276 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA 
ParGaNA. The Indian name for an aggregate of villages: 
Came into official Moslem use in 14c., partially superseding 
Qasba. 
PaTTA (Pattd). Lease. The document given to a revenue- 
payer, indicating the sum which he had to pay. 
PaTwAri (Patwari). The village-accountant, a Hindi term 
adopted from the outset in Moslem administration. 
QaBOLIYAT. Written undertaking given for the payment of 
revenue; the counterpart of a Patta. 
QANGNGo. The pargana accountant and registrar. The position 
certainly existed in the Hindu period, but the Hindi designa- 
tion appears nowhere in the chronicles. The word Qaniin 
in 13-14c. had not acquired the modern sense of “law,” 
but denoted “custom” or “practice”; and Qaniingo must 
be interpreted, not as “expounder of law,” but as “inter- 
preter of custom,” i.e. it denotes the men to whom Moslem 
administrators looked for information regarding the customs 
of their Hindu subjects. 
QARIYAT. A village, synonym of Deh. 
QasBa (Qasba). The current meaning “town” has not been 
found in the chronicles. The earliest writers used gasba 
to denote -a pargana; from Afif onwards, pargana was 
adopted as a Persian word. but gasba survived as an oc- 
casional synonym. 
QAzi (Qazi). An official in the Islamic system, with duties 
mainly judicial, but also executive: there is no precise 
English equivalent, but in the Mogul period the Qazi might 
be described as the judicial assistant of the Governor. 
QISMAT-1 GHALLA (. . . Ghalla). Division of grain. In 16¢. 
a name for assessment by Sharing. 
RABI (Rabi). In India. the winter; the crops grown in winter 
and harvested in spring. 
RAI. RAJA, RANA, RAo. Hindi terms denoting a King or Chief, 
whether independent, or paving tribute or revenue to the 
Moslem King. 
RagaMi. A description applied to Akbar’s first Valuation. Its 
precise significance is obscure, as explained in App. E. 
RAY’. In 16¢c., denotes a schedule of crop-rates prepared for 
assessment purposes, and showing the Demand in terms of 
produce: opposed to Dastir, a schedule of cash assessment 
rates. The word has survived locally in Benares in the 
sense of “rent-rate.’’