332 WESTERN HEMISPHERE IMMIGRATION

simply because they happen to settle on the other side of the river,
and their cousins and brothers settled on this side; then when the
boundary was ultimately determined, those on the other side became
Canadians and their brothers and cousins here became Americans.
They had crossed and recrossed the river to help each other for
many years. That was fine until our restricted Immigration acts
came into existence, and from that time they have had a very material
 effect upon the people coming to the United States, and particularly
 so since the decision of the Supreme Court in the Detroit
case. Since then no potato pickers have been allowed to come into
the United States, with the result that in Canada they were paying
$1.75 or $2 a day for picking potatoes, and we in the State of Maine,
just across the river, were paying as high as $10 a day.
Mr. Frer. To what did you refer when you mentioned the Detroit
case?
Mr. Gurnac. That is a case that went into the Supreme Court
from Detroit, I think it was. It dealt with the right of a man to
cross the river into the United States for the purpose of working.
The Cramrman. Immigration from Canada to the United States
fell off last year, did it not?
Mr. Guinac. I do not know what the figures are.
The Cmarrman. I had the figures here a little while ago. Anyway,
 I know it fell off,
Mr. GuLnac. Canada will welcome that news. As you know, a
great many interests in Canada would welcome a restriction placed
upon Canadian immigration so that so many of the Canadians could
not come here.
The Cratrman. You have learned that from officials in Canada?
Mr. Gurnac. Yes, sir; as late as a month ago.
The Cuarrman. Were they prominent officials there?
Mr. GuLnac. Yes, sir.
The CrarrmaN. You say that Canada would prefer that her people
20t come to the United States?
Mr. GuLnac. Yes, sir.
Mr. Box. Have you not observed that when Canada has a great
many people coming to it from Europe there is a corresponding drift
of her people into the United States?
Mr. Gur~ac. Yes, sir.
Mr. Gisson. Is not Canada trying to get immigrants from other
sountries?
Mr. GuLnac. Yes, sir; verv much so.
Mr. Gisson. My information is to the effect that the fare from
England to Winnipeg has heen reduced to $15 a person, in order to
encourage immigration.
Mr. Guinac. The fare is very low, but I do not know exactly what
it is. Practically speaking, the English Government has subsidized
those who go to Canada. The Canadian Pacific Railway and the
Canadian National Railway and almost every western Province in
Canada have representatives in Europe. I think you will find that
for several years the immigration from Canada into the United States
exceeded the total immigration into Canada from all countries, notwithstanding
 the strenuous efforts made by way of reduced fares and
other means to get people to Canada. Repeating, I believe Canada