WESTERN HEMISPHERE IMMIGRATION 159

ber, I filed answers to a questionnaire which I sent to all beet-sugar
companies. One of the questions was:
In addition to laborers secured in the vicinity of the factories, from what
other points were field laborers secured in the 1926-27 campaign? }
In asking this question I wanted to get a composite picture of the
sources from which the companies attempted to secure hand labor,
and whether, when it was needed, they flocked to the border with
the sole idea of hiring Mexican labor to the exclusion of other classes.
Let me read a list of the cities from which companies stated they
secured a portion of the labor:
St. Louis, Mo.; Topeka, Kans.; Pueblo, Colo.; Trinidad, Colo.;
Las Cruces, N. Mex.; Kansas City, Mo.; Des Moines, Iowa; Minneapolis,
 Minn.; Amarillo, Tex.; Houston, Tex.; Fort Dodge, Towa"
Hastings, Nebr.; El Paso, Tex.; Fort Worth, Tex.; Davenport,
Iowa; Grand Island, Nebr.; Topeka, Kans.; Los Angeles, Calif.;
Chicago, Ill; Rocky Ford, Colo.; Las Vegas, N. Mex.; St. Joseph,
Mo.; Sioux City, Iowa; Fort Worth, Tex.; Arkansas City, Ark.:
St. Paul, Minn.; Albuquerque, N. Mex.; Lincoln, Nebr.; Dallas,
Tex.; Qualia, Nebr.; San Antonio, Tex.; Pueblo, Colo.; Salt Lake
City, Utah; Ogden, Utah.
As has been testified before this committee, the transportation of
the laborer to the beet fields is paid either by the company or the
farmer. From a spirit of economy, therefore, the beet-sugar companies
 endeavor to secure as much labor as possible within the vicinity
of the factory. If this source is inadequate, they go to the nearest
large city. If they are unable to secure sufficient additional laborers
there, they go to the next large city, and so on, and after the cities
are combed, if the supply is still insufficient, then the companies go
to the border for so-called Mexican labor. The farther away from
the factory this labor is secured, the more expensive it is to the farmer
or the company; hence; from an economic standpoint, the distant
labor is used as a last resource.
Mr. DicksTEIN. We had one witness who testified as to what effort
has been made to get white labor. It appears from all the testimony,
Or the great weight of the testimony, that they go direct to the Mexican
 Jaborer, without any effort being made to get American labor or
other white labor. It is claimed that 5,000,000 people are now out
of work.
Up to this point there has been no evidence to show that any
particular effort was made. instead of cheap Mexican labor. to obtain
white labor.
Mr. Austin. From the economical standpoint, we want to get all
the labor we can in the locality of the factory.
Mr. Dickstein. That is a good argument; but there has been no
evidence at all in the entire record of both this vear and last year, so
far as T can read it.
Mr. Austin. 1 filed an answer to a questionnaire, I think in the
last record, and gave them quite a little evidence on those lines. I do
Not have it with me. But as a rule our people go to the nearest large
City, after exhausting the supply in the locality, and go from that
City if they can get labor to do the work on the farms. ’
Mr. Dickstein. Your economic condition is not an argument in
the case. Then whatever vou pay out for railroad fares, you make