120 WESTERN HEMISPHERE IMMIGRATION

laborers all around, accustomed to the climate where the steel mills
were located, who were accustomed in some measure to mechanical
industry. That is not true of us. We are in the desert. We have
no mass of labor to draw from, and nobody is going out there to do
our work; and yet the work has to be done, and you should consider
before you cut off that supply of labor. I am not speaking now
alone of the railroads, but I am speaking of the farmer, and primarily
of the farmer. - So that I say before you take away the laborer who
is going to raise farm products, and incidentally the labor that has
to be kept in employment so that the farm products, when raised,
will have a value, try to get some information in which you can
place reasonable confidence as to where the labor is coming from to
raise those crops, where the labor is coming from to do the work
commonly done by common, unskilled labor, in the West and the
Southwest.
The CuairmMan. It is just possible you people might be able to
induce some of it back from Youngstown and Johnstown and Pittsburgh
 and Chicago. You might be able to pull some of it back.
We have heard they want to go home.
Mr. McInnis. If we were to pull it all back, it would be but a
drop mn the bucket in that great region. I doubt very much whether
it can be gotten back.
The Cuairman. Why can it not?
Mr. McInnis. The steel mills have taken it.
The CrairmaN. Can they do better there?
Mr. Mclnnis. The steel mills pay better than the railroads. I do
not know the exact figures, but I am sure that is true. I think they
pay also better than the farmers pay; and there they have a tremendous
 advantage over us and the farmers. We can not pay above
a certain scale. We are a regulated industry. Now, the regulation
does not go to the fixing of the wage which we pay, but it does go to
the fixing of the earnings from which we can pay the wage.
The farmer, above all, is between the two millstones. As has been
stated by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and as has been
stated by Congress, and as will be stated by the representatives of
the farming industry here—you will observe that I, as a railroad man,
am not conceding that their statement will be correct—farming out
there is subject to a depression. The farmer can not pay more for
his wage—I mean in a substantial degree—and compete with the
commodities raised elsewhere. But all that is purely a hypothesis,
which is theoretical only, because if he would pay more for his wage,
the white man will not do that work, and the negro is not there.
The Crairman. We are very much obliged to you. Your statements
 have been informative.

STATEMENT OF D. B. WILEY, MANAGER, ARIZONA FARM BUREAU,
PHOENIX, ARIZ.

Mr. Winey. I am manager of the Arizona Farm Bureau.
The Cuarrman. Is business good?
Mr. WiLey. Comparatively so; yes, sir.
The Cuarrman. Is everybody prosperous in Arizona?
Mr. Winey. Not evervone: no. sir.