WESTERN HEMISPHERE IMMIGRATION

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Mr. MancuM. My ranch is in Zavalla County, and mv home is in
Maverick County. Eagle Pass is my home,
The CuarirMaN. Are there Mexicans slipping over the border around
there, in any numbers?
Mr. Mangum, Well, yes; there is some of that, of course. That is
8 brushy country, and they move up and down the border, and the
river is very shallow, and they can wade across at anv point.
The CratrMaN. And do?
Mr. Mancum. Yes.
The CuairmMaN. Do you assist in that in any wav?
Mr. Mangum. No, sir.
The CrairmMan. Does your boss send the word over?
Mr. Mangum. No; we do not have to do that. We draw our men
from the locality.
The CuarrmaN. Those men that slip over are known as wetbacks?
Mr. Mangum. Yes.
The CrairmaN. Is that where they take their shoes away from
them to keep them on this side?
Mr. Mangum. It probably is.
The CuairmMaN. No attempt is made to hold them?
Mr. Mangum. What do you mean by that?
The CualrMAN. Any attempt to control them and control their
movements?
Mr. Mancun. Certainly; there is the border patrol there.
The Cuairman. No; I do not mean that. Is there or not any
effort on the part of the employers to restrain the movements of the
Mexicans they hire themselves?
Mr. Mancum. No.
The CrairmMaN. They can come and go as they please?
Mr. Mangum. Yes.
Mr. Free. You made the statement that vou paid $2.50 a dav
on this side of the river?
Mr. ManauMm. Yes.
Mz. Free. In the harvest season some of your men leave because
they can get higher wages elsewhere?
Mr. Mangum. They do. I do not know what the wages are, but
they get paid so much a crate for spinach and a certain amount for
other crops, and that makes a higher wage than we pav in our cattle
business.
Mr. Leavitt. Do those men on the ranch get bed and board?
Mr. Mancum. The ones we gather for collecting cattle for shipment
 to the West, and so forth, are furnished with board.
Mr. CasLe. Do you know the wage for work on the agricultural
crops around there?
Mr. Mangum. No; I do not.
Mr. Casre. Is it not $2.50 a day without board?
Mr. Mangum. That is for the men that stay on the ranch. They
are furnished with milk cows and a garden, and things of that kind.
The CuatrMaN. They do not have to pay much for food?
Mr. Mangum. I do not know, really, what it costs to board a man.
The way those Mexicans live, it is a nominal amount.
The CuarrMAN. Is their standard of living good?
Mr. Mangum. Very good, indeed