APPENDIX H 
277 
Ryot (Anglicised form of Ra‘iyat). A herd, the peasantry as a 
body. The use to denote an individual peasant has not 
been found in the chronicles: the use to denote a particular 
form of tenure. (ryotwiri) belongs wholly to the British 
period. 
SADR (Sadr). In the Mogul period, the designation of a high 
officer whose duties included the supervision of Grants. 
'Vide Blochmann'’s note on the Sadrs of Akbar’s reign, in his 
translation of the Ain, i. 270 ff.) 
SALAMI. A present offered to an official on approaching him. 
SARKAR. In the chronicles usually means a treasury, whether 
belonging to the king or to a noble. Under Sher Shih, 
denoted an administrative district, i.e. an aggregate of 
parganas: under Akbar, a revenue-district. The modern 
meaning “Government” does not appear clearly in the 
chronicles. 
SER. A unit of weight, one-fortieth of a maund, and, like the 
maund, varying with time and with locality. 
SHIQQ (Shiqq). Division. Apparently at first a military term; 
an expeditionary force (lashkar) was divided into main 
groups (fauj), and these again into smaller groups (shiqq). 
In 14c., an administrative area, either a province, or a 
division of a province (vide Ch. II, sec. 1). In 15c., a pro- 
vince. Not used in later times in this sense. 
SHIQQDAR (Shiqqdar). At first, a military rank (vide shiqq); 
later a revenue subordinate. Under Sher Shih, one of the 
officers on the staff of a pargana, also a revenue-collector 
employed by an Assignee. The term survived into 18c. 
to denote a subordinate revenue-official. usually an Assignee’s 
servant. 
SUBA (Siiba). In the Mogul period, a province of the Empire. 
SUYURGHAL (Suyiirghal). In the Mogul period, allowances 
granted by the Emperor, whether paid in cash, or bv Grants 
of land. 
TAFRIQ. The distribution of the Demand, determined by Group- 
assessment, over the individuals composing the group. 
Tarug (Ta‘allug). Dependency. Came into. use at end of 
17¢. (vide Ch. V, sec. 5), to denote possession of land, what- 
ever the title. Has been specialised in the British period to 
denote particular titles, which differ in different provinces, 
Taluadar denotes the holder of a taluqg.