280 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES 
LABORERS 
Philadelphia—Bureau of Municipal Research........... $1,926 
Detroit—Visiting Housekeepers’ Association........... 2,032 
California—State Civil Service Commission.... ...... 2,101 
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS 
(Presumably Factory Workers) 
New York City—Bronx—Nat’l Industrial Conference 
Board coanvsiivsisonsinis bemmniane dmeewmnsovs 
New York City—Brooklyn—Nat’l Industrial Conference 
Board .. 
CLERICAL WORKERS 
New York Bureau of Municipal Research.............. 
New York National Industrial Conference Board— 
Richmond ....- 
Brooklyn ..... . ......- 
Washington Government Employee......cvue.. 
California—State Civil Service Commission... .. eevee. 
2,173 
2,203 
2,084 
2,011 
3,067 
The budgets upon which the foregoing costs are based, 
with the exception of the California Civil Service Commis- 
sion, make no provision for savings, and provide only for 
the minimum requirements of health and decency. In the 
light even of these minimum requirements, the annual 
earnings of the majority of our unskilled laborers and fac- 
tory workers—which, as shown above, at a maximum 
range only from $1,200 to $1,500—are, to say the least, ob- 
viously inadequate. The Reverend John A. Ryan, of the 
Social Action Department of the National Catholic Wel- 
fare Council, forcibly called attention to this condition of 
affairs in the course of a Labor Day statment for 1928, 
as follows: 
In the United States at the present time we are in danger 
of yielding to a false sense of industrial security. Strikes 
have become relatively infrequent; class feeling has appar- 
ently diminished; socialism, which troubled us so greatly a 
few years ago, has all but disappeared. Yet to assume that 
this is an adequate picture of labor conditions is to deceive 
ourselves.