272 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA 
FARMAN. A formal order issued by Emperor or King. 
FATWA. An opinion given by a jurist on a question of Islamic 
Law. 
FAUIDAR. In 14c., a military officer, corresponding roughly to 
General of Division, as being directly under the General in 
chief command. In 16-18c., an officer in charge of the 
general administration of a portion of a province: ordinarily 
he was not concerned with the revenue administration, but 
in 18¢. an officer was occasionally Diwan as well as Faujdar. 
Faujdari. The post, or the charge, of a Faujdar: from 
17c¢., also the general, as distinct from the revenue, adminis- 
tration; and hence, in later times. criminal. as distinct from 
civil, jurisdiction. 
FawAziL (Fawazil). In 13-14c., the surplus-revenue which a 
provincial Governor had to remit to the Treasury, after 
defraying sanctioned expenditure. 
GRAM. Anglicised from Portuguese grao: a pulse (Cicer 
arietinum). 
GUMASHTA (Gumashta). An assistant or subordinate. In the 
Ain, applied to subordinates emploved bv the collector in 
Reserved land. 
GunjAYISH (Gunjayish). “Capacity,” “room.” The technical 
sense is obscure: discussed in Ch. V. sec. 2. 
HAkmM (Hakim). Not a precise designation, but used to denote 
any high executive officer, whether Viceroy of a province 
or Governor of a smaller area. 
HaQQ (Haqq). In addition to the general senses—right, justice, 
truth, etc.—denoted in 13-14c., the perquisites allowed to 
Chiefs, usually in the form of land free from assessment. 
Haqq-i shirb, a term of Islamic law, denoting the right 
accruing to a person who provided water for irrigation. 
HAs. (Hasil). Discussed in App. A. Sometimes used as 
synonym for Mahsil, denoting either Produce or Demand, 
according to the context. From 16c., usuallv means Income. 
as contrasted with Valuation. 
HAvALl (Havali). Environs; but in 13-14c., havali-i Dehli 
denoted a definite administrative area west of the Jumna. 
Hinpu (Hindi). Usually carries the ordinary sense, but in 
Barni (14c.) restricted to the Hindu rural aristocracy, or 
classes superior to ordinary peasants.