PRE-WAR PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 17 
depended on woman and child labor, and were character- 
ized by exceptionally low wage levels, In communities 
where other basic industries, such as iron and steel manu- 
facturing and coal mining, were localized, secondary indus- 
tries were established with the object of taking advantage 
of the low wage standards of the men by securing cheap 
woman and child labor from their families. The cen- 
tralizing of cigar and “stogie,” candy, paper box, clothing, 
and millinery manufacturing in Pittsburgh and other steel- 
manufacturing centers, and of hosiery, knit goods, and silk 
manufacturing in the anthracite coal-mining fields, and of 
shoe factories in bituminous coal-mining areas, were ex- 
amples of this general tendency.? 
NEw PrINCIPLES ADVOCATED 
Altho this was the situation as to actual methods and 
conditions, and altho new principles as to fixing wages 
were not generally accepted prior to the war, nevertheless, 
new conceptions as to what wages should be were con- 
stantly and earnestly put forward during this period, and 
vigorously advocated, especially in connection with wage- 
arbitration proceedings. As a matter of fact, the educa- 
tional work done in this way, as well as the agitation car- 
L For details as to this general situation, see: 
Final Report of U. S. Commission on Industrial Relations, Washington, 
Government Printing Office, 1915. 
Jaret of U. S. Immigration Commission—Vols. VI-XXVIII—Washington, 
Bureau of Labor, “Women and Child Wage Earners in the United States,” 
1910, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2nd Session. 
U. S. Public Health Service, Bulletin No. 76, 1916. 
U. S. Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor, 1915, “Study of Infant 
Mortality in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.” 
U. S. Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor, 1915, “Study of Infant 
Mortality in Montclair, New Lrrsey.” 
U. S. Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor, 1917, “Study of Infant 
Mortality in Manchester, New Hampshire.” 
U. S. Provost Marshal, Second Report to the Secretary of War on the 
Selective Draft Service, December, 1918. 
The Pittsburgh Survey, 1910, Russell Sage Foundation. 
“A Living Wage,” John A. Ryan, 1920. 
“Labor’s Crisis,” Sigmund Mendelsohn, 1920. 
oq, 0nditions of Labor in American Industry,” Lauck and Sydenstricker, 
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