APPENDIX H 279 system was in force. In later times zabti denoted a revenue- rate, or rent-rate, levied on the area sown. and varying with the crop. ZaMINDAR. Lit. “land-holder.” The word does not necessarily imply any particular claim or title, and in 18c. was used in Bengal to denote any sort of holder (vide Ch. VII, sec. 2). In the literature of North India, from 14c. onwards, it meant what I have called a Chief, that is, a landholder with title or claim antecedent to Moslem rule, commonly a Réja, Rio, or some other Hindu King, or ex-King, who had become tributary to the Moslem State. It is occasionally applied also to rulers who had not become tributary.