280 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES LABORERS Philadelphia—Bureau of Municipal Research........... $1,926 Detroit—Visiting Housekeepers’ Association........... 2,032 California—State Civil Service Commission.... ...... 2,101 INDUSTRIAL WORKERS (Presumably Factory Workers) New York City—Bronx—Nat’l Industrial Conference Board coanvsiivsisonsinis bemmniane dmeewmnsovs New York City—Brooklyn—Nat’l Industrial Conference Board .. CLERICAL WORKERS New York Bureau of Municipal Research.............. New York National Industrial Conference Board— Richmond ....- Brooklyn ..... . ......- Washington Government Employee......cvue.. California—State Civil Service Commission... .. eevee. 2,173 2,203 2,084 2,011 3,067 The budgets upon which the foregoing costs are based, with the exception of the California Civil Service Commis- sion, make no provision for savings, and provide only for the minimum requirements of health and decency. In the light even of these minimum requirements, the annual earnings of the majority of our unskilled laborers and fac- tory workers—which, as shown above, at a maximum range only from $1,200 to $1,500—are, to say the least, ob- viously inadequate. The Reverend John A. Ryan, of the Social Action Department of the National Catholic Wel- fare Council, forcibly called attention to this condition of affairs in the course of a Labor Day statment for 1928, as follows: In the United States at the present time we are in danger of yielding to a false sense of industrial security. Strikes have become relatively infrequent; class feeling has appar- ently diminished; socialism, which troubled us so greatly a few years ago, has all but disappeared. Yet to assume that this is an adequate picture of labor conditions is to deceive ourselves.