24 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA 
as follows. Below the River Country came Kanauj, and 
below that Karra, the two together completing the area 
now known as the Doab; but Kanauj had apparently some 
jurisdiction across the Ganges, while Karra extended across 
both rivers. Beyond the Ganges, we find Amroha and 
Sambhal' on the North, and next to these Badiiin. In 
the earlier period, the next province recorded to the East 
of Badatin was Awadh (Ajudhiya, or Fyzabad), but later 
we hear of Sandila between the two; and beyond Awadh 
to the South-East was Zafaribad, which became known as 
Jaunpur when that city was built by Firiz. To the North 
of the Gogra was Bahraich: then came a portion of Awadh 
including Gorakhpur, and then Tirhut, or North Bihar, 
Beyond Tirhut was Lakhnauti, or Western Bengal, 
which was sometimes a province, but usually a king- 
dom, subordinate or independent according to circum- 
stances. 
Crossing the Ganges and returning westwards, we have the 
province then known as Bihar, which was separate from 
Tirhut. The country lying to the West of this Bihir was 
not really within the kingdom, and the next province we 
meet is Mahoba, and next to it Bayana, which was united 
with Gwalior during the periods when that fortress belonged 
to the kingdom. Bayana marched with Mewat, the un- 
administered region South of Delhi to which reference has 
already been made. West of Delhi, the provinces were 
Sirhind, Samana and Hansi (Hissar), and beyond them 
Lahore, Dipalpur, and Multan. The last three were frontier 
provinces; almost throughout the period the Mongols were 
established on or near the Indus, and the danger resulting 
from their presence was a determining factor in the politics 
of the kingdom. 
To the Southward, Gujarat was a recognised province, and 
there were some provinces in Malwa, but the chronicles say 
curiously little about this region, and I am not certain of the 
number. Of Rajputana also, we hear very little: there is 
1 Apparently this part of Rohilkhand was at times administered as part 
of the River Country: I take this to be the meaning of Afif’s occasional 
phrase ‘‘between-and-beyond-the-two rivers.” In one passage (p. 323), 
Barni seems to include Amroha in the River Country, mentioning it, along 
with Meerut, Baran, and Kol, as being under direct administration.