PRE-WAR PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 29 
Amusements (movies, vacations, picnics, etc.).......$ 30.00 
Education and literature. ceee. 11.00 
Insurance and savings. . cee. 130.00 
Comforts (tobacco, candy, Christmas, etc.).... .. 30.00 
Organizations ........ 20.00 
Dental and medical care......... .. 60.00 
Incidentals (stamps, barbers, stationery, etc.). ca. 25.00 
Household (furniture, laundry, tools, etc.).. 40.00 
Miscellaneous (exigencies and waste). 20.00 
$366.00 
The total cost of the budget accepted by the Board for 
fixing wages as a standard of minimum comfort for one 
year for a family of five was $1,505.60.1 
In September, 1917, another Arbitration Board in Oak- 
land, California, which had been appointed to adjust the 
wages of the street railway employees of that city, asked 
Professor M. E. Jaffa, of the College of Agriculture of 
the University of California, to prepare a study relative 
to recent increases in living costs. As reports had also 
been requested from several other members of the faculty, 
Professor Jaffa finally left the matter of total family 
income to the economists and emphasized in his report the 
purely nutritional aspects of food in relation to the earn- 
ings of workingmen’s families, the minimum requirements 
of an average family before the danger line of undernour- 
.shment was reached, and the consequent effect of low 
wages on health.? 
For the same Board, Doctor Jessica B. Peixotto, of the 
University of California faculty, prepared a detailed 
budget of the minimum outlay required for a wage-earner’s 
"1 “Standards of Silvey A Compilation of Budgetary Studies,” Bureau of 
Applied Economics, Was ington, D. C., 1920, pp. 96-101. 
2 Ibid——pp. 119-125.