of arts and manufactures, agricultural schools, domestic science schools, a dairy school, a school for higher commercial studies, technical schools. and schools for the deaf, dumb and blind. Bi-lingual Teaching.—It will be seen that Quebec possesses a rather unique organization adapted to the needs of a population divided into two parts by religious and racial conditions. Teaching in the public schools is bi-lingual and every holder of a teacher's diploma must pass an examination in the language which is not the candidate's mother tongue. Roman Catholics and Protestants are enabled to have their children taught in a school where not only is the parent's creed respected but where its tenets are regularly taught. No Roman Catholic is obliged to send his children to a Protestant or a merely neutral school nor to contribute towards its support, and vice versa for Protestants. Every group of THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 31 ratepayers belonging to the same religion organizes its own schools, engages its teachers and taxes itself for their support. while the subsidies voted by the Legislature are apportioned by the Superintendent of Education among the Roman Catholic and Protestant schools proportionally to the number of pupils enrolled ir the previous year. Dairy School and official laboratory of the Province at St. Hyacinthe o> Yay np, an PY A ~ te AGRICULTURAL MAF OF OUEBEC Scale of Miles a p B Settled Agricultural Land... Boundaries of Principal New Settlement Areas. ............. Experimental Farms & Stations... Agricultural Colleges. .................. Sea _ Brenna hy the Natural Resources Intelligence Service QL FesourCas INISiFence service. CHAPTER III The Leading Industry—Agriculture* IRST among the primary industries of the province is agriculture. Fe chief agricultural areas are found in the western portion of the province, mainly in the valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa rivers and in the Eastern Townships. Promising new agricultural areas are, however, now being settled along the line of the Canadian National Railway, in the Temiskaming, Gaspé, Lake St. John, Abitibi districts, and elsewhere. According to the latest available returns, the estimated area of total possible farm land in the Province of Quebec is 43,745,000 acres, of which the estimated area under cultivation in 1927 was 6,877,900 acres (or about 15 per cent) and the value of the field crops was $144,273,000. The farm acreage in 1921 was 17,257,012 acres and the estimated gross agricultural wealth of the province in 1927, including all farm property, live stock and production, was $1,379,654,000. The gross agricultural revenue of the province for 1927 is estimated at $282,354,000. In common with the rest of Canada, the rural population of Quebec as compared with the urban is dec’ining. The accompanying table indi- cates the extent to which this has taken place since 1901. Various causes have been given for it, not the least important of which is the improvement of agricultural machinery and methods of production, thus enabling as great, if not greater, production with fewer hands. The remarkable indus- trial development in parts of the province has likewise considerably influenced agriculture. RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION IN QUEBEC, 1901-1921 Vear 1901............ OIL. Soi Total Popu- st10n ,648,898 1005776 361.190 Rural Population Number | Fer cent 994,833 1,038,934 038.630 60.34 51 -80) 13.00 Urban Population Per cent Number | of total 654,065 566,542 322 560 39.66 48.20 56.01 Systems of Farming.—Whilst the system of mixed farming is followed bv the large majority of agriculturists in the province, the following * Revised by the Department of Agriculture, Quebec. R8105—83 232 34 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC variations are noted. In the counties along the St. Lawrence from Mont- real to Quebec and from Montreal to the Ontario boundary, the main revenue of most farmers is derived from hay and grain, although dairying is gradually superseding these. In the greater part of the Eastern Town- ships, together with the counties bordering the state of Maine, in the St. Lawrence valley from Quebec down to and including the lake St. John Having time on the Island of Orleans district, and in the Labelle, Gatineau and Mattawinie districts, dairying is the main source of revenue. Beef production, though it has been decli- ning for many years, is still practised with a certain degree of success in the Ottawa and Gatineau valleys and in a few sections of the Eastern Townships. It is principally on the farms of the Eastern Townships where the most numerous flocks of sheep are to be found. Raising of sheep has made great progress in Beauce and in almost all the counties of the lower St. Lawrence as far as Gaspé. Quebec holds a leading place among the provinces of Canada in the value of its agricultural production. Field crops surpass all other branches of agriculture in value. Of these, oats show the largest production, valued in 1927 at $35,932,000. The value of potatoes grown was $18,569,000. The most valuable of all field crops, however, are the fodder crops, and of these hay and clover stand first. Of the total value of field crops produced in 1927, viz., $144,273,000, hay and clover valued at $67,509,000 consti- AGRICULTURE tuted 47 per cent. Fodder corn and alfalfa were valued at $3,659,000 ° and root crops at $3,359,000. The adaptability of the soil and climate to the production of fodder crops is the reason for the prominent position of the dairy industry. Since the development of grain-growing on a large scale in the Prairie Provinces, eastern Canadian agriculture has concentrated more particularly on the 35 A farmer's residence frequently seen throughout the Province of Quebec profitable dairy industry. Quebec, especially the Eastern Townships, is noted for its excellent herds of Ayrshire cattle, and for its dairy school at St. Hyacinthe. In 1927 there were 1,644 cheese and butter factories in the province, most of them run co-operatively by the farmers, pro- ducing butter and cheese to the value of $27,459,570. The improvement in the plants and in the packing processes has greatly contributed to the development of the dairy industry in the province. Other branches of live stock raising flourish in Quebec. The province is famous for its beef cattle, and as a by-product of the dairy industry, large numbers of hogs are profitably raised. Poultry raising is in a pros- perous condition. Chantecler breed, produced to withstand the severe climate of winter, was originated by the monks at Oka. The province produces large quantities of apples of the hardier varie- ties, of which the Fameuse is perhaps the best known. Small fruits do vell, although the cold of the winters prevents the growing of many varie- 38105—33 6 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC ties that flourish in southern Ontario. Strawberries are grown in large juantities and the famous musk melons of the island of Montreal are in jemand at high prices in the United States. Tobacco has been grown since the early days of the colony and a tobacco manufacturing industry has been developed. In the manufacture of maple sugar Quebec stands first among the provinces. Bee-keeping A corner of the Ouebec country where farmers enjoy prosperity s growing in importance, favourable conditions for this industry being available throughout the province, especially in the southern Laurentian olateau. In the following sections the main branches of agricultural industry in Quebec will be treated in some detail. GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE TO AGRICULTURE Co Agricultural Societies.—Government assistance to agriculture has peen especially generous. Grants have increased from $609,962 in 1913-14 to $1,928,784 in 1927. This is expended for the maintenance of agricul- tural schools, for a staff of lecturers and other officials and for the support of societies and 797 farmers’ clubs having an aggregate membership of 52,084. There are in addition numerous other agricultural associations of a co-operative character, grouped under one central ‘“‘Federated Co- operative of Quebec,” with a reported membership of 14,563 in 1927. AGRICULTURE 37 Assistance is ofteri given to an agricultural community by the Govern- ment in contributing financial help in the purchase of improved stock for co-operative use, in supplying improved strains of seeds and in assisting in the purchase of agricultural machinery, such as clover hullers, for community use. A well-organized corps of lecturers and demonstrators in agricultural subjects is provided by the Provincial Department of Agriculture, and systems of Government inspection of products to improve marketing conditions are established, as in the cheese and butter industry. The Provincial Department of Agriculture also supplies seeds and chemical fertilizers for the school gardens of which there are 1,367 in the province. with 31.212 boys and girls farmers and gardeners. Demonstration Farms.—Recently legislation was passed author- izing the Minister of Agriculture to establish demonstration farms and to remunerate the owners of such farms for extra work and purchase of material necessary for the farm management carried out under Govern- ment supervision. The supervision of these farms, now numbering thirty- four, is under the chief of the Field Husbandry Service, who prescribes methods of farming, drainage work, feeding of live stock, and anything which tends to add to the value of the farm, and make it an object lesson to other farmers. Under this system it has been shown that farms of 100 arpents properly conducted will furnish a living and effect savings. District Representatives.—An important feature of the assistance that is given the industry by Government is the system of resident agricul furists, elsewhere known as district representatives or county agents. The staff of the Agriculturists’ Service in 1926 comprised sixty-eight agriculturists besides assistants and superior officers. They are graduates of recognized agricultural colleges and reside in the counties where they are constantly endeavouring by lectures, visits and demonstrations to secure the adoption of efficient farming methods. School for Farmers.—There are three advanced agricultural schools as well as a dairy school in the province. The former consist of the Oka Institute, in the county of Two Mountains, the property of the Reverend Trappist Fathers; the Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Agricultural School, in the county of Kamouraska, owned by.the priests of the classical college of the same place; and Macdonald Agricultural College at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, the property of a society. The first is affiliated to Montreal University and the second to Laval University. Macdonald College is affiliated to McGill University. The students in these institutions now aumber about 800 and the course of studies is most thorough and advanced. A new Middle or Practice School of Agriculture was opened in 1926 at Rimouski with enrolment of forty-nine pupils. *Q NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC The Provincial Dairy School is situated at St. Hyacinthe, in the Eastern Townships. It was originated by the local dairymen’s asso- ciation in 1892 with Government assistance and its purpose is to train cheese and butter makers and inspectors. The present school was built by the Government of the province in 1905 at a cost of $100,000. No butter or cheese factory can be operated in the province unless it is under the supervision of an operator holding a diploma or certificate from this dairy school. In 1926 the number of students registered was 305, and 383 diplomas and certificates were granted. FIELD CROPS Value of Field Crops.—For some years past the value of field crops has surpassed that of live stock. From 1920 to 1926 the value of field crops was as follows: — 1920. . 1921... 1922. 19972 $330,251,000 210,154,000 “7 159,600 .35.137.400 1924 192% 192¢ 1027 $139,359,000 150,253,000 59,263,000 144 273.000 Area in Field Crops.—6,877,900 acres were seeded to field crops in 1927. The comparative table below gives the acreage sown to the various crops from 1923 to 1927. F1eLp Cror ACREAGE IN QUEBEC Spring wheat...... Dats. ............ Barley........... 7 fi Jeans............ 3uckwheat. ...... Mixed grains...... Flax............. Corn for husking. . Potatoes. ......... Turnips and roots. Hay and clover... todder corn. ..... Alfalfa Ca Total. ...... 1923 acres | 74,478 1,819,920 124,771 13.499 40,874 15.692 156,031 112,210 3,000 32,394 157,817 33,948 3,952,301 91,283 21.940 6 650 18K 1924 acres 69,000 1,838,000 124,000 13,000 40,000 15,000 154,000 112,000 2,800 31,400 159,000 23,601 1,031,010 92,070 21.500 6.736.3¢ 1025 90CTeS 68,000 1,856,000 124,000 13,000 40,000 15,000 152,000 113,000 2,700 31,000 56,000 24,000 12,000 20,000 22 000 5.878 7 1926 acres 64,000 1,856,000 124,000 12,500 38,000 14,600 154,000 115,000 2,500 30,400 159,000 54,000 53,000 8,000 22.200 6 867 900 1927 meres 61,000 |, 782,000 125,000 12.200 36,000 14,300 159,000 117,000 2,400 29,000 162,000 34.000 +36,000 85,000 23.000 5.877 900 Wheat Growing.—Before the development of the western provinces the Quebec farmers raised more wheat than the province required, so that there was a considerable quantity for export. The ease with which AGRICULTURE 39 prairie land could be worked and its adaptability for wheat growing rendered the culture of that cereal less profitable in Quebec and accordingly fodder and other grains, principally oats, were grown instead. The high price of wheat in 1918 induced more Quebec farmers to sow this cereal and as a result a record crop was harvested, the value being over $14,000,- 000. The reports of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics show the following average yields in bushels per acre of spring wheat for the five years 1922- 1927. Quebec is 16-4; Manitoba, 17-5; Saskatchewan, 17-3; Alberta. 17-2; Canada, 17-3. It is thus seen that the soil of Quebec is as well suited for wheat growing as any in the western provinces, once the land is cleared and made readv for cropping. Importance of Oats in Quebec.—No other crop, with the exception of hay, has such an extensive area as oats in the province of Quebec, whtre it is grown on practically every farm, and there is no doubt that it will long hold this important position on account of its suitability: for this part of the country. It is generally admitted that oats are naturally adapted to colder regions than barley, so that the cool and usually moist climate of most of the province of Quebec will make them grow to per- fection when other factors are properly attended to. Besides being grown alone, or in combination with other grains, for the matured seeds, oats may be used for other purposes. Thus, when meadows are winter-killed, oats may be grown and cured for hay, or they may be cut as green feed, or put into the silo. Careful tests at the Cap Rouge Experimental Station; for an average of thirteen years, on a sandy loam of better than average fertility, have shown that oats yield more pounds of grain per acre than barley or spring wheat, and a fact which is very important from a live stock feeding point of view, they produce more digestible nutrients than either of these two cereals, for the same area. ‘‘Banner” is, no doubt, the most popular variety grown in the province and has proved the most suitable, being hardy. productive, and having a good strong straw. Flax.—Although flax has been grown for its fibre, in Quebec, since Hebert established the first Canadian farm in 1617, it is not one of the principal crops. ~ It is readily grown in the province. however. and finds a good market in Canada. For the production of good fibre a moist climate with a long mode- rately-growing season is required. In Canada these conditions exist in the western part of British Columbia, southwestern Ontario, the valley of the St. Lawrence, and the Maritime Provinces. From experiments made by the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa, Canadian flax is equal in strength to the best grades of Irish flax and is capable of yielding NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC lax steeping in Beauce County. Quebes rowing tobacco seed in Quebec AGRICULTURE 1] yarns of excellent quality. In the Gaspé peninsula, Quebec, a fibre is produced superior to any grown elsewhere in Canada. The installation of a flax scutching plant at Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere in 1924 has done much to revive an interest in flax production in this part of Quebec. Indications are that this industry, once very flourishing in Quebec, may soon reach its former importance. With the excellent opportunities that the valley of the St. Lawrence presents for the cultivation of large areas of flax for fibre, it should be pos- sible for the province to build up an export trade in this raw material and at the same time furnish supplies for home manufacture. Up to the pre- sent, the market for Canadian fibre has been almost exclusively in the United States from whence we have imported large quantities of flax products that could well have been produced in Canada.* Tobacco.— Favourable climatic conditions and suitable soil for the cultivation of tobacco are to be found north of the St. Lawrence river from Berthier to Two Mountains, and south from Yamaska county west to the United States border, except, of course, where the nights are too a00l to enable the early maturing of the crop. The growing of tobacco in the province is not a local industry. The area planted to tobacco in the province in 1927 was estimated at 10,018 acres, and the average yield per acre at 781 pounds. This represents a total yield of 7,824,300 pounds, valued at $1,469,217 or about 18% cents a pound. A large proportion of the Quebec crop is still used in the raw leaf but an increasing portion is taken by the large manufacturers and prepared as pipe tobacco, cut or pressed into plugs. Varieties Grown.—Selection of the most suitable varieties must he governed by the climatic and soil conditions of the locality. The season is short, extending from June 8 to the end of August, and experi- ments should be made only with the small varieties such as the Canella and those of the Havana type of small tobacco (small Havana and Petit Rouge.) In spite of the smallness of the leaf, a reasonable yield is readily obtainable by setting the plants more closely. These small tobaccos mature early and are comparatively easy to cure. Where the growing season is a little longer it is possible to grow successfully larger varieties of the seed leaf type, like the Havana Seed Leaf, Comstock Spanish and Connecticut Havana, as well as a pipe tobacco of rather small size, the Belgium Obourg. These tobaccos can be transplanted by the beginning of June and harvested before the end of August and sometimes. when the season is late, in the first week of September. Certain varieties like the Comstock Spanish are in demand as cigar binders. Some manufacturers claim that the Canadian binders from the " % For further information as to the methad of cultivation, apply to the Dominion Experimental Farm Denartment of Agriculture, Ottawa. NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC The growing of tobacco in the Montreal region brings rood returns A small maple-bush in operation during the sugar season AGRICULTURE 43 Yamaska valley and from the counties of Montcalm and I'Assomption are not inferior to the binders of Wisconsin. MAPLE SUGAR MAKING The production of maple sugar in Quebec constitutes an industry of considerable size and in some localities proves a highly important source of revenue. It is made at a time of the year when the farmers are not otherwise busy and the maple bush frequently occupies rocky ground that could not be developed profitably. The extensive manufacture in recent years of substitutes for the genuine maple product has tended to A supar-bush in Quebec lower the price of the latter, and this fact together with the high price of maple wood for fuel and lumber, has, in some cases induced the farmer to ent down his sugar bush Eastern Townships Centre of the Industry.—The central area of the sugar industry ‘n Quebec is in the Eastern Townships. Sugar maples also grow in Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but of half of the world’s supply of maple products furnished by Canada, Quebec supplies NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC VIarket gardening—a field of lettuce Orchard at St. Francois, Quebec AGRICULTURE 45 over 90 per cent. In 1928 the province produced 13,090,029 pounds of sugar and 909,646 gallons of syrup. The value of the total maple sugar and syrup production in 1928 was $3,604,417 or 643 per cent of the total value for all Canada. Quebec in 1927 produced 92 per cent of all the maple sugar made in Canada, and 66 per cent of all the maple syrup. The maple product of Quebec is largely marketed in the United States. For the purpose of assisting the farmers to supply the market with a superior product, the Provincial Government gives an annual grant to a sugar making school. Six travelling Government inspectors ‘also give instruction in the sugar-making districts. The Quebec Maple Sugar Pro- ducers Association was organized in 1926 with a view to higher grade production and better marketing methods. The Association has recently established modern factories for the preparation of maple sugar products at Quebec and Plessisville. The Association also makes known the best methods of obtaining products of the highest quality and protects the customer by means of a special trade mark. The Association was instru- mental in having a Federal Act passed imposing fines for adulterating maple syrup and sugar. MARKET GARDENING In the environs of Montreal market-gardening is extensively carried on and the proximity of large cities provides an inexhaustible market for all kinds of garden produce. The soil and climate are favourable for the growing of a large variety of vegetables and garden fruits. The Society of Market Gardeners, recently established with headquarters at Montreal, has proven itself to be of great co-operative value. FRUIT GROWING Apples and Pears.—Apples and pears were introduced into New France by the early settlers and records show that the apple was grown as far back as 1663. Apples of the finest appearance and best quality can be produced in Quebec and there are many thousands of acres in the Ottawa and St. Lawrence valleys, in the Eastern townships, and other parts of the province where they can be successfully grown. The Horti- cultural Service and the Pomological Society of the province by means of demonstration orchards, nurseries, lectures and inspection, have become important factors in improving and standardizing orchard products for commercial purposes. Statistics show, however, that the marketed crop is not sufficient for the local demand, and large quantities are, therefore, annually imported. The capabilities of the province for the production of apples are very great and the industry can easily be developed.* The perfection of the Quebec Fameuse apple, which is considered to have origin- ated in the province, and of the Macintosh Red, is well known. Tn 1925 Quebec produced 109,004 bbls. of apples valued at $741,227. In 1926. 111,600 bbls., valued at £474. 300. In 1927. 104.600 bbls. valued at $481.160- NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Though the apple and pear industry has been neglected, there are fine orchards in the province, notably those of the Monastery at La Trappe, and at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, in the neighbourhood of Chateauguay, and at St. Hilaire, Rougemont, and Abbotsford. Generally speaking, climatic conditions are most favourable south of latitude 46 degrees, but the hardier kinds can be grown to advantage farther north. Montreal Musk Melons.—The musk-melon growers near Montreal have given more attention to the production of high-class early melons than has been given elsewhere in Canada and have obtained excellent results. The Montreal melon, Montreal Improved Nutmeg, or Montreal Market, are standard types. The centre of this industry is the island of Montreal, where the suitable soil and skill of the growers combine to produce a fruit in great demand, not only for home consumption, but also for export. Plums.—Most of the fine varieties of the European plum can be successfully grown in the warmer districts of the province, but only within reach of the climatic influence of the St. Lawrence river. For the colder parts of the province, species originating from the wild plum of eastern Canada should prove of value. ‘ Strawberries Extensively Grown.—In 1926 the strawberry crop was estimated at 2,000,000 quarts valued at $280,000, and in 1927, 1,910,- 500 quarts valued at $248,365. In the more southern parts of the prov- ince, the regular strawberry picking season begins soon after the middle of June and lasts for a month. Strawberries offer good returns for the area occupied and the capital invested. A good covering of snow usually ensures a good crop of fruit where the winters are cold. As the flowers are very sensitive to cold and the injury from frost in the spring is often considerable, the varieties having the hardiest flower buds have been studied. Of the 750 or more varieties tested at experimental farms in thirty years, the following are recommended as suitable to Quebec: — COMMERCIAL VARIETIES.—Senator Dunlop, Parson, Splendid, Beder Wood, Sample Pocomoke, Warfield. Domestic VARIETIES.—Senator Dunlop, Bubach, Belt. Other Small Fruits.—Raspberries, currants and gooseberries grow well in Quebec. Years of experiment have enabled the Department of Agriculture to recommend a list of varieties suitable for the different districts of Cap Rouge, Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, Lennoxville and La Ferme. These lists can be had on application to the Dominion Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa, or to the Chief of the Horticultural Service ir Quebec. AGRICULTURE ~nltivation of strawherries is highly remiunerative A" field of raspberries—Province of Quebec NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Blackberries as now cultivated are a fruit equal to raspberries, and owing to the heavy covering of snow in Quebec survive even in the hardest winters. For protection in winter the tips are bent and covered with earth. The warieties recommended for garden culture are Agawam, Snyder and Eldorado. The cranberry is a fruit which has not been grown commercially in Canada, except in a few bogs in Nova Scotia and elsewhere, but, as 20,000 barrels are annually imported to the value of $200,000, its culture might be given attention. All three species of this berry grow in Quebec in the wild state. Cherries might be grown more generally in the province for market. At present the fruit is cultivated chiefly in Chateauguay, but in any section where the climate is tempered by local conditions. the fruit can be profit- ably grown. Blueberries thrive.—In spite of the large quantity of wild blue- berries in Canada that find a ready market in the late summer, there is, as some growers have found, market room for blueberries of the size and quality obtainable by careful cultivation. The plant requires an acid soil and therefore can be cultivated on land otherwise of little value. The special type of acid soil is that which consists of a mixture of sand and peat. The soil should be capable of drainage and of surface aeration. The swamp blueberry, which is the desirable species, prefers land which, though submerged in winter and spring, rises above the water level in summer. Valley bottoms liable to late spring frosts should be avoided. Plantations may be made either by the careful tending of a wild blueberry patch, or by transplantation of the better bushes, or by seed, or by the special process known as ‘‘stumping”. In any case, commercial crops would not be available for three or four years, but when once in bearing the swamp blueberry may live and produce for a century. Quebec province has a prosperous trade in blueberries Great quan- tities grow in most parts, but the chief districts from which they are marketed are Lake St. John, Charlevoix, Saguenay and Chicoutimi counties on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and Temiscouata on the south. The lake St. John country is famous for its blueberries and large quan- tities are shipped everv summer, especially from Roberval. BEE-KEEPING [n quantity -of honey, the province of Quebec is one of the leading producers. In 1926-27 there were 7,888 apiaries with 101,895 colonies of bees in the provinces, having a production of 3,441,308 pounds of extracted and 392,285 pounds of comb honey. The value of the honey and wax being $600.104. AGRICULTURE 44 Chief Producing Regions.—The principal honey producing regions are the St. Lawrence valley from lake St. Francis and he Lake of the Two Mountains to the city of Quebec, the south shore of the same river almost as far as Riviere du Loup, and the Eastern Townships. Apiaries, however, showing as high a yield per colony as in the best districts, are scattered along the north shore of the Ottawa river, in the Labelle region, in the Gatineau valley, in Pontiac county, and in the farming country around lake St. John. Undoubtedly there is a wide and most profitable Geld for the extension of bee-keeping in these regions and throughout the province. Plant Sources of Honey.—The principal source of honey in the good farming country is white clover and alsike. The quality of clover honey s unsurpassed. In many places in the St. Lawrence valley below Quebec, An apiary at Maacouche, Quebec and in the lake St. John district, there is practically no other source of honey, and the product from these regions is of the highest quality. In the farming country around lake St. John, bees winter well, although they are confined to their hives in cellars for over six months. Buckwheat, basswood, and sweet clover, are additional sources of honey in parts of the country between Three Rivers and the international boundary, and in the lower Ottawa valley. Fireweed is a source of abun- 3R105-—4 Q NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC dant white honey of fine quality in places recently devastated -by fire. Other sources of honey in uncultivated lands are wild raspberry, golden- rod, and aster. Simple methods of modern’ bee-keeping with hives having movable combs are very generally practised throughout the province, but the old-fashioned box hives are still used in many places. The Italian bee is displacing the black bee above Quebec and is preferred for the southern part of the province; but north and east of Quebec, the black or hybrid bee is preferred. Bee-keeping provides a valuable source ot income to the farmer having a small farm. Many farmers and others are making a large part of their income from bee-keeping. The Quebec Bee-keeper’s Association and the bee inspectors of the Provincial Government are highly instru- mental in developing the industry. Helpful Legislation.—Legislation enacted by the Provincial Govern- ment has been most beneficial. ‘The bee-keeper whose hives are destroyed by foul breed is partly indemnified Government inspectors visit the apiaries. Pure-bred Italian queen bees are distributed at half the usual cost price. Courses of instruction are given at the Government apiaries at Lévis, Montreal and Joliette. The Department of Agriculture, Quebec, Dairy herd of Canadian race, one of the races preferred by Quebec farmers AGRICULTURE 51 issues a bulletin on bee-keeping prepared by the Bee-keeping Service and the Dominion Experimental Farm, at Ottawa, also issues a helpful publication on the industry. = LIVE STOCK Natural Conditions Favourable.—The soils of the Quebec farms are known to be eminently well adapted to the various types of live stock farming. Although there are no extensive areas of ranch land such as those in the Canadian West, the soil, climate and markets of Quebec justify more extensive live-stock farming in the province than is now practised. Many of the farms in Quebec having luxuriant pastures and plentiful water supply are capable of producing greater live stock returns than at present. A comparative view of the numbers and value of live stock in the province may be seen from the following figures — NUMBERS OF LIVE Stock IN QUEBEC 1925-1927 El O88. ev vvnvvnntvn hbase En Milch COWS. ove ieee ences Other cattle. ......ov verve. SD usa aang imma summon Swine...... 1925 345,079 .021,210 820,348 843,579 74 143 1926 345,935 .064,470 836,193 852,439 208.706 1927 348,566 1,002,314 849.770 861,548 833.529 VALUE OF LIVE Stock IN OUEBEC 1925-1927 Horses. ...oov iii. Milchcows............... Jther cattle. .............. Sheep........... Swine. ........ Total... 1925 b 33,675 51,810 21,841 "' 570 056 ie 3 128,852 1926 5 35,072 52,295 “1,817 SD) 4.75 1927 ¢ 37 N04 c hae & 142,871 Government Aid.—The Federal and Provincial Governments have contributed very material aid in recent years to the live-stock industry. Assistance is given mainly through farmer's co-operative organizations in the purchase and distribution of pure bred sites, including horses, cattle; sheep and swine. Inspection, marketing and transportation are also receiving their full share of assistance, thereby bringing live-stock products in improved condition to the consumer. 88105—4} J NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Swine Raising.—The bacon industry is. practically as yet unde- veloped in the Eastern Townships It is only within the last few years that serious attention has been given to the production of bacon for export. In addition to its strategic situation in relation to the European and United States markets, the province of Quebec has, at Montreal, the greatest local market in Canada. Poultry Raising.—Despite its rather rigorous winter climate, the province has a thriving and profitable poultry industry. The growth »f urban centres of population in recent years has contributed much to the prosperity of this industry. The monks of the Agricultural Institute Modern poultry house in Quebec at Oka have developed a new breed of chickens, the Chantecler, especially adapted to withstand a cold climate. The number of poultry of all kinds in the province increased from 3,537,860 in 1920 to 7,762,000 in 1927. In the former year the value of poultry was $4,947,400, as compared with $8,724,000 in 1927. The Dominion Bureau of Statistics estimates that there were 5,557,500 egg-producing hens in the province in 1927, pro- ducing 37.054,000 dozen eggs, valued at $12,227,820. Fur Farming.—The climate of Quebec with its cold winters is admirably adapted to raising fur-bearing animals, and this province was one of the first to experiment in the comparatively new industry of fur- farming. The silver fox is the chief animal raised in captivity although AGRICULTURE 53 mink, skunk, muskrat, raccoon and a few other animals have been domes- ticated on fur farms. Number of Fur Farms.—There were 109 fur farms in Quebec in 1921, of which 104 were fox farms, compared with 80 establishments in 1920. The value of lands and buildings in 1921 was $173,204 and that of the animals was $430,607. Foxes born on the farms in the same year numbered 993 and the total number of animals at the end of the year was 1,336. The number of fur farms increased to 617 in 1926, value of lands and buildings to $636,563, and the value of the animals to $1,569,342. ‘See page 108.) DAIRYING A Long-Established Industry.— Cattle were first permanently brought to the continent of America, north of the Spanish settlements in Florida, by Champlain, the founder of Quebec. In his journal of the vear 1610. he mentions the cutting of hay for the cattle, and a map of Buildings on a farm where dairy industry is one of the main activities Quebec published in 1613 shows a place where ‘hay was grown for the cattle”. The colony established a farm at Cap Tourments and had sixty or seventy head of cattle there in 1629. NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC The number of cattle was increased by the French Minister, Colbert, under Louis XIV, who sent some ‘“‘of the best dairy cows of Normandy and Brittany’ to New France. DeTracy also brought some cattle from France when he came at the head of the famous Carignan-Salieres regi- ment in 1665. Many of the cows in the existing herds of Quebec, and particularly the French-Canadian breed (which is the only registered pure breed that has been developed on this side of the Atlantic), have descended from these original stocks. ‘As a matter of historical interest, it may be mentioned also that the first centrifugal cream separator on this sontinent was used in the village of Ste. Marie du Beauce in 1882. From these beginnings the dairying industry has become well estab- lished in all the settled parts of the province; nearly every parish has ‘ts cheese factory and creamery. In 1925 there were 577 cheese factories; 715 butter factories, 307 combined butter and cheese factories in the prov- ince. The production of creamery butter in the province in’ 1927 was 56,724,357 pounds, valued at $20,640,548. The production of factory ~heese amounted to 37,585,999 pounds, valued at $6,819,022. Quebec produced in 1927 over 31 per cent of all the creamery butter, and over 27 per cent of all the factory cheese produced in all Canada for that year. Favourable Climate.—The climatic and other conditions through- sut Quebec are extremely favourable for the production of butter and cheese of superior quality. Eastern Township butter has been the Cana- Jian standard of quality for many years. Cheese made in parts of the province has a peculiar quality not found in the cheese from any other part of Canada. Lake St. John district is noted for the fine quality of the cheese it produces. Government Supervision.—The Provincial Government, through its department of agriculture, maintains a well-organized service to give nstruction to the operators of cheese factories and creameries. Through its inspection service, the Government carefully supervises the dairy pro- ducts and their derivatives, thus helping to maintain a uniform quality of products, which is necessary for foreign markets. The Department of Agriculture at Ottawa also employs special officers in order to give sverv assistance consistent with federal functions. Co-operative Marketing.—An important movement in the province »f Quebec in connection with the marketing of cheese and butter is repre- sented in the Quebec Federated Co-operative. Under the rules of the AGRICULTURE 55 organization, factories pay a nominal fee to join the co-operatives and undertake to sell all their butter and cheese to the society’s warehouse at Montreal, where it is graded and sold by auction to the highest bidder. There is no danger of over-production in dairy products for the very favourable markets of the United Kingdom are prepared to receive far more than Canada is at present able to offer. For foreign trade a uniform quality with steady supply is a necessity. Every encouragement exists for the province of Quebec to extend its dairying industry. Typical butter and cheese factory seen in all the counties of Quebec - 30 a) LE wt « FORESTRY MAP QLTLTE BI C 465. Scale of Miles 20 © +0 ao 20 180 200 =r eg ae Legend Forestland underlicensetocutTimber _. [. Boundaries of Forest Reserves and Parks... — Northern limits of Forest Trees ............. 20% Active Puls Mille. Co. et AN 58 36 AA 62 6&0 58 — @r200ned by the Notural Resources Intelligence Service rol Hasauraes Masiimenco Servis CHAPTER IV Forests* HE. forests of Quebec have always been classed among the most Tena resources of the province. During the French regime, the correspondence of the Intendants with the Government in France contains many references to the timber wealth of the new land and frequent mention is made of the trade, both actual and potential, in masts, spars, ship timbers and other forest products. Later, when the woods were more fully exploited, there emerged the romantic figure of the river driver, that hardy, danger-loving French Canadian who, deftly balanced with pike pole, rode the booms of logs over river and rapid to mill or tide-water. In the past generation the magnificent white pine of the province constituted the most valuable forest type, but the best stands of this tree have now disappeared before the lumberman’s axe, and the pulpwood species, principally spruce and balsam, are assuming a leading position. The decreasing supply of timber generally throughout the world has resulted in gradually rising prices, and in Quebec, as elsewhere, forest products are becoming more valuable. In 1926 the value of primary forest products in Quebec amounted to $64,976,437. The merchantable forests of the province were valued in 1928 at more than $1,000,000,000 and were estimated to cover an area of about 120,000,000 acres, Labrador forests excluded. They constitute an important source of provincial revenue, and from 1867 to 1927 those under license brought in a revenue of $77.098,452 FOREST AREAS Northern Areas.—The extreme northern portion of the province that is to say, the region north of the 55th parallel and covering Ungava is practically devoid of tree growth, and corresponds in character to the tundras of Siberia. Immediately south of this 1s the sub-arctic region constituting the forests of the Hudson Bay basin not included in the arctic zone. In area it comprises about 128,000,000 acres not more than one-sixth of which has merchantable timber on it. The country is rolling and is covered with small lakes and streams and many muskegs. Since the climate is severe, the period of vegetation continuing not more than five months, the trees are much smaller than those farther south, and the species are few in number, the principal ones being the spruces, balsam, tamarack, aspen, balm of Gilead and paper birch. Although these forests TT % Revised by the Department of Lands and Forests, Quebec. - 87 38 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC are at present difficult of access they form a large reserve that will ulti- mately be utilized. The forests of the temperate zone comprise the second region. They contain the bulk of the valuable merchantable timber for which Quebec is famous, and may be sub-divided into three types, the Laurentian, the St. Lawrence, and the Allegheny. Laurentian Area.—The Laurentian forest area is estimated to con- tain 75,000,000 acres. For a hundred years lumbering has been carried A typical stand of spruce in the lake St. John district, Province of Quebec on in this area. This country, which attracts so many tourists, contains numerous beautiful lakes and rivers well adapted to log driving The principal species are spruce, pine, cedar, tamarack, maple, birch, ash, elm, basswood, and poplar. With the gradual removal of white pine and the spruces, the hardwood species, floatable for short distances, are assum- ng greater importance. It is estimated that only 75 per cert of this area is now capable of vielding merchantable timber o 0 FORESTS~STATISTICS 59 St. Lawrence Area.—This area, comprising most of the private woodlands, occupies both sides of the St. Lawrence river and is situated n the great plain which covers the central parts of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. In former days white and red pine formed an important oart of the;stand. The clearing of land for settlement has confined the forest to the less valuable agricultural soils. The species now found are: maple, birch, beech, basswood, elm, ash, and oak, mixed with pine, spruce, tamarack, hemlock, and cedar These forests are of great value to their owners as thev provide firewood and lumber. Allegheny Area.—The Allegheny forests are confined to the Notre Dame and Shickshock mountains and extend from the Eastern Townships to the ‘peninsula of Gaspé. Their area is approximately 20,000,000 acres, with red spruce and balsam forming about 60 per cent of the stand .Hard- woods are plentiful and of good size in the Eastern townships; cedar is abundant and of large dimension, and tamarack occurs. With two or three exceptions, the region is not well supplied with streams. FOREST WEALTH OF QUEBEC The following estimate* of the standing timber in Quebec has been prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. These figures include ill species of hardwood and softwood. without regard to accessibility. Softwoods....... . Hardwoods. . Total. . Saw Material Pulpwood, Cordwood, Ties, Posts, Poles. etc. M cu. ft. M cu. ft. 9,056,307 2'780 075 41,396,238 8,220,255 11.845 382 ' 49.616.493 Total M cu. ft. 50,452,545 11,009,330 61.461.875 As already stated, the forests of Quebec are, estimated to be worth more than $1,000.000.000. CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER LANDS The production area of the forests of the province, representing only those forests which can. be profitably exploited and are likely to become valuable to industry, is estimated at 120,000,000 acres. This includes private forests, lots under license and Crown lands. TT % This estimate is subject to Tevisioft on! more complete information. JU NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC APPROXIMATE AREA OF THE QUEBEC Forests, 1928 Timber Lands Acres Private forests.................... Wood lots under location ticket... .. Township forest reserves....................... Forests leased [11111111] {Crown Timber lands not leased. ..................... .. Domanial forests 6,368,800 1,294,720 415.084 51,320,320 59,001,076 1.600.000 Total. 120.000. 000 Square Miles 9,951 2,023 649 80,188 92,189 2,500 187.500 Private Forests.—Private forests are located principally in the central St. Lawrence valley. They consist of farms sold to settlers by the Government, old seigniories alienated during the French regime, and lands given to railways in aid of construction. Forested lands suitable for agriculture are sold by the Government in lots averaging about 100 acres to settlers who are given clear title by letters-patent on the fulfilment of stipulated conditions. Leased Timber Limits.—Timber limits are leased by the Govern- ment after being advertised for at least thirty days. Leases are disposed of by auction to the highest bidder. The successful bidder is required to pay a bonus agreed upon at the auction and, in addition, a ground rent of $8 a square mile and stumpage dues for all the timber cut. He also agrees to make periodical returns to the Forest Service respecting the timber cut, to avoid needless waste in lumbering operations and to protect his leasehold against fire. Diameter limits are imposed to prevent cutting of immature trees. Another important and far-reaching provision of the license is that all timber cut must be manufactured in Canada. This has stopped the export to foreign countries of pulpwood and logs cut from such areas, and has contributed very largely to the phenomenal growth which has characterized the pulp and paper manu facturing industry in Quebec during the past decade. Township Reserves.—There are 69 township forest reserves in 1929 covering 540,831 acres. These are non-agricultural forest lands ‘set apart to supply timber and firewood to the nearby inhabitants under special reculat ons. Unleased Forests.—The. unleased forests are in absolute possession of the Government, and are free from all encumbrance. They are situated chiefly in the northern part of the province in the basins of the St. Lawrence and of Hudson Bay. No cutting has yet been done on any of these vast territories. Fire, storms, insects, or fungi, however, cause considerable FORESTS—-STATISTICS 61 damage every year; and, as in all northern forests, the growth in the volume of the trees is very slow, with consequent small increment. The Forest Service is making an inventory of these forests so that they may be gradually utilized as needs require. The timber mn these forests consists chiefly of spruce, balsam fir, poplar, and banksian pine. The quantity per acre varies between three and fifteen cords, mostly of pulpwood. This reserve can furnish millions of cords of pulpwood, and, as there are considerable water-powers on most of the streams, the future may see a number of pulp and paper mills established in the region. FOREST AND WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES Lumbering.—Large and important industries are based upon the raw materials obtained from the forests of Quebec. In 1927 according to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, there were 542,073 thousand feet Soard measure of lumber cut in the province. valued at $14,564,387. Hauling logs in Quebec Other products and by-products of the sawmill, such as lath, shingles, cooperage stock, etc., brought the total value of products of the lumber industry in 1926 to $22,802,029. The net value of products of the pulp and paper industry for 1927 was $152,792,644 an excess of $11,724,540 over the value of products of the pulp and paper industry in 1926. The total value of the primary forest products of the province including logs for lumber, pulpwood, ties, poles, piles, firewood, mine timbers, etc., 32 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC for 1926 was $64,976,437. There were during 1927, according to: the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1,056 sawmills in the province The total capital used in the lumbering industry was $37,528,360, and 10,596 persons were employed, to. whom. in salaries and wages, there was paid the sum of $5.219.406. Pulp and Paper.—Canada’s first paper mill was established at St. Andrew's, P.Q., in 1803, and, ever since, the province has continued in the forefront of the pulp and paper industry.’ It was not. however, Pulpwood logs in the Gatineau river until the decade from 1860 to 1870 that ground-wood pulp making obtained a footing in Canada, so that the present huge industry is not more than fifty years old. In 1927 there were 50 pulp and paper mills in Quebec, compared with 114 in all Canada. The capital invested in the industry was $295,505,452, over 50 per cent of that in the whole Dominion. The quantity of pulpwood used increased from 342,755 cords in 1910 to 2,291,- 599 cords in 1927, whilst the number of tons of pulp’ produced increased from 282,938 in 1910 to 1,749,965 tons in 1927 valued at $60,684,169. Paper manufactured in 1927 amounted to 1,344,473 tons valued at $91,908, - 475%. Both in pulpwood consumed and in pulp manufactured, Quebec stood first among the provinces of Canada. TT * Including figures for New Brunswick production. FORESTS—STATISTICS 63 A list-of the pulp and paper mills, showing the location, nature of product and daily output of each, is shown in Appendix I. Development of the Pulp and Paper Industry.—The chief factors in the recent remarkable development of this industry have been, the swistence of abundant water powers adjacent to extensive forest resources Pulp and paper mill at Kipawa, Ottawa river, Quebec of pulpwood species, the development of hydro-electric power, the invention of improved machinery, and the discovery of the three chemical methods for reduction of wood fibre, the sulphite, sulphate (or kraft); and the soda process. A... Natural Advantages.—In the production of pulp and paper Quebec bids fair to continue her lead among the provinces. Since a ton of paper requires a cord and a half of wood and one hundred horse-power for its manufacture, only a land renowned for forest and stream can compete. Quebec's natural resources of pulpwood available at present are estimated at more than 130,000,000 cords, her water-power resources are estimated at 15,000,000 horse-power ordinarily available for six months of the year, of which a little over two millions have yet been developed; her geogra- phical position is unequalled in Canada for trade with Europe and the United States Foreign Capital Interested.—Capital is prepared to benefit by Ouebec’s opportunities. Within the last twenty-five years many millions 34 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC of United States’ dollars as well as British capital, have been invested in the pulp and paper industry of Canada. Notable examples are Shawi- nigan Falls, La Tuque and Grand’Mére on the St. Maurice, Chicoutimi and Kenogami on the Saguenay, Windsor Mills and Bromptonville in the Eastern Townships, Kipawa on lake Timiskaming, and the Gatineau river. Manufactured in Canada.—A strong factor in this industrial development has been the legislative enactment of the Quebec Govern- ment in 1910, under which all pulpwood cut on Crown lands in the prov- ince must be manufactured within the Canadian boundary. The result has been that, whereas the proportion between the raw pulpwood exported Pulp and paper mill at Riverbend, Quebec and the manufactured in Quebec mills was as 69 per cent to 31 per cent in 1910, in 1925 the figures were reversed—28 per cent to 72 per. cent. It is the private forests, mainly in the Allegheny zone, that furnish most of the pulpwood exported to the United States. Allied Industries.—A group of important industries has grown up based on the pulp and paper-making industry. The materials made by these industries include building, sheathing and roofing papers, stationery goods, waxed and oiled papers, wall paper, fly paper, paper patterns and various other products. There were 36 such establishments in Quebec FORESTS--STATISTICS 65 in. 1925. Abundant supplies of raw material, and a reliable supply of labour contribute to the advantages thatthe province offersfor the establish- ment of these subsidiary industries. Bird's-eye view of mills at Shawinigan Falls, Quebec Destructive Distillation of Wood.—At present there are nine factories in Canada for destructive wood distillation of which four are located in Quebec. Charcoal, methyl hydrate, acetate of lime, acetic acid, formaldehyde, and turpentine are the principal products. The value, of products in 1926 was $773,054. The woods used are birch, beech, maple, oak, and ironwood, and for the most part only material unsuitable for the manufacture of lumber is used, being such as would be cut for sordwood, or wasted in lumbering operations. All portions of the tree are used, even to the small branches, and any piece larger in diameter than five inches in split to admit of the easier penetration of the heat of decomposition and the freer evolution of the gases. The capacity of the four plants in the province is 168 cords a day. The wood is cut into about four-feet lengths and is seasoned for a year or more to dry. When ready for distillation a cord weighs about 3,700 pounds. Wood distillation presents a good opportunity for the econo- mical utilization of the hardwood waste in wood-using factories. Other Wood-using Industries.—There are numerous other indus- tries using sawn lumber and the products of the sawmill as their raw mate- 28105—5 56 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC rial.’ Chief among them are the sash, door and planing mill industries. These, comprising 312 establishments, manufacture dressed lumber, house finish, sash, doors, blinds, and other building materials. The value of the products made by these industries in Quebec in 1925 was $8,380,570. and the capital employed was $10,812,583. Under the same general classification are the industries manufac- turing furniture, boxes and box shooks, vehicles and vehicle supplies, lasts and pegs, coffins and caskets, boats and canoes, spools and bobbins, woodenware, cooperage, handles, clothes-pins, patterns, show-cases, spin- ning wheels, baskets, wooden pumps and other similar products. Two artificial silk factories have been established at Drummondville and Cowansville. The Celanese industry at Drummondville it is thought, Aerial view at the outlet of lake St. John, Quebec. Town of St. Joseph d’Alma at Petite Décharge will employ several hundred men and women and will be rated a major industry. Openings exist in the province for the establishment of indus- tries utilizing hardwood. of which the province has abundant supplies. FOREST ADMINISTRATION Provincial Jurisdiction.—The Department of Lands and Forests of the Provincial Government administers the timber resources of the province. Timber lands are leased to license holders, the Crown retaining title to the land. In the districts where the timber is to a large extent FORESTS-STATISTICS 3 57 alienated, fire protection is maintained by associations of, licensees and timber owners, the Government defraying part of the expense: A “close season’’ for burning brush and debris is enforced. As previously stated, the export of unmanufactured timber is prohibited from material cut on Crown lands. The regeneration of the forest is encouraged by judicious cutting regulations. Forest Service.—A Forest Service, established in 1893, is the agency through which: the Department of Lands and Forests carries out its forest policies. This service has charge of the administration of timber lands and all matters relating to forestry. It is headed by a chief and assistant chief, and consists of some 32 forest-engineers, 255 forest rangers and cuilers, making a total staff of 287. A hundred others are occasionally employed. It has charge of the exploration of the unsurveyed territory in the province, the classification of soils, the supervision of lumbering operations on Crown lands, reforestation, and all other technical work of the department in connection with forests. School of Forestry.—The School of Forestry in the city of Quebec is closely connected with the Forest Service. It was founded in 1910 by the Provincial Government, and has for its purpose the training of men for the Forest Service and for private practice. It has been combined with the School of Surveying and is now known as l'Ecole d’Arpentage et de Génie Forestier. The course is for three or four years duration and leads to diplomas in both sciences. The school is affiliated with Laval University at Quebec and the instruction is given chiefly in the French language, although applicants for admission must be able to read and write English correctly. All students at this school, but more especially those studying forestry, are employed by the Quebec Government during ‘heir summer vacations, and on graduation are either employed perma- aentlv bv the Ouebec Government or assisted in obtaining emplovment. School of Paper-Makers.—Realizing the need of teaching the art of paper-making to assure expert workman and an adequate supply of trained paper engineers, the Quebec Legislature established a school of paper-making in 1923, at Three Rivers, in the centre of the paper-making industry in Canada. A four-year apprentice course is given students, who work in the mills during the afternoons and pursue their studies in the mornings. Night classes are also provided for those who cannot take the day courses, and technical courses are offered to those who wish to so more into detail in the art of paper-making. It is further planned to give post-graduate courses to those desiring to specialize in particular branches of the industry. 38105—51 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Bureau of Forest Research.—This bureau, established by Legis- lature in 1922, has recently commenced active service of a technical and scientific nature including the compilation of information and the study of dendrology, silviculture, use of forest products, and allied sciences. Forest Rangers’ School.—A school for the training of forest rangers was established in 1923 at Berthierville, where the provincial forest nursery is located. Studies extend over a period of two years, the students attend- ing lectures at the school for a period of two months and then for four months pursuing practical work throughout the province at such tasks as forest ranging, log scaling, fire ranging, driving, nursery work, and mill work. During this practical work, students are paid a small salary. Tuition is free. Aviation.—The Department of Lands and Forests utilizes aviation not only for taking vertical photographs of forest stands which are used in the preparation of topographical maps, but also for detecting the loca- tion ef forest fires and for conveying crews of rangers to almost inacessible places. Forest Reserves.—In Quebec, the Provincial Government, sensible of the fact that the day is approaching when the depletion of forest resources will result in a scarcity of, and high prices for, forest products, has es- tablished forest reserves in large areas. 1n fact, a larger area has been set aside for this purpose in Quebec than in any other province. Many of these reserves are also fish and game reserves. The total area set aside as provincial forest reserves is estimated at 92.500 square miles. List oF QUEBEC FOREST RESERVES Saguenay and part of Labrador (estimated)... .. Péribonka.......... Rimouski. ...... Chaudieére. .. St. Francis...... Témiscouata......... Barachois.......... St. Maurice........... oii Ottawa. ......oovvnivinn nn. Riviere du Loup................... Bonaventure and Gaspé. . .. Laurentian. ... Riviere Quelle. .........cooui iii. Bungay, Chabot and Pohonagamook. . Beaubien-Bourdages... .. Bellechasse........... Maskinongé................ Gaspé Park. ......0.ove000e [.aurentide Park. Square Miles 8,500 3,500 1.237 318% 150 227 113 21,141 27 712 500 733 2002 339 252 35 35 100 1,500 3271 32.5631 FORESTSSTATISTICS 60 Domanial Forests.——Under an act passed by the Quebec Legislature in 1924, setting aside certain areas of Crown lands as domanial forests for the requirements of forest industries, about 2,500 square miles have been reserved during the past two years. All the vacant lands in the upper basin of the St. Maurice river have been converted into a perma- nent reserve, having an area of about 2,500 square miles. A large portion of the unconceded forests located in the basins of the Chamouchouane, Mistassini, and Péribonka rivers will also be converted into domanial forest reserves. The total area of these three reserves will be nearly 10,000 square miles, constituting a very important supply of wood for the industries established in the lake St. John and Saguenay district. Fire Prevention.—The first essential of an effective forest policy in a country like Canada, where competent forest engineers have estimated that the annual destruction of timber by fire exceeds the annual cut, is the establishment of a system of fire prevention. In 1924 by special legislation the Forest Protection Service of Quebec was established as a branch of the Department of Lands and Forests. The forested area is divided into eleven districts under the supervision of district chiefs to whom a personnel of inspectors and fire rangers (numbering more than 2,000) is attached. The work of the Forest Protection Service is aug- mented by six Protective Associations partly subsidized by the Govern- ment and employing 1,800 inspectors and rangers. Further protection is given by about 280 rangers employed by limit-holders, and others employed by the Board of Railway Commissioners and by the Public Utilities Commission and by certain fish and game clubs. In 1927 the forests were patrolled by more than 4,000 inspectors, rangers and assistants who travelled more than 700,000 miles by canoes, railroads, automobiles, etc. The equipment includes about 350 observ- ation towers, about 3,000 miles of telephone, the radio and aviation. Permits are issued to burn slashing under certain regulations; circulation or travelling permits are given to tourists and others entering the forested areas; paths or portages are constructed for the advantage of fire fighting; and the preventive organizations of the railroads maintain a constant watch. Special propaganda is carried on through the press, by Govern- ment publications, and by illustrated public lectures. Co-operative Protective Associations.—This system has been gradually improved until the province now has one of the best fire pro- tection organizations in Canada. It consists of two parts, first, the Government Forest Protection Service in charge of the safeguards provided by forest fire legislation, and, second, protection by the limit-holders who, by the terms of their leases, are required to provide protection on lands leased by them. 2 3 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Fire protection on licensed lands is maintained individually by the licensees or by means of co-operative forest protective associations. Six such organizations have been formed in Quebec, patrolling about 250,000 square miles of privately held. timber lands. The total patrol staff of these six organizations exceeds 1,800 men and the total number of inspec- tors, rangers and assistants employed by the Government and by the associations in 1927 for protection against fire was 4,125. The six co- operative associations which have been incorporated as limited liability joint stock companies are the Laurentian, the Ottawa River, the Lower Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Southern St. Lawrence, and the Price Brothers, Forest Protective Associations. All associations maintain per- manently manned lookout towers connected by telephone lines, a system of continuous ground patrol, and also a highly efficient staff of fire inspectors and rangers. Air planes are now used extensively in forest patrol work both by the Government and by the individual licensees. Five hundred and fourteen fires were extinguished in 1927, and the sum of $1,257,092.78 was expended during. the season of 1927 for protection of the forests. Reforestation.—The Government of Quebec is giving much atten- tion- to réforestation.. The outstanding problems in connection with reforestation are, first. a supply of seedlings: second, the planting of waste Reforestation—One vear transplants and older trees FORESTS-STATISTICS 71 lands which are estimated to comprise over 2,500,000 acres; third, the reforestation of cut-over and burned timber limits, of which it is estimated at least 4,000,000 acres now require treatment; and, lastly, the awakening of public opinion to the importance of this work and the encouragement of local tree planting organizations. A forest nursery was established at Berthierville in 1908 to provide planting material for distribution, and for the replanting projects of the Forest Service. Not only indigenous trees are raised, but a systematic study is made of all trees growing in this latitude. The nursery has a Reforestation—End of second season in transplant beds of spruce stock of over 15,000,000 plants and to date has shipped out more than 4,500,000 trees. Other nurseries have been established at Amos, Roberval, Normandin and in the townships of Parke and Macpés. An additional demand arises from the fact that provision is made by legislation for the creation of township communal forests, and settlers and others are encouraged and assisted to devote a part of their holdings to timber production. Reforestation is being systematically continued in the township forest reserves such as Parke, Kenogami, Macpés, Albanel, Normandin, Parent, Lac-aux-Canards, Laterriere, Cimon, etc., and land unfit for cultivation in municipalities is being planted with young trees. For each acre of land planted with forest trees the owner is entitled to a land order good for twelve dollars on the purchase of public lands. NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Reclaiming Waste Land.—One of the first experiments in reclaiming waste land in Quebec by means of tree-planting was begun in 1889 at Oka, by Father Lefebre, a Sulpician priést, who succeeded in reforesting eighteen acres of shifting sands. This thriving plantation provides an illustration of the profits and advantages of reforestation. As in Ontario, the planting of the Forest Service has been devoted mainly to the reclamation of areas of “blow” sand, although a consider- able area of cut-over land has also been replanted. At Lachute, a tract of 300 acres of shifting sands has been reclaimed, partly by planting and partly by the sowing of beach grass. More than 800,000 young spruce and pine trees have been planted at Lachute and are all thriving. Near Berthier Junction and at other places similar reforestation is in progress. In each township reserve and also in the domanial forests, reforestation is being actively carried on by the Government. In this way many of the lands ruined by fire will be reforested by artificial means more quickly than bv nature. Private Companies Interested.—Particularly good work in re- forestation is being done by private companies engaged in the lumbering and pulp industries. The Laurentide Company, Limited, at Grand’ Mere, who were the pioneers in reforestation, planted in 1919 a million trees and transplanted a million and a quarter. The total number of trees Three year seedlings of spruce FORESTS—STATISTICS 73 planted to date by this company is approximately 15,000,000 covering about 7,500 acres. During the past ten years this Company has purchased over 10,000 acres of private lands around Grand'Meére for reforestation and maintains a nursery at Proulx. “The Laurentide Company, Limited, has underway a definite re- forestation program and is planting freehold land within a radius of ten miles from the mill. When the timber crop is ready for cutting, there will be no heavy hauling and driving costs, no loss from sinkage in the river, no loss from long storage. The forests being planted in one block of land can be efficiently protected from fire. Beginning with a small area in 1912, the company now has a planting program of three and one- half to four million trees a year, or between three and four square miles a year. The success of the planted trees has been very satisfactory— the average growth for the season of 1927 is about two feet. The mortality is slight, being less than one per cent in stock grown bv the company nurseries’ * Price Brothers and Company, Quebec, and other companies such as Wayagamack Pulp and Paper Company, St. Lawrence Paper Mills, Brompton Pulp & Paper Company, Singer Manufacturing Company, Canadian International Paper Company, are pursuing a like course and several municipalities, notably St. Jéréme and St. Hyacinthe, are re- foresting their unproductive lands. TT ¥ From information supplied by the Forestry Division of the Laurentide Company, Limited. dan SWF QUNDLANE 4 ASR MA EP SITOWING PRINCIPAL MINERAL OCCURRENCES ™m™ Scale of Miles 20 o =o 8c 120 180’ 200 fot mt mp mem) Legend Mines in operation ..... EE RA CR EEE SS Mines discontinued Operation... Mines in process of development... cco. Minerals undeveloped. CE Mirteral ProSpeChS oo oovt teeieeenee ree aeeen wt ph - a2 sO 38 ee iA re EO ee. Prepared by the Natural Resources Intelligence Service Danarsrint oF the jatarion Gonads CHAPER V Minerals* UEBEC is rated fifth among the provinces of Canada in the value 0 of all minerals produced; fourth in the value of metallic minerals; third in non-metallic; and second in clay products. Although Quebec possesses great potentialities in the mineral kingdom, compara- tively little has been ascertained as yet regarding the full extent of its mineral resources. So wide is the field that it will require years even to approximate the value hidden under ground. Mineral Potentialities.t—The mineral production of the province of Quebec has so far been won entirely from the southern strip of the basins of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, from old established districts settled for generations. It may be confidently stated ‘that of the 600,000 square miles which constitute the province, less than 40,000 square miles have been prospected and may be said to be approximately well known ‘rom the standpoint of mineral occurrences. There are yet big prizes in the provinces of Quebec awaiting the prospector. The great bulk of the minerals produced, so far, by the province has been of the non-metallic class, such as asbestos, mica, feldspar, magnesite. as well as practically all the building materials, granite, lime-stone, marble, brick, cement, and others. These form the foundation of a sound mineral industry. The Laurentian plateau constitutes more than 90 per cent of the total area of the province. The rocks of this plateau, which extend west and’ north-west into Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and the north- west, are the oldest in the world. They have been greatly altéred and metamorphosed and are widely mineralized. They contain gold, silver, lead, nickel, copper, iron, zinc, phosphate, mica, feldspar and graphite. In the vast Laurentian shield, numerous areas of Keewatin, Grenville, Témiscamingue, Huronian and Animikie formations have been observed, all the way from St. the Lawrence and Ottawa rivers northward to Hudson Strait. It is in rocks of these formations that are found the celebrated sold and silver mines of Ontario, the nickel and copper mines of Sudbury, the immense iron mines of the lake Superior district in the United States, and the gold-copper deposits of the Abitibi region. There are yet great areas underlain by rocks of these formations which are unprospected, and which should be considered as possible mineral producers in Geological Sketch and Economic Minerals, Province of Quebec, 1927, issued by Quebec Bureau of + Revised by the Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec. er roe NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC To the south of the St. Lawrence river, stratified beds of Paleozoic age predominate, comprising lime-stones and sandstones which furnish excellent building stone, also shales and slates which supply roofing slates and materials for the manufacture of bricks and clay products. These stratified rocks are, in numerous places, penetrated by rocks of igneous origin like the granites of Stanstead and Frontenac counties which yield stones for monuments and for buildings, and like the olivine intrusions or serpentine belt, which traverse the counties of Brome, Shefford, Rich- mond, Wolfe and Megantic and contain asbestos, copper, chrome and gold. In a very short time the Province of Quebec should take a place among the important metal-producing provinces of Canada. The situation at the present time as regards the mineral production of the province may be summarized as follows: — (1) There is a total production of about $29,125,000, principally of non-metallic products. (2) There are most promising metallic deposits, partly developed, which have now reached the producing stage. With the great potentialities of metallic resources in the Lau- rentian plateau the prospects of Quebec mining industry are of the brightest. Value of Products.—The value of mineral production in Quebec has grown from $2,546,076 in 1920 to $29,124,110 in 1927. The production of metallic minerals is small as yet. The mineral of greatest aggregate value is asbestos which was produced in 1927 to the value of $10,621,013 approximately 36 per cent of the value of the minerals produced in 1927. Building materials also form a considerable portion of the production, and of these cement comes first with a production in 1927 of 4,636,751 barrels valued at $5,383,058. Next in value to asbestos and cement is limestone, valued at $2,785,514 whilst brick with a value of $2,336,677 comes fourth. The metallic products in 1927 comprised zinc and lead concentrates from the Montauban mines; copper ore concentrates from the Eustis mine; blister copper from the Noranda mine; the precious metals contained in all of these ores; and titaniferous iron ores used for the production of ferro-titanium. Blister copper is produced from .the Noranda smelter, which poured ingots for the first time on December 17th, 1927. This blister copper .is shipped to New Jersey to be refined. With the starting of operations at the Noranda smelter, it may be said that the Quebec mineral industry has entered a new area. This is the first production of metallic copper MINERALS 77 in the province of Quebec since the closing down of the small Capelton smelter some thirty-five years ago. The Noranda smelter has a rated capacity of 1,000 tons a day, but is capable of treating much more, the output being blister copper, containing 99 per cent copper, as well as the gold and silver contents of the ores. The development of the Rouyn-Harricana region is proceeding steadily, such as the promising properties of the Horne mine, the Aldermac, Horne copper-gold mines and Noranda smelter at Rouyn, Quebec the Amulet, the Robb-Montbray, the Waite-Montgomery, the O'Brien, and the Abana. The Canadian National Railway has operated the line between Noranda station and Taschereau on the Transcontinental line since December, 1926. The Nipissing Central Railway has extended its Swastika-Larder lake line to Rouyn, and the towns of Rouyn and Noranda now enjoy direct communication with the mining districts of Ontario to the west and the financial centres of the province of Quebec. Necessary electric power for mine and metallurgical operations in the Rouyn area is transmitted from the hydro-electric power plant on the Des Quinze rapids at the head of lake T(miscamingue, owned by the Des Quinze Power Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Canada Northern Power Corporation Limited. This plant is designed for an ultimate develop- ment of 60,000 h.p. year. NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC PRINCIPAL MINERALS Aluminium.—Although the province of Quebec does not produce ores of aluminium such as bauxite and cryolite, the development of large water powers on the St. Maurice and Saguenay rivers has attracted several slectro-metallurgical industries which require abundant and cheap power, among which prominently figures aluminium. The importance of cheap power for the reduction of alumina to metal- lic aluminium may be realized from the fact that one horsepower-year is required to produce 500 pounds of the metal The water-powers of the province of Quebec constitute one of its chief natural resources. The available power resources in the province at the ordinary minimum flow is estimated at 8,459,000 horse power and of this only about 2.055,000 aorse-power has been developed. The Northern Aluminium Company, which is allied to the Aluminum Company of America, operates a reduction plant at Shawinigan Falls, having an output capacity of 20,000,000 pounds of aluminium a year. At their large works at Shawinigan the metal is manufactured into ingots, allovs, rod and wire. In the Saguenay-Lake St. John region, at Arvida, near Chicoutimi, the Aluminum Company of Canada, has recently completed the first anit of a plant for the reduction of aluminium. The power used at the Arvida works is at present supplied bv the Duke-Price power plant at Aerial view of town of Arvida, Saguenay district; showing plant of the Aluminum Co. of Canada. largest aluminium plant in the world MINERALS Hi Maligne, but construction has been started. on a vast project of power development at Chute-3-Caron, 25 miles below Ile Maligne, which will produce 800,000 horse-power. It is said that this construction with further designed developments will eventually produce the largest alumi- nium reduction works in the world. The ore used is bauxite ebtained from British Guiana. That the aluminium development is of first importance to the prov- ince may be gathered from the fact that the world’s production of the metal in 1926 was estimated at 210,000 long tons and that the ultimate capacity of production aimed at bv the Arvida plant is 180.000 tons a year. Asbestos.—Of all the minerals that yield fibrous varieties the one most prized is the chrysotile-asbestos, owing to the whiteness, silkiness and strength of the fibres. Chrysotile represents about 98 per ceat of the asbestos used industrially and the Province of Quebec supplies over \ chestas anarry at Black Lake, Quebec 30 per cent of the world’s consumption of this material. The asbestos deposits of Quebec occur in a continuous belt of rocks extending for over 100 miles from the international boundary line to within a short distance of the Chaudiére river, thence for a further distance of seventy miles in disconnected outcrops to I'Islet county, and after a gap of 130 miles large sccurrences are again found in the Gaspé peninsula. 0 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC The asbestos mines and mills of the three producing fields of Thetford, Danville and East Broughton require. for their operation about 18,000 horse-power which is practically all supplied from Shawinigan Falls being transmitted by a line of 110 miles carried over the St. Lawrence river by means of twp steel towers 350 feet high, erected on opposite banks 5,000 leet apart. Asbestos holds the first place among minerals in point of value in NDuebec. In 1927 the production amounted to 274,778 tons, valued at Snecimen of asbestos from Thetford district. Quebec $10,621,013, of which 263,290 tons valued at $10,735,311 were exported. The quantity of ore mined to secure this amount of asbestos was 4,834,761 tons. The average value of asbestos produced in 1926 was $38.65 per ton. The province of Quebec produces about 80 per cent of the world’s output of asbestos. The chief competitor is at present South Rhodesia. Russian shipments are being renewed, though no official figures are avail- able. The United States is the largest buyer of Canadian asbestos, taking in 1927, 196,308 tons valued at $6,536,975. Shipments were made 0 other countries amounting to 66,982 tons valued at $4,198,336. Gener- ally speaking, both the Rhodesian and the Russian products which are marketed are of longer fibre, but of lower textile quality than the Canadian; the blue asbestos of South Africa is inferior to that produced in Quebec. Of the Canadian production 80 per cent is low grade, being made up of short and medium length fibres worth only about 5 per cent of the MINERALS 81 value of the superior grades, and a steady market must be found for it if the higher values are to be mined. The value of a ton of asbestos may vary from $350 to $15 according to the length of the fibre. The first figure represents the value of No. 1 crude, about one inch or more in length: the second, that of fibre 1 inch or less in length. The lowest grades of asbestos are made into asbestos paper, which is largely used in building and in making heavy mill-board which, in turn, is used for insulating electric switchboards. The long fibred and more valuable material is used in the textile trades for such purposes as the manufacture of fire-proof clothing, theatre curtains and other fabrics. The uses to which asbestos is now applied are manifold and continually Increasing, as for instance, gloves, aprons, garments, steam packing, zaskets, ropes, yarns, insulating covers, fire-proofing, shingles, etc. Very little of the fibre is now manufactured in Canada. Most of it is shipped to Europe and the United States, which now supplies the South American republics with asbestos products previously controlled by Germany. Asbestos products at present are manufactured in Canada mainly for building material, which utilizes only about 5 per cent of the total output and that of the lowest grade. There are now in the province three establishments that manufacture finished asbestos products. Fire- proof shingles and wall-board and brake lining are the chief items of asbestos manufacture. The constantly increasing uses of asbestos, and the great areas and depth of rock where it occurs in Quebec, will constitute one of the prov- ince's greatest resources for many years. Extensive diamond drilling and underground exploration on a large scale have shown the. existence of immense reserves of asbestos ores, so that the industrv has good pros- pects. Feldspar.—This mineral is extensively used in the pottery industry, in the manufacture of enamel glazes for tile, brick, and chinaware. It is also used in enamel ware, granite and sanitary ware, and in the compo- sition of scouring soaps. Large deposits of a particularly high grade have for a number of years been mined in Labelle county, along the Ligvre river, and important new deposits have recently been discovered in Derry township, near the town of Buckingham. Very large deposits of feldspar, of good grade, occur in various places on the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence. The production of this mineral in the province of Quebec is limited only by the demand. The production of feldspar in Quebec in 1927 was 12.730 tons valued at $104.618. Mineral Paints.—An industry of importance is developing in the making of paint materials from natural iron oxide and ochre, of which numerous deposits are found in the St. Lawrence valley, especially in the RR108 —B 194 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC neighbourhood of Three Rivers. At Red-Mill the Canada Paint Com- pany operates an extensive plant for calcining, washing and grinding pigments from its deposits. The iron oxides found in Quebec are of two classes, the raw oxides, which are marketed without any preparation, and which are used in the manufacture of coal gas as a purifying agent to absorb hydrogen sulphide, and the calcined oxides which are further treated for the manufacture of paints. The province of Quebec is the only province in Canada which oroduces natural iron oxides and ochre. Much of the calcined material assays over 90 per cent iron oxide, and some of it reaches 98 per cent and over. There are numerous deposits of this high order, of various shades of red, brown and yellow. In 1927, 5.931 tons of mineral paints, valued at $102,186, were pro- Juced. Mica.—Quebec has practically a world monopoly in the production of the amber or phlogopite variety of mica, which is far more valuable than the white or muscovite variety, being more pliable and elastic. The deposits are found north of the Ottawa river and between the valleys of the Gatineau and Liévre rivers in an area of 1,125 square miles. For the construction of electric machinery the Quebec mica is second to none, its essential qualities of insulation, flexibility, elasticity, tough- ness and cleavability being of the highest. The chief use for mica is for Insulation purposes in the manufacture of electrical machinery. The invention of micaboard or micanite utilizes the small size sheets. Ground mica, made from pulverized sheets too small for micanite, is used for various purposes. viz., as a lustre to wall paper; as an adulterant n paint; as a fire-proof covering for pipes; as a lubricant; and in the manufacture of insulation for high current wires The United States is by far the largest consumer of Canadian mica. In the British markets preference is given to the Indian mica. The price of mica varies with the grade, from $12 a ton for scrap mica to $5 a pound lor extra large sheets. In point of value, mica stands fifth among the minerals of Quebec. The production of mica during 1927 in Quebec was 4,455,239 pounds, valued at $105,446. Quebec furnished 60 per cent of the total Canadian production of mica in 1927. Graphite.—Numerous deposits of flake graphite are found in the Laurentian rocks to the north of the Ottawa river, sometimes forming 30 per cent of the whole rock, but the average is 8 to 15 per cent. Though the graphite deposits are numerous and have been worked in the town- ships of Grenville, Buckingham, Lochabar and Amherst since 1847, great difficulty has always been encountered in the concentration of the graphite 50 as to eliminate the accompanying minerals. especially mica, n order to obtain a pure product. MINERALS 23 Over 75 per cent of the world’s production of graphite is used in the manufacture of crucibles for the production of special steels, brass and other alloys, the remainder being an ingredient of lubricants, paints, pencils, and polish. Tn 1927 Ouebec produced 34 tons of dust graphite valued at $2.040. Magnesite.—The mining of magnesite is an industry presenting opportunities to the province. The largest and most important deposits of North America exist in Grenville township, Argenteuil county. One of the recent developments in the magnesite industry has been the introduction of the dead-burning of magnesite in rotary cement kilns in a specially constructed plant at Calumet. The crude magnesite is ground to pass 100-mesh screens, is mixed with 5 per cent of ground iron ore and then sintered at a temperature of 2,400° F. in the kilns. The product which comes from the kiln is an excellent refractory material used for lining open hearth and high temperature electric steel furnaces. This material is considered very satisfactory. The use of magnesite as one of the raw materials for the manufacture of magnesian flooring cements and stuccos offers a market for increasingly great quantities. As yet, the Quebec magnesites have not been used to any extent for this purpose. [n 1927 the production of magnesite in Quebec was 1,028 tons of calcined magnesite and 6,309 tons of dead-burned magnesite, of a total value of $230,309. The crude magnesite charged into the kilns represented a tonnage of 15.305. Molybdenite.—Molybdenite mining during the war was energetic- ally pursued at the famous Moss mine about three miles from Quyon Station. Operations were not commenced until March, 1916; neverthe- less, the output from this mine was probably the world’s largest for a single producer both in 1916 and 1917. There are numerous occurrences of molybdenite in the Province of Quebec, many of which might prove of workable size on further investigation.* Molybdenum is used largely for hardening steels for automobile construction and molybdenum wire is used in. the manufacture of electric lamps and in scientific instrument trades. The salts of molybdenum form valuable chemical re-agents and are also used in colouring pottery. The production of molybdenite has temporarily stopped owing to large stocks on hand at the end of the war. In 1926 the production was 25,168 pounds of concentrate, containing 20,943 pounds of molybdenite, valued at $10.472. Copper.—Until recently copper mining in the province of Quebec had been restricted to the Eastern townships where some of the earliest settlements in Canada were established. Within the last few years, “ * “ Molybdenum, metallurgy and uses”, by V. L. Eardley-Wilmot, Mines Branch, Department of Mines Ottawa. QRINh—HAL 34 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC however, important discoveries of copper ore have been made in the western part of the province, in the Rouvn area, and also in the Gaspé Jeninsula. Copper mining operations have been carried on continuously in the Eastern townships, since 1865. During that time the Eustis Mining Com- pany has produced more than 1,500,000 tons of ore, which contained 42 ser cent or more of sulphur, and from 2 to 8 per cent of copper. During 1926, the production from this district was 6,233 tons of copper concen- trate and 14,100 tons of pyrite for the manufacture of sulphuric acid having a total value at the mine of $411,003. apart from the precious metal con- tent. Two areas in Gaspé show deposits of copper, namely near Matane and in the interior at the headwaters of the York river, but as vet they have not been successfully mined. The Rouyn deposits occur in the mineralized development of rocks of the Keewatin, Témiscamingue, and Cobalt, formations adjoining the anterprovincial boundary. The greatest prospecting activity has taken olace in the townships contiguous to the county line between Témisca- mingue and Abitibi, and along the Transcontinental railway. Discoveries of important mineral occurrences at points far distant from the main camp at Rouyn indicate future developments on a large scale. Copper-bearing pyrite ore of the Eastern townships is now milled and separated into copper concentrate which is shipped direct to the smelter, and the sulphur ore is shipped to sulphuric acid works. The copper producing industry of Western Quebec has become of great importance since the Noranda smelter began producing blister copper in December 1927. This was an important milestone in the copper industry of Quebec. Before the end of the year, 235 tons of copper ingots 1ad been shipped to a New Jersey refinery.* In 1927, copper produced in the Province of Quebec amounted to 3.119,848 1b. which represented a value of $407,146. Ores in the Rouyn district may be grouped under three general headings: (a) Copper-zinc-gold ores; (b) Gold-bearing pyritic ores: and ‘c) Arsenical pyrites and pyrite with native gold. The effects of the solid mineral discoveries are shown in the develop- ment of the region. From being a wilderness in 1923, there is now a rail- way spur from the Canadian National Railway.to the centre of Rouyn township; a wagon road of 100 miles to the Canadian Pacific Railway at Angliers; a town of 500 buildings, with a growing population of 3,500, sub-divided according to modern town planning, waterworks and sewerage, electric power, and telephone. EE “Progress in the development of the Mineral Deposits of Western Quebec in 1927" by A. O. Dufresne and R. H. Taschereau. (Mining operations in Province of Quebec during 1927.) MINERALS 85 Zinc and Lead.—In the occurrences of lead and zinc in the province, the ores of the two metals are usually associated. The principal localities are Notre-Dame-des-Anges in Montauban township, county of Portneuf; Calumet island, in the Ottawa river; the headwaters of Cascapédia river in the interior of Gaspé peninsula; and the Rouyn district. The only zinc property in Eastern Canada under actual production is the Tétrault Mine at Notre-Dame-des-Anges, 30 miles northwest of Quebec. Ore to the extent of 10,000 long tons a month is being extracted. The lead and zinc production in 1927 amounted to 7,729 tons of lead con- centrate and 21,839 tons of zinc concentrate. Of these quantities 6,496,577 pounds of lead, valued at $341,461, and 17,189,046 pounds of zinc, valued at $1,064,690, were accounted recoverable. On Calumet island, 58 miles northwest of Ottawa, the occurrence of lead and zinc has been worked but further development is necessary to form an estimate of available tonnage. In the interior of Gaspé peninsula the important deposits of lead and zinc were discovered in 1910.* Development thus far indicates a large quantity of ore and it is expected that this will become one of the large zinc properties in America. Transportation facilities having now been established, it is expected that the property will soon reach the pro- ducing stage. In the Rouyn region exploration is being carried on most actively and with gratifying results. Should the Gaspé and the Rouyn deposits prove to be as promising as they now appear to be, the next few years should see a great increase in the production of lead and zinc in the prov- ‘nee of Ouebec. Iron Ore.—Iron ore was first smelted in Quebec early in the 18th century and from that time till 1883 the industry was carried on almost continuously at Three Rivers in St. Maurice district. The output was small and the industry derived its chief importance from the superior quality of the pig iron made. The exhaustion of the ore bodies resulted in closing down this industry in 1911. There are numerous occurrences of iron ore in the province of Quebec but, unfortunately, most of these are titaniferous and are, therefore, refractory to smelting. Large deposits are known on the Gatineau river; in the Saguenay district; on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, but all of these generally contain titanium, and although such ores make high grade iron, they cannot compete with the lake Superior or Newfoundland ores for cost of smelting, Very large deposits of hematite have been reported as occuring in the interior of the province, near the headwaters of the Manicouagan " % See “Gaspé Peninsula, its Geology and Mineral Possibilities.” by Dr. F. T. Alcock in Mineral Produc tion. Province of Quebec. during 1927. 36 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC river and on the Kaksoak river. Another source of iron to be counted apon as a reserve are the important iron sands of the north shore of the lower St. Lawrence. Of these the most important are at Natashquan 500 miles below the city of Quebec. These iron bearing sands contain between 15 and 20 per cent of metallic iron and are estimated to contain 500,000 tons of magnetite, whilst the deposits of titaniferous ore at St. Charles, opposite Chicoutimi, are estimated to contain 5,000,000 tons. Titanic iron ore consisting of 2,029 tons valued at $8,980, was produced n the province in 1927. Chromite.—The only workable deposits of chromite known in Canada are situated in Quebec in the serpentine belt. The centre of the Quebec chromite industry is in the township of Coleraine, county of Mégantic. From 1894 to 1908 the chromite industry of the Coleraine district was quite active, but owing to the discovery of large deposits in Rhodesia and New Caledonia, the Canadian industry was closed down in 1913. Operations were renewed temporarily under war needs, but since 1925 no work of any kind has been done in the chromite mines. The world’s consumption of chromite is now increasing rapidly and the Quebec industry is expected to be reopened. The main use of chromite is for the manufacture of refractories materials. Stainless steels, which contain 12 to 15 per cent of chromium. are in increasing demand vear bv vear. Pyrites.— The shipments of iron pyrites, used as a source of sulphur for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, amounted to 13,404 tons, valued at $42,795. This pyrites comes from the concentration of the cupri- ferous pyrite ore of the Eustis mine, in the flotation mill, from which operation the iron pyrites is recovered and sold to sulphuric acid works. Electro-Chemical Industry.—Quebec has lately attained a pro- minent place in the electro-chemical industry, which is closely associated with the hydro-electric development. It centres very largely around Shawinigan Falls, although there are one or two industries located else- where in the province. Through the medium of the electric current, alumina is reduced to metallic aluminium, artificial abrasives, rivalling corundum and garnet are produced from sand and sawdust, calcium carbide is made from lime, a host of derivatives are prepared from acetylene gas, and sodium sulphide 's made by reducing salt cake with coke. The prospects for a wide expan- sion in the electro-metallurgical field are very bright in Quebec. Gold.—Alluvial gold deposits in the basin of the Chaudiére river, 50 miles south of the city of Quebec, yielded about 2} million dollars of sold between the vears 1870 and 1890. Working has been suspended MINERALS 3’? on these deposits since 1912 although these gold placers are not exhausted. Small quantities of gold are also recovered in smelting the copper ores of the Eastern townships The production of precious metals for the last fifteen years, has been derived from the smelting of complex ores, zinc and lead from Port- neuf county and copper-bearing pyrites from Eastern township mines. A part of the production this year comes from the Rouyn ores smelted at Noranda.* As this establishment began pouring only in December, 1927, a greatly increased production of gold may be expected for 1928. There are straight gold ore deposits in the Abitibi region, more particularly to the east of Rouyn township. From present appearances, considerable work will be done on these gold quartz deposits in 1928.. From January 1 to June 30, 1928 gold in blister copper was produced to the value of £520,475. In 1927 the gold production of the province of Quebec was valued at $172.214. an increase of nearly 150 per cent. Silver.—No silver mines have yet been discovered in the province of Quebec, but there is a steady production of the metal recovered in the treatment of sulphide ores, such as lead, zinc, and copper ores. The value ~f the production in 1926 was $417.777. an increase of nearly 80 per cent. Other Minerals.—Among other minerals to be found in the province are antimony, phosphate, natural gas, nickel. tungsten, manganese. baryte, tale and bismuth. Clay Deposits.—While investigation has shown that the high grade clays, such as fire-clays and pottery clays, are limited in the province, there is, on the other hand, a great abundance of raw material suitable for the manufacture of rough clay products throughout the St. Lawrence valley. In contrast with the clays of Ontario, those of Quebec are known as marine clays, deposited in salt water. The greater part of the material used for the manufacture of common brick in the province of Quebec is taken from the soft, stoneless clays of Pleistocene age, which are found abundantly in all the southern settled part of the province. One of the largest of. these areas lies between the Richelieu river and the St. Lawrence and extends south to the inter- national boundary. Another extensive area is found in the lake St. John region at the head of the Saguenay river, and still another large area, beyond the height of land, known as the Clay Belt, occurs in northern Quebec, where it is traversed by the Canadian National Railway. The Pleistocene clays of the St. Lawrence valley are remarkably uniform in their composition throughout the entire region and all burn 7 See “Development of Mineral Deposits in Western Quebec in 1927", by Dufresne and Taschereau in Report on Mining Operations, Quebec. 1927, Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec. 38 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC to a red colour. They are chiefly used in the manufacture of cement, brick, field drain-pipe, hollow building blocks, fire-proofing brick, and sewer pipe. Brickmaking.—Brickmaking is an old industry in the province of Quebec. Fortunately, such vast deposits of clay exist throughout the St. Lawrence valley that material for construction will never be lacking. The wooden house, successor to the stone house, is now giving place to brick, and the demand for clay products must continue to increase. Face bricks of the finest quality have been manufactured for the past 10 vears at Montmorency and for 25 years at Laprairie. The brickmaking industry in the province increased both in quantity and value of production in 1927. This was due chiefly to the construction of factories, pulp and paper mills, power development plants, and resi- dences. The total value of stock produced from domestic clays and shales amounted to $2,336,677. The chief centre of the brickmaking industry is at Laprairie where several plants have an output of 20,000 bricks an hour and produce com- mon, face, and fancy brick, smooth face or rustic, and of various colours. Brick is manufactured from shales on a large scale at Boischatel, near the city of Quebec, where common and face brick of various shades and finish are made. At Scott Junction a large company produces 50,000 wire-cut brick a day, having three cylindrical perforations one inch in diameter perpendicular to the large face. Advantages are claimed for this type of brick in drying properties, lightness and strength. At Deschaillons, Lotbiniére county, where a number of individual plants are in operation, there exists a large bed of stratified clay having a different origin from any of the low-level clays on the south side of the St. Lawrence. It is of good plasticity, easy to handle, dries quickly in a temperature of 150 degrees Fahrenheit without cracking, and makes the best of common bricks of hard red body with a good ring. The plants located at Deschaillons have the added advantage of wharfage and schooner transportation. oo At L'Islet station, on the Intercolonial railway, several plants manu- facture building brick of high quality from a deposit of varied stratified clay. There are other important brick-vards in the province. all of which ise clav as raw material Kaolin or China Clay.—One of the most valuable of all residual clays is that known as kaolin or china clay, white in colour, composed nearly of silica, alumina, and chemically combined water. The only workable deposit of kaolin, so far known in Canada, occurs at St. Remi d’Amberst, about 70 miles northwest of Montreal, where it is found in unexposed veins of varying width. When the raw clav is washed free MINERALS 0 from impurities, it is known as china clay and is used in the manufacture of white table ware, electrical porcelain wall tile, as an ingredient in cera- mics, and as a paper filler. Kaolin is not a high priced product, the average price being below $10 per ton. The large porportion of quartz, necessi- tating expensive washing treatment, and unfavourable market conditions have led to the suspension of operations since 1923. Building Materials.—The value of the production of. building materials constitutes more than one half of the mineral production of the province For the year 1927 this value amounted to $15,382,957. The list includes limestones, granites, sandstone, marble. slate. clav-brick, shale-brick, cement, lime and sand. Deposits of limestone capable of supplying unlimited quantities of building stone, stone for road-making, raw material for the manufacture of lime and cement, are found in practicallv all settled parts of the prov- ince. The constantly increasing use of cement concrete creates a greater demand for crushed stone every year. Rural road maintenance also calls for large quantities of crushed stone. The granite resources of the province are extensive. The production of some thirty quarries in 1927 amounted to $750,000. The granites most commonly used are, the grey granites of the Appalachian chain; the black granite of the Monteregian hills; granitoid rocks of various colours of the Laurentian hills; the Canadian pink granite: the Riviére-a-Pierre and the Roberval granites. The Quebec marbles are of two groups, those of the Precambrian era and those of the Paleozoic era. They are found in the Eastern town- ships and on the southern slope of the Laurentian highlands, and are of various colours. white. salmon. pink. vellow. violet, cream, green and rose. Sandstone of the province includes the Potsdam of Cambrian age, a white stone; the Sillery sandstone of yellow, green and red colours: the Niagara sandstone of vellow green: and other varieties of red-brown and olive-green. The slate quarries of the province are all situated on the south shore of the St. Lawrence and belong to the Cambrian and Ordovician formations. In colour they are red, green, violet, speckled and bluish grey. The manufacturing of Portland cement is today one of the most important industries of the province. The four plants in operation in 1927 produced 4,636,751 barrels valued at $5,383,058. Quick lime to the value of $806,665 was produced in 1927, and 8,660,- 360 tons of sand and gravel valued at $2.145.169 were used. Peat.—In the settled parts of the province there are 500 square miles of peat bogs having an average thickness of 8 to 10 feet. This peat con- )0 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC tains about 80 per cent of water but when this is removed the residue may constitute a satisfactory fuel. The possibilities of the use of Canadian peat as fuel were exhaustively studied by a special committee, whose conclusions were published by the Department of Mines, Ottawa, in 1925.% None of the bogs in the province of Quebec are at present being worked. These bogs constitute a valuable reserve asset. Mining Laws.—The Provincial Government disposes of the mining rights on all Crown lands, and on private lands of which the surface rights nave been granted by the Government since 1880. To acquire mining rights on such lands, Crown lands as well as private, a miner’s certificate must be obtained from the Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, at Quebec, at a cost of $10. The bearer of this certificate is allowed to stake five claims of 40 acres each, on land of which the mining rights belong to the Crown. These claims may be held for twelve months without payment of any dues. At the end of the twelve months a mining license, good for one year, must be taken out, for which a payment of 50 cents per acre is required, and a registration fee of $10. This allows the licensee to make a thorough prospecting of the land before buying outright. There are, however, certain assessment works which must be performed, viz., twenty-five days’ labour during the first year and twenty-five days a year thereafter on each forty acres. The mining license may be, renewed yearly. At any time after the staking of the claims, a mining concession covering the land may be applied for by paying $5 an acre and furnishing a survey, made according to the requirements of the law. A preliminary title of ownership is then issued, but the patent for the land is issued only on fulfilling the express conditions that the purchaser shall bona fide commence the mining of the minerals therein contained within two years from the date of the purchase, and that during such delay, the purchaser shall, in such working, spend for every section or lot of one hundred acres, a sum of not less than one thousand dollars. It is to be noticed that the mining law requires actual bona fide mining work, such as shaft sinking, opening of underground workings, adits, showing an earnest beginning of the exploitation of the mineral deposits before the issuance of the patents. This is in order to guard against land being taken up, under the provisions of the mining law. for purposes other than mining. The Quebec Bureau of Mines will supply all information relative to mines, mineral resources, and mining regulations of the province of Quebec on request addressed to the Honourable the Minister of Coloniz- ation, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec. Bent Tes Wav bo Uses by B. F. Haanel, Mines Branch. Department of Mines, Ottawa. MINERALS TABLE OF MINERAL PRODUCTION OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 1927 Substances AshestoB. crue sors uivicires Copper ore, concentrate. ..... Garnet............. Feldspar.............. Gold. ... ee Graphite... ........ Kaolin, ooisssnmsanmurnom: Magnesite (crude)... ........ Mica............. Mineral paints...... Mineral water... .. Molybdenite.......... Phosphate........... Portas. cons ommusmmns mms Quartz, silica rock....... Silver. .o.coieeii iia. Talc, soapstone.......... Titaniferous iron ore........ Zinc and lead ore concentrate Sub-total . BUILDING MATERIALS Brick. .............. Cement. .......... Granite.............. LAMB cov swim 5g «ww vs ne imestone............ Marble, i. vu: sve rr snms Sand, building.........:. Sandstone. ...c.oov vie. Sand-lime bricks...... Tile. drain pipe. etc. Sub-total. Totals. ......... tons « « «© oz. fons “© «© 1b. tons gal. ib. tons «© i’ oz. tons i 1h ....... bbls. ...... tons I i Duantities 274,778 3,119,848 2 12,730 8,331 34 24 15,305 4,455,239 5.931 10 330 34 13,404 27,075 740,864 1,276 2,029 23.685.623 139,587 1,636,751 163,160 107,638 -. 214,447 7,545 "61,360 “3 Value in 1927 $10,621,013 407,146 150 104,618 172,214 2,043 120 230,309 105,446 102,186 1.813 366 42,795 66,522 417,777 51,504 8,980 1,406,151 $13,741,153 2,336,677 5,383,058 750,700 806,665 5.514 3,713 5.160 7,606 926 20 7 0 CHAPTER VI Water Powers* By DoMinioN WATER POWER AND RECLAMATION SERVICE 7 TATER-POWER development in Canada has attracted the interest W of the whole world with the result that the resources of the Dominion in water-power both potential and developed are widely known. Of all the provinces Quebec is richest in this resource and also leads in its development. The total known power resources of Canada aggregate 20,197,000 horse-power at ordinary minimum flow, that is to say this amount of power is ordinarily available continuously 24 hours per day throughout the year. The power ordinarily available 24 hours per day for six months of the year amounts to 33,113,000 horse-power. During the remainder of the year the deficiency can be made up by using water that is stored during the flood season or it can be supplemented by power derived from fuel stations. That this last estimate is not un- reasonable is more than borne out by.comparing the actual installations at sites already developed with their ordinary minimum and six-month capacities, for it is found that if installation is carried on in the same proportion, the total known resources will justify an installation of 43.000,- 000 horse-power. Water-power resources of Quebec.—The province of Quebec with a total area of nearly 600,000 square miles is comprised in two main drain- age basins, the St. Lawrence river and gulf and the James and Hudson Bav. and also a smaller basin draining to Hudson strait and Ungava bay. To the north of the St. Lawrence river practically the whole territory, including that draining towards the Hudson bay and North Atlantic, is part of the great Laurentian plateau with its typical characteristic of forest cover, lakes and streams, all favourable to the widespread location of water-power sites both great and small. To the south of the St. Law- rence the topography is somewhat different; to the west of a line running from the city of Quebec to the foot of lake Champlain the country is a comparatively flat plain broken only by a few hills rising abruptly to heights of about a thousand feet, whilst to the east the territory is more rugged and is part of the Appalachian highlands, extending from the State of Vermont northeastward to the Gaspé peninsula. The principal * Water-power resources of Quebec are administered by the Hydraulic Service of the Provincial Depart- ment of Lands and Forests, to whom application should be made for water-power privileges. Extensive Investigations have been made by the Quebec Streams Commission in co-operation with the Dominion Water Power and Reclamation Service of the Department of the Interior, Ottawa. Those requiring detailed inform. ation concerning power sites or power rivers should apply to the Chief Engineer, Quebec Streams Commis- sion, New Court House, Notre-Dame St., E., Montreal, or the Director, Dominion Water Power and Recla- mation Service. Ottawa. WATER POWERS 93 rivers tributary to the St. Lawrence from the north are the Ottawa, St. Maurice and Saguenay whilst from the south are the Richelieu, St. Fran- cois and Chaudiére, all of which as well as many others, have extensive water power resources. There is also a large number of considerable rivers flowing towards James, Hudson and Ungava bays. The total available power resources of Quebec are estimated at 8,459,- 000 horse-power under ordinary minimum flow conditions and 13,064,000 horse-power ordinarily available for six months of the vear. At the igh Falls in the Lidvre river, Quebec. One of the numerous water power resources of the Province. sites ‘included in these totals, installations aggregating about 2,380,000 horse-power have already been made which, bearing in mind the general relationship existing between installation and available resources. repre- sents about thirteen per cent of the total available. It is not possible in the space available to treat fully the principal power rivers of the province. However, a few of the more outstanding may be mentioned. The St. Lawrence river between the Ontario boundary and Montreal has between two and two and a half million horse-power available; the Ottawa river and its Quebec tributaries from 1,000,000 to 1,600,000 horse-power; the St. Maurice and its tributaries upwards of 1,000,000 horse-power and the Saguenay and tributaries from 1,260,000 to 1,530,000 horse-power. It should be borne in mind that these resources will justify an economic installation greatly in excess of the figures given. It should also be observed that some of this installation has already taken place and is included in the list given in Appendix II, page 126. NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Developed Water-powers.—As has already been stated, approxi- mately 2,380,000 horse-power or approximately 45 per cent of the entire development for Canada has been installed in the province of Quebec. Water-power installation has naturally been most extensive for the supply of existing centres of population and industry although of recent years new industries having large power requirements have been established as close to water-power sites as considerations affecting raw materials, transportation, etc., would permit with the result that new communities and towns have been established quite removed from existing centres of population. Almost invariably, however, a new water-power develop- ment of magnitude undertaken for some specific industry is quickly tied in to existing transmission systems, often involving the construction of a long transmission line, so that it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between the plants that are constructed primarily for industrial purpose and those originally installed for the general purpose distribution of electrical energy. Again, where development and utilization was formerly confined to certain specific districts, nowadays, the interconnection bet- ween districts is so widespread that it is less easy to analyse the electrical situation by districts, nevertheless, as some such subdivision is desirable, an effort has been made to outline the situation in the various more or less well defined areas. Montreal District.—Montreal and district draws power from a aumber of developments. The Montreal Light, Heat and Power Consoli- dated owns and operates four plants, three of which are on the St. Law- rence, at Cedar rapids, Lachine rapids and Soulanges canal, and the fourth on the Richelieu river at Chambly, the aggregate installation being 251,000 horse-power. The Canadian Light and Power Company has a 30,000 horse-power development on the Beauharnois canal and the power supply is still further contributed to from Shawinigan Falls. Quebec District.—Quebec city and district including Lévis is served by the Quebec Power Company which draws power from two develop- ments on the Montmorency river and one each on the Jacques Cartier, Ste. Anne de Beaupré and Chaudiére rivers, aggregating 36,600 horse- power in addition to which Quebec also receives power from the St. Maurice river district and the Saguenay river. Eastern Townships.—The Eastern Townships are particularly well supplied with hydro-electricity. The Southern Canada Power Company has an extensive transmission system distributing power from develop- ments aggregating 59,000 horse-power on the St. Francois, Magog, Yamaska and Eaton rivers, as well, power is purchased from the Montreal Light, Heat and Power Consolidated and Shawinigan Water and Power Company. [n addition to this, power is produced on the first two rivers for transmis- WATER POWERS 95 sion and distribution by the municipality of Sherbrooke and on the St. Francois by the St. Francois Water Power Company (a subsidiary of Shawinigan Water and Power Company). Power from the St. Maurice river is also distributed in this area by other subsidiaries of the Shawinigan Water and Power Company. St. Maurice River District.—The St. Maurice river is the largest present source of power in the province of Quebec, 602,500 horse-power being now installed at three sites. At Shawinigan Falls the Shawinigan Water and Power Company has an installation of 237,000 horse-power to be supplemented by 43,000 horse-power early in 1929, while it also controls a 120,000 horse-power development at La Gabelle, in both plants provision is made for the installation of additional units. In addition to these the company fecently purchased the 176,000 horse-power development at Grand’Mére, of the Laurentide Power Company. The Northern Alumi- num Company also develops 52,000 horse-power and the St. Maurice Valley Corporation 18,000 horse-power at Shawinigan for use in their industries. Hull District.—The Hull district, adjacent to Ottawa, has recently been the scene of such extensive hydraulic development that not only are ample supplies of power available for local distribution but it has Hecome possible to supply power therefrom over a verv widespread area. ‘nternational Pulp and Paper Co. power house at Chelsea. Farmer Rapids, Quebec. 26 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC The Gatineau Power Company has completed a combined initial install- ation of 378,000 horse-power in its Chelsea, Farmers and Paugan stations on the Gatineau river, five, six and forty miles respectively north of Hull and in all three has made provision for very considerable additional install- ation. The Gatineau Power Company has also acquired and is operating the two stations of the Ottawa and Hull Power Company at Chaudiére Falls, Hull, on the Ottawa river, the Bryson station, also on the Ottawa river and formerly owned by the same interests. and a number of smaller Power house and dam at Chelsea. Gatineau river, Quebec plants in the districts. The Chaudiére Falls stations have a combined installation of 36,600 horse-power while the Bryson station has a present installation of 25,700 horse-power which will be doubled early in 1929. This company in addition to its local distribution supplies power to the large pulp and paper and fibreboard mills of the Canadian Inter- national Paper Company and has commenced delivery of power under two contracts with the Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario. The first of these contracts is for an ultimate supply of 260,000 horse- power delivery being made at 220,000 volts at Chats falls on the inter- provincial boundary for transmission to Toronto and the second calls for the delivery of 60.000 horse-power with an additional 40.000 horse-power WATER POWERS J 7 in reserve at the call of the commission, delivery being made at 110,000 volts at Rémis rapids on the interprovincial boundary for transmission to various points in eastern Ontario. Lake St. John District.—In the Lake St. John district the Duke- Price Power Company has a development of 495,000 horse-power at Isle Maligne, on the Saguenay river, which constitutes the present largest single development in the province. Power from this station goes to pulp and paper mills in the district, to the newly established aluminium industry at Arvida and part is also purchased by the Shawinigan Water and Power Company and delivered over a long transmission line to Quebec city and district. Active construction is also proceeding on the Alcoa Power Company's development at Chute-4-Caron, Saguenay river, which is being undertaken in two stages. The initial development, now under construction will have an installation of 260,000 horse-power. The ultimate development under a higher head will have an installation of approximately 1,000,000 horse-power. Pulp and Paper Installation.—The power demands of the pulp and paper industry are large and as over 52 per cent of the ground wood pulp and over 44 per cent of the newsprint manufactured in Canada during 1926 were produced in Quebec it is obvious that the power required was very considerable, in fact over 782,000 horse-power is utilized in this industry in Quebec, about 566,000 horse-power being purchased from central electric stations and the remainder directly installed for the industry. An interesting feature of the pulp and paper industry in the province is the amount of electricity used in the production of steam for heating or process cooking. Generally speaking it is uneconomic to use electricity for steam raising in competition with coal, but where the water supply is in excess of that required to meet the demand for electric power or where mills have contracted for more power than is actually necessary to drive their machinery the excess in either case, which otherwise would be wasted, can be advantageously used in raising steam. Naturally, when electric power as such, is fully required for motive power the raising of steam will revert again to fuel boilers. The Quebec Streams Commission.—Very valuable assistance has been given towards the economic utilization of the provincial water- powers by the Quebec Streams Commission, established by act of the legislature in 1910. The commission carries out basic investigations as to the water resources of the province in co-operation with the Dominion Water Power and Reclamation Service of the Department of the Interior and has also constructed engineering works of great magnitude and im- portance to store flood waters and regulate and augment stream flow, measures which have proved successful to a striking degree. 881057 JS NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC The next important works constructed and operated under supervision of the commission are the Gouin dam on the St. Maurice river, and the Mercier dam on the Gatineau river. The Gouin dam was constructed between 1915 and 1917 to form a reservoir 300 square miles in extent with a storage capacity of 160 billion cubic feet. Its use has increased the flow of the lower power reach of the St. Maurice from a natural minimum flow of 6,000 c.f.s. to a regulated minimum of about 16,000 c.f.s. The Mercier dam, completed in 1927, forms a reservoir with an area of 115 square miles, and will impound about one hundred billion cubic feet. By means of it the low flow of the lower Gatineau will be increased from about 2,100 ‘0 somewhat greater than 9,000 c.f.s. Reservoirs have also been constructed by the commission on the St. Francois, Ste. Anne de Beaupré and Métis rivers and on lake Kénogami. Charges are levied for the stored waters in proportion to the benefits received, and from an expenditure of about $9,000,000 on completed works, the province now receives an annual revenue in excess of $525.000. Leases of Water-powers Belonging to the Crown.—In Quebec ‘he Minister of Lands and Forests is charged with the control and manage- ment of the provincial water-powers, in which he is assisted by the hydraulic service of his department. The right to the use of a provincial water- power is as a general rule granted in the form of an emphyteutic lease which specifies the conditions of development and use; although small and unimportant power sites are in some cases sold outright. When the Minister of Lands and Forest decides to lease a water- power site, for which he has reason to believe there is a public demand, an announcement is made in the Official Gazette and in the principal newspapers of the province to that effect, giving the main conditions under which the site will be leased, and inviting tenders or bids at public auction. The tenders or bids are usually in the form of the amount which the applicant offers as an annual rental for the Crown lands to be occupied, in excess of the upset rental price advertised, the other conditions of the lease being fixed in advance. When the site is to be used in connection with a timber: limit for mill purposes, the rental for the power site is some- times also fixed in advance and the element of competition is confined to the bids received for the timber on the berth leased along with the power cite. The following are the principal conditions contained in the standard form. of water-nower lease — 1. The term of the lease, which varies from twenty to ninety-nine years. The most usual term is seventy-five vears. WATER POWERS J0 2. The annual rental to be charged for the use of Crown lands occupied, during the whole term of the lease, in accordance with the accepted bid or tender. 3. An annual royalty of fifty cents or more per horse-power developed, based upon the maximum installed capacity. In recent cases an additional royalty of fifty cents per horse-power may be charged on the amount of power permitted to be exported out of the province. 4. The times when the royalty is to be revised, usually every ten vears, and the procedure in case of disagreement. 5. A money guarantee to be deposited by the lessees and to be returned to him when the initial development is completed. 6. The amount of power which is to be produced within a given time. Usually two years are allowed within which the works are to be begun, and two years more for their completion. 7. Conditions for sale of surplus power. 8. Special tariff to be charged for surplus or additional water due to storage. 0. The lease may be cancelled by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council without legal proceedings. fa) for non-payment of rental or royalties: b) for neglect or failure to carry out conditions of lease. In the latter case the lessee is given three months after due notice n which to make good his default. 10. When the lease terminates or is cancelled, the power and lands covered by the lease revert to the Crown, together with all works, buildings and immovable property thereon, without compensation. The lessee is to be given a reasonable time in which to remove his machinery, failing which, this also becomes the property of the Crown without compensation. In certain cases a clause has been inserted in the lease to provide for an appraisal at the end of the term, and payment by the Government of compensation for at least part of the works. 38105 —73 CHAPTER VII Fisheries and Game* N EARLY INDUSTRY.—More than four centuries ago Basque, A and Breton fishermen visited the gulf of St. Lawrence and fished in the waters that still give employment to the fishermen of Gaspé and Labrador. After Cartier's explorations the sea fisheries of New France rapidly attained importance and were the source of an exten- sive commerce. After the British occupation of Canada, capitalists from the Channel islands became interested in the Canadian cod fisheries. The Jersey firms that settled in Chaleur bay as early as 1764 eventuallv succeeded in controlling the fishing industry. The fisheries of the province of Quebec are numbered among the most extensive in the world and their annual yield has always exceeded a million dollars. They are controlled by the Government of the province which derives a considerable revenue therefrom. Formerly the sea fisheries were administered by the Federal Government but since 1922 they have reverted to the province. Commercial Importance.—The fisheries of the province may be classified as commercial and game fisheries. The commercial fisheries are confined largely to the gulf and river St. Lawrence; the game fish are found in the streams and inland lakes. Quebec ranks fifth among the provinces of Canada in value of fish caught. The value of production of the commercial fisheries of Quebec for the year 1927 was $2,736,450. This represents the value of fish marketed, whether sold for consumption fresh, or canned, cured, or otherwise prepared. The value of the inland fAsheries in 1927 was $614,194. The game fisheries, through permits and the rental of fishing privileges, produce a certain amount of revenue annually but the greatest benefit these fisheries bring is not easily estimated in dollars and cents. Those who come into the province to enjoy the sport of fishing are usually men of means who spend liberally on railway fares, hotel bills, supplies, guides and ‘other purposes. Very often, too, they are attracted by the rich undeveloped resources, and many cases could be cited of the building of factories and the beginning of industrial projects as a result of the fishing and hunting trips of wealthy men. TT % Revised by the Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec. nn FISHERIES AND GAME 101 (QUANTITY AND VALUE OF COMMERCIAL FisH CAUGHT AND MARKETED IN QUEBEC, 1924, 1926. 1927 Cod. ... [obsters...... Mackerel. . Herring. . .. Salmon... Fels . Smelts. | Pickerel or doré. Carp..... ... cwt. $ ... cwt. * cwt. & cwt. 8 ... cwt, $ .. cwt. 3 .. cwt. eo So... cwt. * cwt. © 1024. 417,783 1.120.570 22,742 283,899 79,437 246,278 206,135 161.119 15,080 136.725 11,918 86.756 2,854 32 468 1,226 16,883 3,224 25.472 1926 584,567 1,408,516 29,358 434 874 | 22,765 71.353 326,416 278 708 15,536 159.303 21,172 195,608 5,259 41,811 2,104 20 214 4,868 60.825 1927 460,573 1,011,795 24,606 359,579 70,765 185,296 262,521 238.003 14,840 152,710 13,570 113,148 13,428 110,823 8,064 137,165 5,032 62°90 Percé. a fishing village, on Gulf of St. Lawrence 32 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC SALT-WATER FISHERIES The extensive coast of Quebec from Chaleur bay to the straits of Belle Isle has numerous harbours and coves in many of which valuable fish are taken in considerable quantities with little effort. The principal kinds caught in the salt water of the gulf and of Chaleur bay are cod. herring. mackerel. lobster. salmon and smelts. Deep Sea and Coastal Fisheries.—The fisheries of the Atlantic coast may be divided into deep-sea and inshore or coastal fisheries. The deep-sea fisheries are pursued in vessels of from 40 to 100 tons, carrying crews of 12 to 20 men, and the fishing grounds lie at a distance of 20 to 90 miles off shore. The inshore or coastal fisheries are carried on in small hoats with crews of 2 to 7 men. The inshore area extends from Quebec to the mouth of the Saguenav, while bevond is known as the deep-sea area. Cod, the Most Valuable.—The most valuable salt-water fish caught in the province is the cod, the total marketed value of which in 1927 was $1.011.795. or 37 per cent of the total value of the fisheries production Cod fishing at Percé—Provinee of Ouebee of the province. Heralded by schools of herring and capelin, schools of cod appear in the gulf and Chaleur bay generally in May. The fisher- men usually fish for them in small open boats along the shore, but occasion- ally venture out to a distance of 20 or 30 miles. Cod cured on the Gaspé coasts is of the finest quality and shipments are made regularly to Spain, Italy and Brazil. The importation of dried FISHERIES AND GAME 103 cod into some of the southern republics of South America has been stimu- lated by the scarcity of meat. The quantities of cod in the southern waters of the gulf of St. Law- rence off the shore of the Magdalen islands and the mainland of Gaspé and Bonaventure appear to show very little diminution year by year, but the coastal cod fisheries on the north shore of the St. Lawrence have declined in recent vears, as the cod have been seeking deeper water. Herring are Plentiful.—Spring herring enter the gulf with the spring tides about the beginning of Mav and are first found at the Mag- Fishing boat of Gaspé, Quebec dalen islands. After a few days they appear at the head of Chaleur bay, then along the Gaspé coast and later at Anticosti island. The final catch of this spawning herring is made early in June above cape Whittle on the north coast. During the rest of the season catches of herring inshore are more or less uncertain. Both herring and mackerel fishing industries offer excellent opportunities for greater development. Salmon in the Gulf.—The commercial salmon areas of Quebec are the estuaries of the rivers of the Gaspé peninsula and of those flowing into the north shore of the river and gulf of St. Lawrence from the Saguenay to the straits of Belle Isle. Salmon fisheries have been operating for years at the estuaries of the Bersimis, Moisie, and Natashquan rivers which are renowned for the large quantity and size of their fish. There is prac- 104 . NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC tically no salmon fishing west of the Saguenay. The total value of the salmon marketed in 1927 was $141.250. Lobster Fishery.—The lobster fishery in the waters of the Gulf is important and supports no less than fify-seven canneries. Increased canning operations threatened the fishery for some time, but the efficient enforcement of the fishery regulations is having the desired effect in increasing both the salmon and lobster supply in the gulf. The lobster hatcheries also augment the supply. The total value of the lobsters marketed in 1927 was $350.5790. Government Bounties.—With a view to encouraging the develop- ment of the sea fisheries and the building of fishing vessels the Dominion Government pays $160,000 annually to fishermen. The bounty is distri- buted under regulations made from time to time by the Governor in Council. In 1925 the province of Quebec received bounties to the extent of 846.819. INLAND FISHERIES Kinds of Fish.—The principal varieties of inland fish marketed are eels, whitefish, pike, sturgeon, trout, carp, fresh herring, bass, maski- nongé, salmon and pickerel. Touladi (grey or fork-tailed trout) are found in many rivers and lakes, especially in the Témiscouata region. Quana- niche, or land-locked salmon, are caught in lake St. John. In the Rupert river sea-trout and whitefish are in abundance. Speckled trout, doré {pickerel), maskinongé, and salmon trout from five to fifty pounds in weight are found in lake Mistassini. The common pike and whitefish are plentiful throughout the waters of the northern regions. Sturgeon are caught in the Nottaway river system and adjoining rivers. In lake Chibougamau there are trout from 4 to 6 pounds in weight, whitefish from 4 to 8, pike and pickerel from 8 to 10, and lake trout of verv large size and excellent quality. In the maze of streams and lakes forming the headwaters of the Ottawa, Gatineau, and St. Maurice rivers, trout are found in abundance. They are rare in the Bell river area and are almost entirely absent from the waters of the Ottawa in northern Pontiac. Bass, pike, pickerel, and the coarser kinds of fish are obtainable everywhere and in the larger rivers and lakes, such as Kakabonga and Grand Lake Victoria, sturgeon also abound. HUNTING AND ANGLING Privileges Leased.—Quebec is the only province in the Dominion which leases the exclusive fishing and hunting rights over large tracts of forest, lake and river territory. These privileges are leased to residents and non-residents alike. A very important provision of the leases is FISHERIES AND GAME 105 that which requires the lessees to guard from poaching the fish and game 'n the lands leased to them and to protect the forests from fire and other damage. ) Residents of the United States have been quick to see the advantages this province offers them and many of the best fishing lakes and hunting ground are leased by them. Some United States fish and game clubs spend from $10,000 to $50,000 a year within the province, and the prices paid for salmon-fishing rights on some of the rivers flowing into the St. Lawrence range from $5,000 to $12,500 annually. The control of fishing leases is in hands of the Fish and Game Service of the Provincial Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, at Quebec. Although many of the most noted streams are under lease, there are numerous opportunities available for the very best salmon and trout angling. Excellent fishing waters are still unleased in the Saguenay region, in the counties of Chicoutimi, Lake St. John, Charlevoix, Ottawa and Pontiac and in the more northerly portions of the counties of Cham- plain, St. Maurice, Maskinongé, Berthier, and Joliette. Fishing and hunting territories now leased to clubs and private parties number nearly 600 and comprise about 225 rivers and some 4,000 to 5,000 lakes. More than 2,700 camps have been built on these reserves and the leccees furnish employment to 600 guardians and some 1,500 guides. Salmon Rivers.—In the Gaspé peninsula are found some of the finest salmon rivers in Canada—the Restigouche, Matapédia, Cascapédia, Bonaventure, York, St. John, Dartmouth, and the Magdalen. The angling rights in the Cascapédia, which is one of the finest salmon rivers in the world, bring in $12,000 annually. The Matapédia is renowned for its magnificent scenery, picturesque rapids and salmon fishing. The angling in the salmon rivers flowing into the Saguenay and in the most accessible of those emptying into the St. Lawrence river and gulf from the Saguenay to the eastern limits of the province is leased to private indivi- duals and clubs. and is carefully preserved. The Ouananiche.—A three hours’ trip from Chicoutimi, the upper terminus of navigation on the Saguenay, brings the angler to lake St. John—the heart of the best ouananiche (land-locked salmon) fishing in the world. In almost every part of the lake good fishing is to be had during the first two months of the season. Practically unlimited are the well-stocked trout waters that reach out from the lake in all directions. The majority of the best rivers and lakes of the St. John district are already under lease by fish and game clubs. The grey or fork-tailed trout, which range in size from 2 to 6 pounds. are caught in Témiscouata lake and in the Touladi river. 06 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Unfished Lakes.—Hundreds of lakes, situated at some distance from the main routes of travel, teeming with bass or trout, have never vet been fished. Fishing Regulations.—As prescribed in the Quebec Fisheries Act and Game Laws.* the open season for angling is as follows: — SaLMoN—May 1 to July 31; fly-fishing, May 1 to August 31, except in Restigouche waters under lease where fly-fishing terminates August 15th. SALMON-TrOUT—December 2 to October 14. Bass—June 16 to March 31. No black bass less than 9 inches long to be taken. MaskINONGE—]June 16 to April 14. No fish to be taken less than 24 inches in length. OuanaNicHE—December 1 to September 30. SPECKLED TrROUT—Mav 1 to September 30. Fishing through ice prohi- bited. GREY TrouT (lunge), touladi (lake trout)—December 2 to October 14. Dort—May 16 to April 14 (15 inches is minimum length). WHITEFISH—December 2 to November 9, STURGEON—Julv 1 to May 31. No fish less than 36 inches to be taken. License Fees.—The fee for fishing for salmon for non-residents is $25 for the season. For fishing for any other kinds of fish for non-residents, $10 for the season. For non-resident active members of incorporated clubs which are lessees of fishing territory, $5 for the season. The Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries at Quebec may grant fishing leases for not more than nine years. Leases or licenses for a longer period, but not exceeding fifteen years, shall be granted only by the Lieu- tenant-Governor in Council. HUNTING Although the province of Quebec was the earliest settled portion of Canada, it is one of the best big game territories on the North American continent. There are hundreds of square miles of forested lands where moose. deer and bear roam as did their ancestors a hundred vears ago. Big Game Country.—Good hunting is to be had in Chicoutimi and Charlevoix counties and in the northern parts of the counties of Mont- morency and Quebec. The Laurentides National Park, which covers an area of over 3,700 square miles within the counties of Montmorency, Charlevoix and Quebec, is one of the largest fish and game preserves in — * Copies of the game laws and full information relating to hunting and angling may be obtained from the Fish and Game Branch. Department of Colonization, Mines and, Fi isheries, Quebec Citv. FISHERIES AND GAME 107 America. It shelters an abundance of large and small game and encloses rhe headwaters of such celebrated trout streams as the rivers Montmorency, Jacques-Cartier, Ste. Anne, Batiscan, Métabetchouan, Chicoutimi and others. A liberal policy in opening this park to the tourist and sports- man is in force and permits for fishing are issued by the Provincial Fish and Game Branch, of the Department of Colonization, Mine and Fisheries, Quebec. Another forest and game preserve set apart by the Provincial Govern- ment is known as the Gaspé National Park. It includes an area of 2,500 square miles and is situated in the mountainous region of the Gaspé penin- sula, enclosing the headwaters of the Cascapédia, Bonaventure, Magdalen and other rivers. The region is absolutely wild and is the natural habitat ~f moose. caribou. bear. deer, etc. Moose.—Moose are plentiful in the forests along the St. Maurice river, and in the Ottawa district, with its enormous hinterland, including the Mattawa, Kipawa, and Timiskaming regions, moose, woodland caribou, and deer are all to be found. Excellent wild fowl shooting is to be obtained, as duck, goose, partridge, plover, snipe, etc., are plentiful. Moose are numerous in the counties of Témiscouata, Montmagny, and Rimouski; large numbers of them roam in the heart of the Gaspé peninsula. Caribou are also found in the forests skirting the Patapédia river. and the head- waters of the Matapédia. Hunting Regulations.—The open season for hunting big game is as follows :— Moose—In counties north of the St. Lawrence river, September 10 to December 31 inclusive. In counties south of the St. Lawrence river, September 20 to December 31 inclusive. Deer—September 1 to November 30 inclusive. CArIBOU—Prohibited until 1933. The young of deer, moose or caribou, if only one year old or less, must not be hunted or killed. Cow moose must not be killed at any time. Not more than one moose and two deer. may be killed in one season by any one person. The Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries may lease by auction or by private arrangement, hunting territories not exceeding 200 square miles each to one or more persons for not more than ten vears, for an annual sum of not less than $3 a square mile. GAME BIRDS—WOODCOCK, SNIPE, PLoVER—September 1 to December 15, inclusive except in districts adjacent to tidal waters, where the season is September 1 to November 30. L08 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC GEESE, PiDGEON, TEAL. oR WILD Duck of any kind (except eider duck and wood duck), September 1 to December 15, inclusive. BIRCH OR SPRUCE PARTRIDGE AND GROUSE—September 1 to December 15, inclusive. All persons, whether resident or non-resident, must obtain a special license issued by the Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries before hunting in any part of the province, the fee for which is $25 for non-resi- dents for the season. For non-residents who are active members of duly incorporated fish and game clubs of the province. the license costs $10 for the season. THE FUR INDUSTRY A widely distributed natural product of an exceedingly large area of Canada is fur. The province of Quebec contributes in no small degree to the prosperity of Canada’s fur trade, ranking second in fur production, the value of which in the season 1926-1927 was $3,065,323. It possesses in its northern regions a territorv supporting an abundance of fur-bearing animals. Trading Permits.—Legislation enacted by the Government of Quebec has helped to place the fur industry on a sound basis and has resulted in greatly diminishing the number of furs illegally taken. Fur traders are now obliged to take out a permit and to make monthly reports of all furs or skins bought by them. The cost of a permit is fixed by Order in Council but the maximum amount which can be charged is fixed ov the legislature at $25 annually for residents and $100 for non-residents. Royalties Charged.—Every person in possession of skins or furs of animals hunted or killed within the province is required to pay a royalty on each skin according to the following schedule: badger, 50 cents; bear, sixty cents; bear (white), $1; beaver, $1; deer (red), 10 cénts; ermine, 5 cents; fisher (white), $2; fox (wild), 50 cents; fox (black), $5; fox (blue), $1.75; fox (crossed), $1.70; fox (red), 75 cents; fox (silver), $10; fox (white), $1.75; lynx, 50 cents; marton, $1; mink, 40 cents; moose, 25 cents; muskrat, 5 cents; otter, $2; rabbit (per 100), 5 cents; raccoon, LS cents; seal, 10 cents; skunk, 10 cents; squirrel (per 100), 25 cents; weasel, 5 cents; wolf, 70 cents; wolverine, 50 cents; wild cat, 15 cents. On every other fur-pelt or skin not mentioned above a royalty equiva- lent to 5 per cent of its commercial value is collected. Upon receipt of the royalty a mark is affixed to each skin. In this way no skin can be shipped out of the province without being stamped and the royalty paid thereon under a penalty of a fine and confiscation. These regulations also apply to shipments of furs or skins from one portion of the province to another, provided there are provincial officers at these localities to mark FISHERIES AND GAME 109 them. The purchase and shipment of furs taken out of season are pre- vented by making it compulsory to have the contents of all shipments of either game of skins of any kind whatsoever plainly marked on the out- side. Trappers must take a license of five dollars. The license for tanning, dyeing and glossing fur is $1 annually and the holder of every such license must make a yearly return of the number and species of the animals he has treated together with the names and addresses of all persons who have entrusted him with such animals. During the season 1926-27 the fur trade licenses issued by the Depart- ment of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries amounted to $19,375, and the royalties on furs realized $107,484, During the season 1926 to 1927, 307 123 pelts of different sorts were produced to the value of $3.065.323. Fur Farming.—The rapid rise in the price of furs during recent years led to artificial breeding of fur-bearing animals, an industry requiring suitable climate and latitude. The placing of fur-farming on a commercial oasis was originated in Prince Edward Island in 1887. By 1914 the breed- ing of fur-bearing animals in captivity had attained such large proportions and importance in this province that its fame had spread far and wide. Though speculators have done much to discredit the industry, it is now an established fact that in the domestic breeding of such fur-bearing animals as the fox, beaver, mink, lynx and muskrat, Canada possesses a resource which, if developed scientifically and on sound lines. is capable of great expansion. In 1926 there were 617 breeding farms in the province of Quebec, of which 586 were used exclusively for the raising of foxes. The value of the animals in captivity on these farms amounted to $1,569,342 and the value of lands and buildings was $636,563. The number of animals on fox farms in the province at date of December 31, 1926, was 6,735 valued at $1,550,278. The total number of animals killed for pelts on the farms in 1026 was 2,144 and the total value of pelts sold was $141,008. Permits to catch, keep and breed in captivity all the small fur-bearing animals are issued by the Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec. The annual fee for these permits is fixed by the Minister of the Department and each holder of such permit must report to the Minister on or before November 15 in each year the number of animals held in captivity, the number sold and the number which died during the year, and also the number and value of animals or pelts exported out of the province. CHAPTER VIII Manufactures UEBEC has special advantages for manufacturing in its supply 0 of raw materials, abundance of cheap power and plentiful supply of labour. Water power developments at Shawinigan Falls, in the vicinity of Montreal, in the Gatineau and lake St. John regions, and in the Eastern townships have made those portions of the province within transmission distance of these points, centres of thriving manufacturing industries. One of the most important classes of manufactured products is that which includes pulp, paper, lumber and articles made from wood. This is a class which needs abundant supplies of forest products and cheap power, and of both Quebec has a plentiful share. Closely allied with cheap power, also, is the chemical industry, an important centre of which is growing up about Shawinigan Falls. Reliable Labour Supply.—Possibly nowhere in America are labour conditions more stable and satisfactory from the manufacturer's point of view than in the province of Quebec. The supply is ample. Indeed, s0 large is it that for many years there has been a steady drift of population into the manufacturing towns of the New England States, but every effort is now being made to retain such an asset for the province. The French Canadians raise large families and as a race they are hardy, indus- trious and thrifty, whilst their religious teaching influences them against detrimental associations with international labour organizations. Natural Resources the Basis of Industries.—The development of Quebec’s natural resources has led to the growth of its industries. In recent years numerous manufacturing plants have been established as the result of water power development and at the present time several large and important industries are in process of installation in the vicinity of great hydraulic power. The exploitation of the immense pulpwood forests has given opportunity for the expansion of pulp and paper industries. The discovery of vast mineral resources in western Quebec has led to the founding of several allied industries. Important industrial towns have been erected on modern principles of town planning, such as Arvida, Riverbend, Noranda, Rouyn and Grand’Mere, and other industrial towns are now being planned. The valleys of the St. Lawrence and its tribu- tarv rivers are destined to become the site of a great industrial region. Leading Industries.—Industries using forest products as their raw materials stand at the head of the list of forty leading industries of the 110 MANUFACTURES 11 province. Pulp and paper production in the province in 1926 was valued at $141,068,104.* The production of allied wood industries, such as furni- ture planing-mills, saw mills, etc., was valued at almost equal amount. Undoubtedly it is because of the supply of dependable and cheap labour that Quebec has become the leading province in the manufacture of textiles. The textile industry production of Quebec including cotton, woolen, silk production, was valued at $144,680,183 in 1925 and the capital invested in these industries was $133,560,460. Cottons, woolens, knitted goods, and ready-made apparel are manufactured on a large scale. No doubt favourable labour conditions are largely responsible for the development of manufacturing industries in boots and shoes, rubber goods, cigars and tobacco. Other important industries are milling, meat packing, tanning, brewing and malting, and the manufacture of paints and varnishes, machinery, electric apparatus, engines and boilers, iron and steel goods, and foundry and machine shop products. Sugar refining, brick-making, cement-making, ship-building and the manufacture of asbestos products and agricultural implements are important industries. Statistics of Manufacture.—The capital invested in all industries in 1925 was $1,136,033,133. Later figures have not yet been issued but during the past year the capital invested has been greatly increased by the addition of several large industrial enterprises and others are now under construction. The gross value of manufactured products in 1925 was $820,563,757, and the number of industrial establishments was 6,995. These statistics relate only to industries employing five persons or more. 7 i Foreign Markets.—In addition to the natural advantages which the province offers to the manufacturer, the preferential tariff has induced many United States companies to build branch factories in Quebec to serve not only the Canadian market but foreign fields as well. This movement has been particularly marked during the last few years, many large companies whose head offices are in the United States, supplying their whole foreign demand from branch factories in Canada. Excellent railway facilities and communication with the Atlantic through the St. Lawrence waterway give the province a favoured location for these branch factories. Tr Including figures for New Brunswick productions CHAPTER IX Settlement Areas® I the estimated area of the province of Quebec (594,434 square 0 miles) only a comparatively small portion has been organized into municipalities. The area of the lands subdivided into avail- able lots by June 30, 1927, was 8,361,458 acres, and the available farm lots, not granted, covered an area of 8,192,092 acres. As the land is cleared the Provincial Government surveys new town- ships and sells lots at 60 cents an acre. The settler pays one-sixth of the price of sale on taking out a location ticket and the remainder in five equal annual instalments, and after having fulfilled certain conditions, he receives full title of ownership. The number of acres of Crown lands alienated bv sales and free grants since 1920 is as follows: — 920, July 1st, to 1921, June 30. 1921 1922 “ 1922 - 1923 5 1923 1004 1924 25 925 26 026 1027 178,626 acres 221,362 « 217,761 « 177,580 « .66,598 179,292 ¢ 169.366 The Government of the province strongly encourages the work of colonization as essential to the progress of the country. Not only does it concede lands on especially favourable conditions, but it has expended, during the past five years, more than ten million dollars in extending necessary aid to colonists, by building and improving roads representing in length twice the distance from Halifax to Vancouver. During late years, the Colonization Department has opened and improved 5,000 miles of road, so that practically all colonization districts have been connected with the centres of the province. In general, agriculture and industry facilitate colonization, the settler obtaining employment in the winter season in the lumber camps or the nearby industrial development. For instance, settlers in the Témisca- mingue and Abitibi districts may obtain temporary employment and also find a ready market for farm produce in the gold and copper mining opera- tions of Rouyn and Boischatel. The most important of the districts open for settlement are Témis- camingue, Abitibi, Lake St. John, Témiscouata, Matapédia, and Chaleur bay. The regions that appear to be preferred by settlers are Abitibi, Témiscamingue and Matapédia. TT Revised bv the Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec. {7 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC ABITIBI 113 Abitibi district is situated in the county of Abitibi, between the boundary of the province of Ontario and the Bell river. It extends south from the 49th parallel of latitude to the Ottawa river and includes an area of about 8,000 square miles, over half of which is well suited to the growth of field crops. The clay belt, in which this district lies, is known to extend as far as 120 miles north of the Canadian National railway and, except for a few patches of marsh land and sandy ridges, the whole clay area is suitable for agriculture. The soil, though invariably acid, consists of bluish or reddish clay with 10 to 20 per cent of fine sand and is covered by a layer of humus and decayed vegetable matter varying from 4 inches to 7 or 8 feet in depth. It is well provided with the essential elements of fertility, namely, nitrogen, soluble phosphates and potash, and its pronounced acidity can be easily corrected by proper liming; but, even without the addition of any commercial fertilizer, biological and chemical changes in the soil resulting from aeration due to drainage and tillage are sufficient to develop a medium favourable to the growth of thrifty crops. Abitibi was opened to cultivation about the year 1912. To-day Abitibi is a county represented by a member of the Provincial Legislature, and possessing a Court House, Registry Office, a land agency, a mining bureau and several branches of banks. There are a number of industries. Already 20 parishes have been established and the population exceeds 18,000 souls recorded in the parishes. In the Abitibi district in 1926 there were 26 school municipalities, 96 schools, and 4,000 inscribed pupils. Farming has been carried on around lake Abitibi and along the railway from La Reine to Senneterre with very satisfactory results. The clearing of the land requires but comparatively little work because of the shallow habits of the forest in this region. The whole operation might be com- pleted in a short time, but, as a rule the work is distributed over a longer period, partly for economy of labour and also to secure greater product- ivity of the soil, which is improved by the partial decay of the roots of the stumps after the trees have been cut. In the meantime, shallow cultivation between stumps, while hastening the rot of the organic refuse left on and within the soil, gives the settler generous immediate returns in the form of potatoes, grain and hay. In addition he secures cash for his pulpwood, the yield of which averages about 10 cords an acre. Not infrequently, though, a thick layer of peatmoss interferes with immediate cultivation and repeated burning is resorted to. Id a few cases, some kind of rough drainage must be provided. The success of the burning operation is dependent on favourable climatic conditions. Too eften, after the fire has passed again and again over the same spot, very little humus is left, stumps and moss alike having been consumed. The use of RR105-=8 114 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC fire in such a severe way is likely to endanger the soil's fertility, but if the season has been rainy there remains sufficient moisture in the black muck layer underneath the moss to check or even stop, the fire's activity, After burning, immediate ploughing is possible, as the land in Abitibi is comparatively free from boulders and stones of any kind. Except in swampy areas, where drainage has to be provided by means of trenches, the average soil of this region, which is a gently rolling land, may be freed of its surface water by appropriate ploughing. Although vegetation is remarkably rapid on account of the long days and short nights in the summer months, seed should be sown as early as possible. Experiments so far have shown that wheat, peas, and vege- tables sown in the first week of May ripen before the autumn frosts. To ensure a good crop, fall ploughing is advisable, as spring ploughing is likely to give unsatisfactory results. Abitibi is not a region of wet soil. There is a certain portion of peaty land, but the rest of the country owing to its undulating surface is nor- mally dry. The dryness of the atmosphere and the absence of excessive humidity in the soil act as safeguards against the disastrous effects of sudden frosts, which may occur in the early and late parts of the season. The climate of this region, at one time a drawback, has of late years become much milder owing to the gradual clearing of the forests whereby the soil is exposed to the warming influence of the sun and evaporation is reduced.” The altitude diminishes toward the north so that the northern part compares favourably with the southern. Spring break-up occurs at the end of April and freeze-up comes near the first of November, but slight frosts are liable to happen during every month of the year. The annual precipitation is about 28 inches. The greatest precipitation is during late September and October. During the summer the nights are cool and the days normally hot. A hot, dry spell in summer is sometimes followed by a storm with sudden drop in temperature. In this, as in other districts, summer frosts will disappear as the land becomes settled and cultivated. TIMISKAMING The Timiskaming district is situated in the westerly part of Quebec, south of Abitibi. It extends easterly from the province of Ontario to Great Lake Victoria and northerly from Kipawa lake and river to lac des Quinze. The total area includes about 3,500,000 acres, or 35,000 farms of 100 acres each. In 1925 the population numbered 11,700. The most suitable portion for colonization lies along the eastern shore of lake Timiskaming and along des Quinze river. The whole district lies in the clay belt and is well adapted for agriculture. A branch of the Canadian Pacific railway crosses the district, running from Kipawa to Angliers on the lac des Quinze. SETTLEMENT AREAS 115 The land in this district is composed chiefly of grey, yellow and black loam with clay subsoil, and produces abundantly all the cereals, vegetables and fodder plants. Ville Marie, the oldest parish of Timiskaming, is also the most im- portant and has a population of about 1,200. It is situated on the eastern shore of lake Timiskaming and is an active business centre. The Crown Lands and Timber agent for the district is located there and colonists may obtain from him information regarding Crown lands and the relative values of the different soils. In 1926 there were 75 schools in the county of Témiscamingue, 19 school minicipalities, and 3,998 pupils inscribed. The two best townships are Guérin and Latulipe, the former opened for colonization in 1907 and the latter in 1910. These townships are heavily timbered which furnishes a source of revenue while the farms are being cleared, as a market for all lumber products is easily found. There are few boulders and the soil being a clay loam the tree roots do not grow to a great depth. Stumps are easily removed the second year after being cut and the land made ready for ploughing. The soil is very productive. To the north of this region are the recently discovered gold mines of Rouvn. MATAPEDIA The Matapédia valley comprises the county of Matapédia, the southern portion of Matane county and the westerly part of Bonaventure. It extends from S. Moise to Restigouche river, being 40 miles from east to west and 25 miles from north to south, and contains an area of 1,500 square miles. It is traversed throughout its length by Matapédia river and the Canadian National railway, which give easy access from all the settlements to Quebec. Montreal, or the maritime ports to the south and cast. The land is neither stony nor hilly and the soil is very fertile through- out, while the climate is about the same as that of Quebec, although the summer is two weeks shorter. Owing to the unknown quality of the land the district was for a long time avoided by settlers, but to-day the region is attracting numerous farmers. In some parts large parishes have been settled and are completely organized, while in others recently opened all the lots suitable for agriculture have been taken. Considerable good land still remains to be settled. At present, the population of the district is about 11,000 and it is rapidly increasing. Seeding takes place during May and harvesting as late as October, the danger from frosts even at that date being small. Drought affects the Matapédia valley less than other parts of the province as the very heavy dews which fall provide much moisture for plant life. Six parishes were recently opened for settlement and all the lots suitable for agriculture are for sale without reserve. In addition to the 116 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC settlers already located, seven or eight hundred more families could be placed, and when these parishes are filled new ones will be ready for settle- ment. In the last ten years great inroads have been made into the forests of the Matapédia valley as a result of the high prices that have prevailed for all forest and farm products and many industries have been established affording a ready market for the farmer. Among the regions where settlement has made great progress must be mentioned Sayabec, St. Zénon d’Amqui, St. Viennay, St. Léon le Grand, Lac au Saumon, Albertville and Ste. Florence de Beaurivage. Crown lands agent:—G. L. DIONNE, Amqui. LAKE ST. TOHN The picturesque valley of lake St. John comprises at least 4,000,000 acres, a large percentage of which is favourable to agriculture on account of the fertility of the soil and agreeable climate. Slightly over 1,000,000 acres are at present occupied by settlers. Fifty years ago lake St. John region was almost uninhabited; now it is interspersed with villages and clearings and traversed by convenient roads. The population of the colonization parishes in the counties of lake St. John and Chicoutimi numbers about 28,000, exclusive of the population of towns and industrial centres. Settlements surround the lake and are expanding towards the north and west. Among the principal townships offering the greatest opportunities for increased settlement at the present time are Dalmas, Dufferin, Girard, Delisle, Garnier, Taillor, Labreque, Bégin and Dalbeau. The soil for the most part is a clay loam of great depth that is covered in most places with a layer of sand which when mixed with the under- lying clay gives a soil very fertile and easy to plough. A few swamps are to be found here and there but they can be made productive without much difficulty by surface drainage. This is a fine agricultural country where almost everything that the Canadian soil produces is cultivated with success, including tobacco. The great richness of the pastures has given a strong impulse to dairying. This rapidly growing industry already provides a livelihood for hundreds of farmers. There still remain over 2,500,000 acres untouched by the plough. The temperature of the lake St. John valley is almost identical with that of Montreal. A chain of hills shelters it from unfavourable winds, especially the northeast wind which blows so severely in the lower regions of the St. Lawrence. Rain is not excessive and snowfalls are lighter than in Quebec and Montreal. The great forest wealth of the lake St. John and Chicoutimi districts gave rise to the establishment of a number of prosperous pulp and paper industries of which those at Chicoutimi, Jonquiére, River Bend, Dolbeau, Port Alfred and Petite Péribonka are important examples. SETTLEMENT AREAS 117 North of the lake St. John the land becomes a fertile plain excellent for settlers who will have a ready outlet in the Périnboka river. The vast partly explored territory extending north west of lake St. John to lake Mistassini is deeply forested and contains evidences of mineral wealth. TEMISCOUATA The Témiscouata district lies on the south bank of the St. Lawrence river between the counties of Rimouski and Kamouraska and borders the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine. It is served by three railways: one skirting the St. Lawrence, another running across the middle of the county, while the third traverses the southwest. The townships that are much favoured for colonization purposes are Estcourt, Botsford, Packington, Raudot, Robitaille, Cabano, Robinson, and the parish of St. Dominique in the adjacent seigniory. The soil in these localities is eminently suited for all kinds of crops. It is usually a yellow to grayish black loam, sandy and gravelly areas being few. The climate in the growing months. being tempered by the lakes. is warm and aver. In the central and southern portions of the county dense forests con- tain magnificent specimens of cedar and hardwoods. Saw-mill and pulp- wood industries have been established in this section. The population in the colonization parishes of Témiscouata in 1925 numbered 5.834. CHALEUR BAY The Chaleur Bay, or Gaspesian, district includes the two counties of Bonaventure and Gaspé and comprises an area of over five and a half million acres. The Quebec Oriental and the Atlantic, Quebec and Western railways extend from Gaspé along the shore of Chaleur bay to Matapédia where connection is made with the Canadian National railway. The great area in the centre and north of the county of Gaspé has no railway service, the Canada Gulf Terminal railwav operating at present only from Métis to Matane, For many years the belief prevailed that this was purely a fisherman's country as the majority of the inhabitants were engaged solely in the cod and salmon fisheries, and only recently have the agricultural possibilities been recognized. The land is fairly easily cleared; the soil is good with a natural drainage, and the Gaspé fisheries afford an opportunity for the preparation of artificial fertilizers from fish waste and seaweed. The climate is equable and seeding can be commenced early in May. Small fruits are grown successfully and excellent apple orchards are seen. The area under cultivation is only a strip along the coast of Chaleur pay and comprises but a small part of the land suitable for agriculture. SRIN5—0 18 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC In the township of Percé the land is exceptionally good, a deep, red soil. free of stones; stretching back from the coast for a considerable distance. [n the interior of the peninsula mineral discoveries have been made that are believed to be important. LARELLE The Labelle colonization district lies northwest of Montreal. It is rocky and hilly but the land is good and well suited to dairy farming and the raising of cattle. It is well watered by the Liévre and other rivers whose valleys shelter a number of prosperous farmers. Other colonization regions similar in character to the Labelle territory are, the Gatineau region west of Labelle county and the Mattawinie district north of Joliette. Additional information and full particulars respecting any locality can be obtained by writing the Department of Colonization. Mines and Fisheries, Quebec. EASTERN TOWNSHIPS The name Eastern Townships has been applied for years to the aggregation of townships in the counties of Brome, Compton, Drummond, Arthabaska, Mégantic, Missisquoi, Richmond, Wolfe, Shefford, Sherbrooke, and Stanstead. The area of this district, which is one of the most fertile of the Dominion of Canada, comprises 4,444,668 acres, with a population of about 264,000. As early as 1784 a settlement was established on the shore of Missisquoi bay by a hardy band of pioneers, chiefly United Empire Loyalists, who had served on the British side in the American revolution. They purchased land at 50 cents an acre. Yearly newcomers arrived attracted by the productivity of the soil, so that to-day this district has become a well-settled and prosperous dairy farming country. Everything that a rich soil and a temperate climate can produce is grown in the Eastern Townships. It is an ideal stock-raising and mixed farming country. The typical farm consists of 250 acres and is divided into three sections, cultivated land, pasturage, and timbered land. CHAPTER X New Quebec or Ungava EW Quebec, or the peninsula of Ungava, extends, roughly, north of the 52nd degree of north latitude to Hudson strait and Ungava bay. It comprises an estimated area of about 290,000 square miles. The boundary between the territory under jurisdiction of Newfoundland, called the ‘Coast of Labrador,” and the province of Quebec was defined by decision of the judicial Committee of the Privy Council on March 1st, 1927, but no actual surveys have yet been made. The surface of New Quebec is rough and rocky in places. The highest portion is near the eastern part where hills rise to a height of 6,000 feet. In the interior, elevations are over 2,000 feet, but along the Hudson bay coast the surface is only a few hundred feet above sea-level. Large rivers flow north and west, and the interior abounds with lakes which are con- nected by rivers and streams, so that it is possible to travel by canoe almost anywhere with a few portages. The size of the lakes varies from 50 to 500 sauare miles. Agriculture.—It is thought that the only part of this territory having any agricultural value is the low-lying region to the east and southeast of James bay. The temperate climate may be taken to extend to cape Jones and to be limited to the shores of James bay. The whole interior of Ungava is a high plateau rising, within a few miles of the Atlantic coast line, to heights between 1,500 and 2,500 feet. The general level of the interior plateau near the central watershed, varies from 1,600 to.1,800. Even if the altitude and climate permitted agri- culture, the soil on this plateau is thin and poor. The soil at Mistassini, which is 1,200 feet above sea level and where there is a Hudson's Bay Company post, is reported to be boulder clay. A crop of potatoes is raised annually, but, owing to the shortness of the season and the prev- alence of summer frosts, they rarely mature without the tops being frozen. Along James bay, south of cape Jones, the low land extends inland from 10 to 30 miles. The general level is not much over 100 feet above sea-level. Here the soil is of clay and sand with alluvium affording good land for cultivation. At Fort George, near the mouth of Fort George river, crops of potatoes and other roots are grown annually and cattle are kept. At the mouth of the Eastmain river the Hudson's Bay Company maintained a small trading post where abundant crops of wild hay were harvested yearly and sheep and cattle were kept. At Rupert House, 1190 28105—083 20 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC on the southern shore of James bay, root crops are grown annually and pats have been successfully raised. According to Dr. A. P. Low's report, the large area of country situated to the south and southeast of James bay is covered by good clay soil capped with sandy loam. With proper drainage this portion of Ungava vould make excellent farm land. Climate.—The climate ranges from cold temperate, on the southern coasts, to arctic on Hudson strait and the high lands of the northern inte- rior, and is generally so rigorous that it is very doubtful if the country will ever be fit for agriculture north of latitude 51 degrees, except on the low- lands near the coast of James bay. The highlands of the interior have only two seasons, winter and summer, the abrupt changes occurring during the first two weeks of June and September. The temperature during the winter season is often very low on the interior high lands. At the North- west River post on lake Melville, where the temperature is moderated by the open sea, the average minimum winter temperature is 45 degree below zero, Fah. In the interior the summer temperature rarely rises above 80 degrees. Timber.—The forests of Ungava are continuous in natural growth over the southern part to between latitudes 52 degrees and 54 degrees, the only exception being the summits of rocky hills. To the northward of latitude 53 degrees, the higher hills are treeless and the size and number of the barren areas rapidly increase. In latitude 55 degrees, more than half the surface of the country is treeless, woods being found only about the margins of small lakes and the river vallevs, and the trees also decrease in size. Owing to the great destruction by forest fires, it is estimated that not more than one-sixth of this territory, known as the sub-arctic zone, has merchantable timber on it. Along the Nottaway river region, where the rainfall is abundant, the forest fires have not been so destructive. White spruce is perhaps the most valuable tree of the district. It grows to large size along the rivers and lakes. A considerable portion of the trees growing inland also attain good size. The black spruce grows more plentifully and a large proportion is of sufficient size for various useful purposes, such as fuel, buildings, railway ties, and pulpwood. Balsam fir grows abundantly throughout the region. White or canoe birch is plentiful in places. These extensive forests if preserved from fire will constitute a valuable reserve for future needs. Minerals.— Little prospecting has been done in New Quebec and the mineral resources are scarcely known. Iron ore appears to be the com- monest and is distributed over large areas, being found along the east NEW QUEBEC OR UNGAVA 121 shore of Hudson bay and on the banks of the Eastmain river. A band running parallel to the coast and 200 miles inland, along the Kaniapiskau river, is also known to contain large deposits of iron, but the intervening country has never been prospected. Rocks resembling the Sudbury or Timiskaming series cover large areas. The lack of soil and forest cover in many places should make prospecting comparatively easy, but the difficulties of transportation and labour are too great for present development. So far as can be seen the rock conditions in Ungava are similar to those which have caused the economic deposits of the Grenville, Timiskaming, Huronian, Animikie, and Keweenawan series of Ontario and Southern Quebec, deposits which have placed these areas among the greatest mining regions of the world. Analyses of a large number of surface samples of the hematite-magne- tite ores of the Nastapoka islands show an iron content, for the better grades of 30 to 40 per cent. All the beds may not be equally rich, but the greater part of them on all the islands appear to be sufficiently so to cons- titute a valuable ore for the manufacture of spiegeleisen. The great abundance of the ore is a prime feature, the ironstone beds being spread over the greater area of the islands. The islands being destitute of timber and the rocks much shattered by frost and weather, the ore may be gathered in inexhaustible quantities. The high percentage of manganese (3.5 per cent) in these ores, renders them valuable for the manufacture of spiegeleisen. Specimens of ore from the Koksoak river show from 19 to 54 per cent of metallic iron and contain no titanic acid. To the south of Swampy Bay river, exposures of ironbearing rocks is almost continuous, and the amount of ore in sight must be reckoned by hundreds of millions of tons. The ore is not everywhere high grade, and probably a large proportion of it would be unprofitable to work, but there is certainly an almost in- exhaustible supply of high-grade ores. Fisheries of Hudson Bay.—In course of time it may be found that the fisheries of Hudson bay will prove to be its greatest natural resource. There is every reason to hope that, when railway communication has been established with James bay, a fishing industry may be developed equal to that of Labrador and the banks of Newfoundland. Sea-run brook trout, whitefish superior in flavour to those taken in lake Superior, weighing from 1 to 6 pounds, are found abundantlv along the entire coast to cape Wolstenholme. Arctic trout or Hearne salmon are found along the northern coast as far south as Seal river. This is a beautiful fish with well-flavoured, dark pink flesh, and it varies in weight from 1 to 15 pounds, the average being about 5 pounds. These fish are salted at Chimo on Ungava bay and 122 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC fetch nearly the same price in London as salted salmon from the same local- ity. They are plentiful about the mouths of the northern rivers and along the coast, and the Eskimos report them abundant at the Belcher and other islands lying off the west coast. It was not definitely known that cod existed in Hudson and James bays, until Dr. Low reported in 1900 that cod were taken at Cape Smith and near Fort George in James bay by members of the expedition. The Eskimos catch them in Nastapoka sound and at the Belcher islands. Inland Fisheries.—Fish of various kinds and of large size are caught in the lakes of New Quebec. The Great Lake Trout is very plentiful in all the larger lakes and weighs from 8 to 25 pounds. Brook trout are common in all the streams, and whitefish weighing 3 to 4 pounds, pike, pickerel, and chub are found in all the lakes. The Atlantic salmon is abundant in the rivers flowing into Ungava bay. Furs.—Foxes are the most numerous of the fur-bearing animals in New Quebec. In order as to quantity they may be rated white, red, cross, black (silver) and blue. Next to foxes, marten are the most nume- rous. It is one of the most abundant and valuable fur-bearing animals in Ungava. Its northern range is practically limited to the southern bound- ary of the semi-barrens, and it is found only in the wooded stretches of the river valleys north of this line. The otter is common throughout the wooded region, and ranges northward into the barren grounds. Beaver is not found north of the thickly wooded area. On the Hudson bay coast it is rare north of Fort George river. Beaver are plentiful on the lower Eastmain river. Mink are common in the lake Mistassini region, and ermine are found everywhere throughout the wooded regions. Other fur-bearing animals include, lynx, fisher, bear, and wolverine. Water-powers.—The interior of Ungava is a huge plateau which rises somewhat abruptly within a few miles of the coast line to heights of 500 to 6,000 feet. The various streams accordingly afford numerous water-powers. On Great Whale river, for instance, within twenty miles of the mouth there are three falls 150 feet, 230 feet, and 65 feet respect- ively. The extensive water-powers of New Quebec constitute a great reserve for future development. APPENDIX 1 Pulp and Paper Mills in Quebec The following table gives a list of the pulp and paper mills of Quebec, fogether with their location, product and daily or annual output. FIRM AND LOCATION OF MILLS PrODUCT Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec City.................. Newsprint. ........ ..... Atkinson, Henry, Ltd., Pont Etchemin. -|Groundwood. eam rmbEss Back River Power Co., Ltd., Sault au Récollet. . Juilding paper........... 30m: pegs rnin 3uilding paper........... Roofing felts. ............ Jeeling fibre board....... Qoofing felt..... . Barrett Company, Ltd., Joliette........ Bennett, Ltd., Chambly Canton........ Bishop & Sons, Ltd., Portneuf Station... Bonaventure Pulp & Paper Co., Chandler.|Unbleached fibre sulphite. Brompton Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd., East Angus and Bromptville... Wrapping......... ..... Board. .:oon:ssmrssnprs ss SOlphate. conus svi emma Groundwood............. Newsprint... ............ Sulphate kraft..... ..... Brown Corporation, La Tuque.......... Building Products, Ltd., Pont Rouge and Portneuf...... elt paper and carpet felt. 3oard and sheating.... 300k specialties... ..... Zolours. ovarian {raft and wrappings..... Sroundwood............ Sulphite.............. Newsprint.............. Pulpwood............... Groundwood............ Sulphite. . . . PR EAEREE ET Newsprint... ............. Sroundwood........eL Sulphite...... ......... Newsprint.........c..... sulphite.....oovvvvinnnnn Sroundwood............ Zraftpulp.......ccoovin Wrapper. ...oooev enone. Newsprint... ............| 3ook and writing papers. . Groundwood............. Soda pulp.. Canada Paper Co., affiliated with Canadz Power & Paper Corpn... dE Canada Paper Co., Windsor Mills... ... Candda Power & Paper Corporation, Grand'Meére. . Shawinigan Falls... Cap de la Madeleine. . Nindsor Mills... OUTPUT 500 daily 7.000 per annum Tons 6,000 “ 1 ,000 “ 3 000 4% 12 daily 4,000 to 5,000 per annum 10. 000 4 9,000 21,000 “ 10,000 “ 26,000 «“ 72,000 “ 240 daily 35 «© 20 “© 50 «© 15 “ 30 «© 50 “" 30 RB 116,700 per annum 15,000 “ 105,000 45,000 177,000 150,000 48,000 78,000 27,000 50,000 ‘8,000 7,500 13,500 15,000 18,000 9.000 Zia) 24 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC PULP AND PAPER MILLS—Continued FIRM AND Location oF MILLS ProbDUCT Canadian International Paper Co.— Three Rivers... .. Newsprint... .. : 3 sroundwood............ sulphite................. VIill wrappers..... ...... Newsprint............... sroundwood............. Sulphite................. Cellulose for rayon silk and high-grade papers. ..... Gatineau. .. Timiskaming. ... Canadian Paperboard Co.. Ltd., Mont oT PTT Dominion Paper Co., Kinsey Falls. .. .. Paperboard. ............ Groundwoor! Cee Sulphate................ Wrapping............... Newsprint.............. Sulphite................ Groundwood. ... . Donnacona Paper Co., Ltd., Donnaconna Strawboard and newsprint WIAPPET.. «ov eevneenn.. Groundwood............. Bleached sulphite......... Unbleached sulphite. . .... Newsprint.............. Specialty papers.......... Vrapping, etc............ Building papers, felt, etc. . Gulf Pulp and Paper Co., Clark City... Groundwood........ Lake Mégantic Pulp Co., Lake Mégantic Groundwood...... Lake St. John Power & Paper Co., Ltd. Dolbeau........................... Newsprint.... . ..... Lotbiniére McCrea, Baker, Inc., Nicolet| Falls..............................|Groundwood pulp. ....... MacLaren, The James Co., Ltd., Bucking bam............................... Groundwood..... Métabetchouan Sulphite & Power Co., Desbiens...........................ISulphite................ Montreal Coated Papers, Ltd., Montreal.[Coated papers.. ....... Murray Bay Paper Co., Ltd., Nairn Falls|Pulp.. Ap News Pulp & Paper Co.. Ltd., St. Ray- mond. Newsprint. ............. Groundwood............ Newsprint.............. Groundwood.... ....... Sulphite.. RE Eastern Paper & Felt Mills Corporation, St. Basile. ..... E. B. Eddv Co.. Ltd.. Hull. Price Bros. & Co.. Ltd.— Rimouski. . . . Kénocami Groundwood............ Newsprint.............. Board.................. Groundwood............ Sulphite................. Board.........cooiunn... Paper................... Groundwoad . LL Riverhend OUTPUT Tons 680 daily 480 « 188 « 23 «© 500 « 384 « 130 ¢ 250 50 « 7 [14 71 « 15" « 230 « 55 £@ 00 36,000 per annum 4,500 + 20,000 “ 38,000 “ 14,000 « 1,800 “ 3,600 “ 15,000 « 15 daily 220 « 7,000 per annum 22,500 “ 40 daily 900 per annum 34 daily rR] 120,000 per annum 105,000 “ 66 000 12,360 159,753 7,725 131,325 44,805 7,725 11,815 19.158 ie of i$ tL I ££ €& tL LIST OF PULP AND PAPER MILLS 25 PULP AND PAPER MILLS—Concluded Firm AnD Location oF MiiLs ProODUCT OUTPUT Tons Board: sis smmiammaroman DADE 0 is ston 3d Shan 04 Groundwood............ Quebec Pulp & Paper Corporation— Chicoutimi. ... Groundwood............. Val albert... .copuceermmsrnmars wes t FR Richard & Co., Quebec............... Counter, board, etc....... Rolland Paper Co., Ltd.— St. Jérbme...... . Special papers............ Mont Rolland...................... Bond, etc., paper......... Ste. Anne Paper Co., Ltd., Beaupré.... .[Pulp....... .. St. Lawrence Paper Mills Co., Ltd, Three Rivers . Price Bros. & Co., Ltd.—Con. Tonquiére. .. Groundwood............. Newsprint............... Pulpwood. . . St. Regis Paper Co, Ltd............... Smith, Howard Paper Mills, Ltd.— Beauharnois. ...... Crabtree Mill... . ..,3ond, bank note, etc...... 1% IBook and writing paper, CLC cummins ss mv v5 mm 4 8 5 0 Groundwood............ Soucy, F. Flo., Old Lake Road......... Groundwood . bor nnn Valleyfield Coated Paper Mills, Ltd., Vallevfield. . . .. Book and litho. paper. ... . Coated boxboard.... .... Warren Company, Ltd., Riviére du Loup.'Groundwood.. ss + sg Wayagamack Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd. Wayagamack Island. cu % .. Sulphate pulp............ : Kraft paper.............. Wayagamack News. Ltd.. . . Groundwood............. Newsprint. . ca Western Quebec Power Mills, Ltd., St Andrews East. . High grade paper special: ties. . . “EB 6 Wilson, J. C., Ltd., Lachute and St. Térbme..... .. RS sroundwood......... LL Wrapping, etc. Co. 7,725 per annum 11,815 « 19 158 100,000 « 33,600 «8 S00 “ 7 daily 25 “$ 280 « 395 « 4,200 per annum 14,000 + 9,000 « 12 daily 3 111 5 «© 10“ 72,000 per annum 36,000 «“ 150 daily 200 2.100 per annum 15 daily 40 él APPENDIX II The following table shows the location, ownership and turbine install- ation of the various developments of 1,000 horse-power or over in the province of Quebec. These total 2,314,733 horse-power and there is an additional 72,385 horse-power installed at smaller sites. RIVER Batiscan............ Black.............. Chaudiére.....:.... Chaudiére, . . . Chicoutimi Chicoutimi......... Chicoutimi. ......... Chicoutimi... ....... Chicoutimi......... Coaticook. . Gatineau............ Gatineau............ Gatineatt........... Gatineau........... Gordon Cr........... Ha Ha.............. Jacques Cartier. ..... Jacques Cartier. ..... Jacques Cartier .. facques Cartier... ... Lidvre. ool... Ligvre.............. Livre. ............. Little Peribonka...... Loup (du)........... Vladeleine........... Aagog....oooooi... Aagog.......u.... Magog. oii Magog.............. Magog.............. Magog.............. Malbaie............. Mars................ Métabetchouan. ..... Métis............... Montmorencvy. . ... . Montmorency....... Montmorencyv. . . [LOCATION Grand Falls. ..... Waltham......... Ole. snisis mney Mégantic......... “hicoutimi........ Chicoutimi........ Chicoutimi. ........ \t mouth......... Sarneau Falls. .... Toaticook.......... Janiwaki......... helsea........... ‘armers.......... ‘augan........... ‘imiskaming... .... srande Baie (4 M.) Jonnacona......... ont Rouge....... St. Gabriel oo ‘ont Rouge........ ‘uckingham...... uckingham....... uckingham....... t. Amédée........ ‘iviére du Loup... Tadeleine (4 M.)... Rock Forest....... “herbrooke......... sherbrooke (3 M.).. Magog. ........... Sherbrooke. ........ vlagog. ........ LL. Nairn Falls. ....... lagotville (6 M.)... Vlétabetchouan.... . Price. sss vris niin St. Louis de Cour ville... Montmorency..... ..Montmorency..... ORGANIZATION North Shore Power Co. (Shawi- nigan Water and Power Co.)... 2embroke Electric Light Co., Ltd. Quebec Power Co. (Shawinigan Water and Power Co.)........ Lake Mégantic Pulp Co......... La Société d'Energie Electrique: du Saguenay................. Juebec Pulp & Paper Mills...... Juebec Pulp & Paper Mills. ..... ‘rice Bros.Co., Ltd.............. Saguenay Electric Co............ T'own of Coaticook... ‘iia Gatineau Power Co............ Gatineau Power Co............ Satineau Power Co............ Gatineau Power Co............ Gatineau Power Co............ ort Alfred Pulp & Paper Corp... Jonnacona Paper Co............ Jonnacona Paper Co............ Juebec Power Co. (Shawiniganl Water and Power Co.)........ 3uilding Products Ltd. .......... as. MacLaren Co., Ltd......... as. Maclaren Co., Ltd. ........ Jectric Reduction Co., Ltd... .. Yuebec-Saguenay Pulp Co....... Varren Co., Ltd............... ‘rown Corp. Ltd.............. _ity of Sherbrooke.............. ity of Sherbrooke.............. ity of Sherbrooke.............. Fown of Magog. ............... southern Canada Power Co... ... dominion Textiles Ltd.......... Abitibi Power & Paper Co., Ltd. . Town of Bagotville.............. ake St. John Light & Power Co. ower St. Lawrence Power Co... Quebec Power Co. (Shawinigan Water and Power Co.)........ Juebec Power Co. (Shawinigan Water and Power Co.)......... Dominion Textile Co., Ltd....... 26 [NSTALLED Horse- POWER 22,400 3.600 4,800 1.550 7,200 10.870 8.350 11,000 3.500 2.000 2,500 102,000 72.000 204.000 24.200 1,300 6.000 3° 200 3,000 1,384 5,850 1,275 *,000 ,500 ,500 ,000 ,000 -,700 ,520 ,600 1,050 3,000 9,000 1,350 1,400 3.700 2,000 5,000 1.000 LIST OF DEVELOPED WATER POWERS 127 APPENDIX I1—Continued RIVER [LOCATION ORGANIZATION Nicolet............. North............... North, ...........0. North....coonsss000 North, o.ouesns essa North (Branch)..... North.............. Jttawa.....ooovnnn Hawa corinne + we HEAWE vs mm «+ wae Dttawa......cooonnnn Dttawa eevee... Jttawa. oven... Juareau.........:... Juareau. ............ Ouiatchouane........ Outardes... vaya Juinze. .. .. Richelieu.... ....... Rimouski............ Rouge ..omnsrss pues Rouge............... Sable (au)........... Sable. .............. Sable. .............. Saguenay............ Sarre (La)...........! Shawinigan.......... Shipshaw............Shipshaw.......... Shipshaw............ Chute Aux Galets....! Ste. Anne de Beaupré. St. Féreol......,... Ste. Anne de la PéradeiSt. Alban......... Ste. Anne de la Pérade'St. Raymond...... St. Frangois.......... Jrummondyville.... St. Frangois.......... Hemmings Falls... St. Frangois.......... Windsor Mills..... St. Frangois.......... 3romptonville...... St. Frangois.......... ‘last Angus....... St. Francois. . ... D'Israehi... ..... Nicolet Falls....... _otbiniére, McCrea, Baker Inc... _achute Mills,.... \yersLtd..................... Mont Rolland..... ‘olland Paper Co., Ltd.. .... .achute........... CC. Wilson, Ltd..... RU 5t. Jérdme......... C. Wilson, Ltd..... ap Ste. Marguerite. .... vatineau Power Co............ it. Jérbme......... Gatineau Power Co............ Jryson............ Gatineau Power Co... ........ Yeschénes......... Gatineau Power Co... ......... ull.............. Satineau Power Co.. cee ............... Gatineau Power Co. .......... Yo eee... Tityof Hullo... dl............... £.B. Eddy Co., Ltd........... Adagnan Fall....... Gatineau Power Co............ Crabtree Mills. ..... Joward Smith Paper Mills, Ltd. Val Jalbert......... Quebec Pulp & Paper Mills..... ciiswniiwnisanes SOTO Paper Coviiiviirngas ms Take-Ke Falls. ..... Canada Northern Power Corpo TALON. tetris Chambly. ........ Montreal Light, Heat and Power’ Cons.......iviiiiiinen 2imouski.......... Price Bros. & Co., Ltd... ..... ‘ell Falls.......... Gatineau Power Co............ “able Falls......... Gatineau Power Co............ onquiére.......... Village of Jonquiére............ onquiére.......... ’rice Bros. & Co., Ltd........... KLenogami.......... rice Bros. & Co., Ltd........... Grande Décharge... Duke Price Power Co........... La Sarre........... La Cie Electrique de La Sarre... ‘Shawinigan Falls... Electric Service Corp. (Shawini-l gan Water and Power Co.).... 2rice Bros. & Co., Ltd........... Price Bros. & Co., Ltd. ......... Quebec Power Co. (Shawinigan' Water & Power Co.).......... 2ortneuf Power Co. (Shawinigan Water and Power Co.)....... News Pulp & Paper Co......... Southern Canada Power Co... .. Southern Canada Power Co..... Canada Power & Paper Co., Ltd. 3romptonville Pulp & Paper Co. 3rompton Pulp & Paper Co...... St. Francis Water Power Co. (Shawinigan Water and Power Codeine City of Sherbrooke.............. Canadian Light & Power Co. (Operated by Shawinigan Water’ and Power Co.)...........un.. Montreal, Light, Heat & Power! Cons... ovine. Montreal Heat, Light & Power TH Pn Montreal Light, Heat & Power C0000 03 gs pats 33 Montreal Cottons, Ltd... .... St. Francois... St. Lawrence. St. Lawrence. ........ St. Lawrence. ........ St. Lawrence......... St. Lawrence [NSTALLED HoRSE- POWER 1,680 3,000 1,325 1,208 1,090 1,865 1,200 15,700 3,195 22,500 1.100 ,000 +, 149 ',300 200 300 200 10,000 71,600 3,150 7,200 1,650 2,500 4,500 26,200 495,000 1.050 1,000 10,800 17,600 24 000 4,000 4,080 19,500 33,600 5,190 10,316 10.701 1,000 5.550 30,400 197,400 16,050 15,800 9’ 360 28 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC APPENDIX 11—Concluded RIVER LOCATION ORGANIZATION Montreal......... The Ogilvie Flour Mills, Ltd. . .. Clarke City....... Gulf Paper & Pulp Co.......... v.a Loutre Falls..... [Quebec Streams Commission... . fa Tuque......... Brown Corporation............. Grand'Mére....... Shawinigan Water and Power Co. (Laurentide Power Co.)........ lLa Gabelle...... . Shawinigan Water and Power Co (St. Maurice Power Co.)....... St. Maurice.......... Shawinigan Falls... Shawinigan Water and Power Co St. Maurice.......... Shawinigan Falls... Shawinigan Water and Power Co. St. Maurice. .. aint Falls... Aluminum Company of Canada Limited............ ..... .. Canada Power & Paper Corp..... Quebec Power Co. (Shawinigan Water and Power Co.)........| Southern Canada Power Co. .... [NSTALLED Horsk- Power 1,650 10,960 1,150 4,400 176,000 120,000 58,500 178,500 52,325 17,910 4,500 1.130 * Compiled by Dominion Water Power and Reclamation Service, Department of the Interior. SOURCES OF INFORMATION N addition to the Natural Resources Intelligence Service of the Depart- | ment of the Interior, Ottawa, Canada, information respecting the natural resources of the province of Quebec and the opportunities offered settlers, artisans, business men and capitalists may be had from the following official sources: — High Commissioner for Canada, Canada Building, Trafalgar Square. London. S.W. 1. England. Agent General for Quebec. 38 Kingsway, London, W.C. 2 England. Superintendent of Immigration for Canada, Canada Building, Trafalgar Square, London, SW. 1, England. Commissioner for Canada. 17 Boulevard des Capucines. Paris, France. Information may also be obtained from the various Provincial Govern- ment departments at Quebec, Canada, more especially the Department of Lands and Forests, Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Colonization. Mines and Fisheries. yu) INDEX ABITIBI, settlement district......... Administration, forest............. Agriculture (See also Farming)...... assistance to by Government... .. demonstration farms. .......... district representatives. ...... be Ungows. cow cov iisniiniomens production, value of .........33, ’ Agricultural districts, Map.... education..... societies. ......... cn Allegheny forest area........... Aluminium. ........ooeuvnn.. Apple growing.................... Areas, field crops................. forest......... eee settlement....... TN Asbestos. ...... Aviation........ BEE-KEEPING....... Provincial aid... . Berthierville............... ... forest rangers’ school. ........... ~ forest nursery........... Big game hunting............... Bilingual teaching.............. Blueberries. ...................... Brick-making.................... Building materials. ............... 89 Butter (See Dairying) ............. 33 CanapiaN National Railways.......15, 16 Canadian Pacific Railway.......... 16 Capital, investment in Quebec indus- tries........... ....08, 111 Cartier, Jacques.................. 8 Chaleur Bay, settlement district.... [1 Champlain, Samuel de............. Chanteclere, poultry............... Cheese (See Dairying) .....o.u..... Chemical Industries............... Chemicals from forest industries... . Chemistry and paper industry...... China clay... Chromite............ Clay Belt.......... deposits... . “wn Cate, ups mp rime se 38 Hd favourable to dairying........... favourable to flax............... of Ungava....... ............. Cod fishery..................ue. Colonization Districts. .......... POBB. convvssnvsinat sonmns es ond Co-operation, in forest protection... in bee-keeping.. . eee in dairying..................... in live-stock industry............ in maple products. . TI Page 113 = Page Co-operative, Quebec Federated Pro- tection Associations. ............ 69 COPPer.. iii... ... 76, 83 County agents (See District Repre- Sentalives)........... ea... Cream separator, first used......... Crop production.................. Crops, field, area. . .. Cee value of..... fodder DJ:00:3'¢ 0. {cI Government assistance. ......... growthof...................... statistics... Dairy School, Provincial........... Demonstration Farms............. Distillation of wood. .............. District representatives. .......... 53 m4 “4 54 28 7 63 37 EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. .. agriculture in..... RE dairy industry...... SW YER manufacturing................. maple products...... mining possibilities.............. settlement. ..... 1, 22, water-powers. ,.. “ducation............. vob 8 3 3 00% agricultural schools. ............. Dairy school, provincial. ......... forestry...... -. higher....... c.. SYStemM. ovine Electrical developments (See Water- POWEFS) eves dustry, use of mica............ Electro-chemical industries. ........ Explorers 11 34 3s Mf 7 7 3 67 29 27 92 82 86 5 FacTORIES, branch. . ornare Farm, acreage.................... live-stock, value................ demonstration. ................. Farmers’ Clubs................... Farming (See also Agriculture). ..... in Abitibi, .... systems of.................. Federated Co-operative. .......... Feldspar....................... Feudal France........ Field Crops, area................. valueof........................CH, Fire, prevention, forest............ Fire-proofing, asbestos .......... Risheries......................... commercial importance.......... deep sea and coastal......... Hudson bav 111 33 51 27 34 2 J £0 -1 0c 00 -02 21 JL Fisheries—Con. inland... oo of New Quebec......... cocoons quantities caught. .............. salt water......... A. value of ovine Fishing, privileges leased........... license fees......... mn ead regulations. ..........00 oil Government bounties............ Fla%....cosssconmins Fodder crops.......c..covvuee.nn. Forest areas....... : administration................. Domanial....... en industries............ «oo... Forest, products, value............ Protection. .....o.vver von. rangers’ school............... research...... FESEIVES. .vvvu rv erens Cee Forestry, school of................ Forests, private... . 25% RE SH unleased......- LEB EELE of Ungava... PITIIY Forest Service. . supervision....... Forest wealth..... Fox farming... ranches........... ...... 0... French Canadian cattle............ French Canadians...... cen Fruit growing. ..... Fruits, small. ... Fur farming. . industry...... production... royalties... statistics. . Ls, FAME, birds. GEIR E fisheries. ...oovuver inne AUNEIRG. cover DIESEIVES. . « tuvvner cern inners privileges leased. ............... regulations... ... Shee EFT oT fisheries......... vw yin BR flax growing.....oo coin ivniannn mining possibilities.............. National Park... ............. Salmon rivers... cesvrns ses ww ssa mineral (copper, etc). .c.vieeen.. Geology of Quebec... Biv § oon Gold.......... CY Gouin dam.........o.cvviviennnnn Government, system of ,........... local self government............ Grain elevators... suis Graphite... Habitant, The..............c.. 00s Hardwood areas.................. industries. , INDEX 131 Page 104 “1 Herring fishery................... Highways (See also Roads)......... Hog raising. .......covivnieinnn. Honey, production of ............. sources of ........ Hunting............. RU regulations........ FR rights-leased.................... Hudson bay fisheries. . Cs Page 103 16 52 49 49 106 107 104 121 .1 2 r] )4 16 4 INDUSTRIES, leading. .............. manufacturing... .............. !mmigration.... eae Insulation, mica. . A. [ron ore. ... KAOLIN... 110 111 112 82 85 88 LABELLE settlement district........ 118 Labour supply.................... 110 Lake St. John settlement district.... 16 Land, occupied..................33, 12 terms to settlers... .............. 112 “ands, forest............. -... .. ’ -aurentian forest area............. plateau............. oie Laurentide Co., reforestation....... Laurentides National Park........ “aval University.......oooevnnenn forest school. .................. -aws, mining. .... Gig REmET EE 0 ease, fishing rights.............. of water POWErS....covvoveneos Legislative Assembly.............. Council......... eee Live-stock. ......cvviiivuinenennn. Government aid................ number of.............. ot production. .......covivrennnn. value ol. ...iciuvnnmrsrmurrmunes 5 Lobster fishery. .................. 104 Loyalists emigration of. ........... 7, 23 Lumber-driving rivers. ............ 13 Lumbering (See also Forests)....... 57 Lr 108 108 50 108 {09 107 104 06 104 104 106 11 102 MacponNaLD College.............. Magnesite. ....ovur cree nenniinenes Manufactures. . nin ¥ 4 5 0 4 3 BE basis of..... wim 80S BREE Rg hh statistics. ..........- Cee maple products................. sugar Products Association....... MatBlBoiscoinssonmes smog snes oui Market-gardening................. Markets, foreign.................. Viatapédia settlement district. ..... McGill Universitv A Mica... EERIE RENEE WE ‘geology... Paints. .....covunn.n. Vpotentialities......... production and value..76, 37 83 110 110 111 a ar 7 105 oh n r~ 4 1: = 15 32 2 24 58 65 9 132 NATURAL RESOURCES OF QUEBEC Minerals of Ungava............ Map......... eee Mining laws........ R213 Molybdenite... Montreal ........................ Moose Hunting. .................. Municipal Government............ Municipalities... . Ce Musk melons ), ame 26 46 NATURAL resources and manufac- tures......... Ce 110 New Quebec...................... 119 North shore water-powers.......... 92 DATs, growing........ Oka, institute. ......... Ottawa river...... water-powers., ...... Quananiche fishing. .. 39 52 0’ 93 105 PAINTS, mineral................... Paper, first mill.................. Paper makers’ school. ..... Paper mills, list of. . Pear growing. ... a. Peat.......................... Physical features Quebec...... Population.................... rural and urban.............. Poultry raising................ valueof ............. ....... Precipitation.................. Price Bros., reforestation. ......... Public Instruction, Council........ Public School system............. Pulp and paper, first mill... .. mills, listof............. ..... numberof...................... industry development........... in relation to water-power........ Pulpwood regulations. ............. QUEBEC Act, 1774. ................ Streams Commission............ Roads svstem. . . . 81 62 67 | 1 . > A 07 f4 6 97 17 RAILWAYS... Reclamation waste land.... ...... Reforestation.................... by private interests. ......... ... Religion in schools. ............... Reserves, forest. .................. Reservoirs, water storage. ......... Richelieu waterway.............. Roads system. ........ . Rouyn, good-copper. . . development ES DY 5 STE. ANNE DE LA POCATIERE. agri- cultural school.................. St. John, lake, district water-powers. St. Lawrence forest area........... St. Lawrence svete - “7 "7 59 13 St. Maurice river. iron industry........ power development............ Salmon, fishery..... - FIVEIS. i eivene veer crrnnnnnnn. Saguenay river. ene School system.................. Settlement areas............... Seven Years’ War................ Shale deposits................... Shawinigan Falls power........... Silver. .oovviii iii South shore water-powers....... Storage reservoirs. ............... Strawberries, varieties............ Sunshine, hours of. . .. Swine raising. Page 95 85 95 103 105 24 Te OC a5 3 3 29 51 TEMISCOUATA settlement........... 117 Temperature.................... 21, 22 Timber (See also Forests and lumber- mits. .oovnn enn inn a .. 60 mUngava. ons nvsssamasamese 130 Timiskaming district.............. 114 Tobacco, varieties................. a+ production..................... 41 Township forest reserves.... ...... 60 Trappist monks.................. 52 DNGAVA. soniommrssmasiamiss nin 19 inland fisheries................. 22 iron ore deposits. . .. en 20 furs.......... RE 22 timber........... eee 20 Water-POWErS. o.oo vive... 122 United Empire Lovalists........... 7, 23 Universities.......... ......... 30 Utrecht. Treaty of Cee 0 WASTE land reclamation........... 72 Water-power and pulp and paper terms of leases. ..... SrwE see 98 Water-powers. ................... 92 development in Quebec..........92, ©~ inCanada..................... © in Eastern townships........... in Hull district. ............... ‘n lake St. John district. ...... ‘n Montreal district............ in Quebec district.............. ‘n St. Maurice river district... .. nn province Quebec. ............ inUngava.................... of Laurentian plateau.......... listof.........o iii, pulp and paper installation....... Waterways...................... Wheat growing... ................ Wood destructive distillation. ... ... Wood usine industries 65 65 YIELD of wheat... VAR Ta 39 RE Information About Canada “HE Natural Resources Intelligence Service _ at Ottawa is a Branch of the Department of the Interior of the Dominion Government, maintained to supply information regarding the Natural Resources of Canada and their develop- ment. Its aim is to centralize and act as a clearing house for information gathered from all available sources, private as well as governmental. Inquiries from tourists, intending settlers, business men, investors and others interested in Canaca will receive prompt and careful attention. NATURAL RESOURCES INTELLIGENCE SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR Orrawa, CANADA PRINTED BY F. A. ACLAND, King’s PRINTER OTTAWA. CANADA § i TLC [I J CHAPTER IV Forests* J 3) 2 th ND 0 lt ¥ ol EET "YHE . forests of Quebec have always been classed among the most valuable resources of the province. During the French regime, the correspondence of the Intendants with the Government - ance contains many references to the timber wealth of the new lane d frequent mention is made of the trade, both actual and botentia b ‘masts, spars, ship timbers and other forest products. Later, when t ° lods were more fully exploited, there emerged the romantic figure o b river driver, that hardy, danger-loving French Canadian who, deftly lanced with pike pole, rode the booms of logs over river and rapid to 1 or tide-water. In the past generation the magnificent white pine the province constituted the most valuable forest type, but the best inds of this tree have now disappeared before the lumberman'’s axe, d the pulpwood spe:ies, principally spruce and balsam, are assuming eading position. The decreasing supply of timber generally throughout the world has sulted in gradually rising prices, and in Quebec, as elsewhere, forest oducts are becoming more valuable. In 1926 the value of prey ‘est products in Quebec amounted to $64,976,437. The mer hantab e rests of the province were valued in 1928 at more than $1,000,000, d were estimated to cover an area of about 120,000,000 acres, Labrador tests excluded. They constitute an important source of provincial venue, and from 1867 to 1927 those under license brought in a revenue $77 008 452 FOREST AREAS ~ O (0) jw] w OQ nN) O — 0 0 } > Northern Areas.—The extreme northern portion of the province at is to say, the region north of the 55th parallel and covering Ungava practically devoid of tree growth, and corresponds in character to the ndras of Siberia. Immediately south of this 1s the sub-arctic region mstituting the forests of the Hudson Bay basin not included in the ctic zone. In area it comprises about 128,000,000 acres not more than ie-sixth of which has merchantable timber on it. The country is rolling id is covered with small lakes and streams and many muskegs. Since « climate is severe, the period of vegetation continuing not more than 7e months, the trees are much smaller than those farther south, and the «cies are few in number, the principal ones being the spruces, balsam, marack, aspen, balm of Gilead and paper birch. Although these forests # Revised by the Department of Lands and Forests, Quebec. cr 94 An up. tage w oo © > ™ oO © TI