PRE-WAR PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 29 Amusements (movies, vacations, picnics, etc.).......$ 30.00 Education and literature. ceee. 11.00 Insurance and savings. . cee. 130.00 Comforts (tobacco, candy, Christmas, etc.).... .. 30.00 Organizations ........ 20.00 Dental and medical care......... .. 60.00 Incidentals (stamps, barbers, stationery, etc.). ca. 25.00 Household (furniture, laundry, tools, etc.).. 40.00 Miscellaneous (exigencies and waste). 20.00 $366.00 The total cost of the budget accepted by the Board for fixing wages as a standard of minimum comfort for one year for a family of five was $1,505.60.1 In September, 1917, another Arbitration Board in Oak- land, California, which had been appointed to adjust the wages of the street railway employees of that city, asked Professor M. E. Jaffa, of the College of Agriculture of the University of California, to prepare a study relative to recent increases in living costs. As reports had also been requested from several other members of the faculty, Professor Jaffa finally left the matter of total family income to the economists and emphasized in his report the purely nutritional aspects of food in relation to the earn- ings of workingmen’s families, the minimum requirements of an average family before the danger line of undernour- .shment was reached, and the consequent effect of low wages on health.? For the same Board, Doctor Jessica B. Peixotto, of the University of California faculty, prepared a detailed budget of the minimum outlay required for a wage-earner’s "1 “Standards of Silvey A Compilation of Budgetary Studies,” Bureau of Applied Economics, Was ington, D. C., 1920, pp. 96-101. 2 Ibid——pp. 119-125.