22 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES “probably permits the maintenance of a normal standard, at least so far as the physical man is concerned.” The economic and social effects of lower incomes were also shown by him at that time to be as follows: $400- $600- $800- $900- $1100 Annual Family Income $599 $799 $899 $1099 and over Per Cent. of Families Under- fed ..uvneiqursniiiiscivos 78 2 22 Per Cent. of Families Under- clothed ......covvevenn... 88 >7 22 Per Cent. of Families Over- crowded ................ 068 58 53 Per Cent. of Families Under- fed and Underclothed.... 68 15 10 ——— This conclusion of Doctor Chapin as to a minimum annual family income of $900 being essential to a subsis- tence standard of living was corroborated by an inquiry of the British Board of Trade into the cost of living in American towns in 1909. Mrs. Louise B. More’s investi- gation in 1906, in New York City, also showed that “at least $728 a year” was essential. A special committee of the New York State Conference on Charities and Correc- tions reported in 1907 that on the basis of a conservative estimate of basic needs “$825 is sufficient for an average family of five individuals.” Professor J. C. Kennedy's investigation in 1914 of the families of Chicago Stockyard workers stated that the “necessary minimum expenditure for each family of five would be $800” annually. Doctor Chapin’s conclusions were also verified by the reports during the same year of the New York Factory Investigating Commission and the New York City Bureau of Standards. About seven years later—in 1914—the minimum budget for a textile worker’s family in Phila- delphia was estimated at $1,071. In 1915 the Chicago Street Railway Conductors and Motormen, in the course