276 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA ParGaNA. The Indian name for an aggregate of villages: Came into official Moslem use in 14c., partially superseding Qasba. PaTTA (Pattd). Lease. The document given to a revenue- payer, indicating the sum which he had to pay. PaTwAri (Patwari). The village-accountant, a Hindi term adopted from the outset in Moslem administration. QaBOLIYAT. Written undertaking given for the payment of revenue; the counterpart of a Patta. QANGNGo. The pargana accountant and registrar. The position certainly existed in the Hindu period, but the Hindi designa- tion appears nowhere in the chronicles. The word Qaniin in 13-14c. had not acquired the modern sense of “law,” but denoted “custom” or “practice”; and Qaniingo must be interpreted, not as “expounder of law,” but as “inter- preter of custom,” i.e. it denotes the men to whom Moslem administrators looked for information regarding the customs of their Hindu subjects. QARIYAT. A village, synonym of Deh. QasBa (Qasba). The current meaning “town” has not been found in the chronicles. The earliest writers used gasba to denote -a pargana; from Afif onwards, pargana was adopted as a Persian word. but gasba survived as an oc- casional synonym. QAzi (Qazi). An official in the Islamic system, with duties mainly judicial, but also executive: there is no precise English equivalent, but in the Mogul period the Qazi might be described as the judicial assistant of the Governor. QISMAT-1 GHALLA (. . . Ghalla). Division of grain. In 16¢. a name for assessment by Sharing. RABI (Rabi). In India. the winter; the crops grown in winter and harvested in spring. RAI. RAJA, RANA, RAo. Hindi terms denoting a King or Chief, whether independent, or paving tribute or revenue to the Moslem King. RagaMi. A description applied to Akbar’s first Valuation. Its precise significance is obscure, as explained in App. E. RAY’. In 16¢c., denotes a schedule of crop-rates prepared for assessment purposes, and showing the Demand in terms of produce: opposed to Dastir, a schedule of cash assessment rates. The word has survived locally in Benares in the sense of “rent-rate.’’