SCOPE OF THE FIVE-DAY WEEK MOVEMENT 23

played almost a deciding part in determining the attitude
of employers toward the five-day schedule.
Of the 270 establishments found to be on a permanent
five-day week schedule, 57.3% were closed union shops;
919, of these closed shops were in the garment industries.
The entire employment in the union shops covered was
only 3.1% of the combined employment of the 270 companies
 covered, and only 16.4% of the total employment
when the Ford Motor Company is excluded. Consequently,
although slightly over half of the establishments found to be
on the five-day week basis were working under union agreements,
 the wage earners affected constituted only a small
percentage of the total number of employees known to be
working on the shorter schedule.
Even in the garment industries, in which 86.29, of the
five-day week establishments are closed union shops, the
remaining 13.8% of open shops were found to employ more
workers than the combined total of the much larger number
of union shops. Particularly in the men’s clothing branch
of the garment industries, with its outstanding companies
of considerable size and independent of union control, the
employment of one “open-shop company outnumbers_the
aggregate working force of many small union shops. It is
the adoption of the five-day week by certain of these large
open-shop companies that has brought about the situation
indicated.
It is also interesting to note that while the printing and
lithographing industry is quite widely unionized, particalarly
 in the large urban centers, thirty of the thirty-six
establishments in this industry that reported the adoption
of the five-day week were not union establishments. Furthermore,
 the few union shops were small in size and employed
 together only 4.6% of the wage earners in this industry
 reported as working on the shorter weekly schedule.
Whether the emphasis should be placed upon the number
of establishments on the five-day week or on the number of
wage earners affected depends upon the point of view. The
number of establishments represents the separate instances
of the adoption of this working schedule, the number of
cases where management and working force or management