334 WESTERN HEMISPHERE IMMIGRATION

involved. These men would come across into the United States and
return to Canada after they had finished the work we have for them,
The CualRMAN. You want an increased tariff for this particular
article, but you want foreign labor to do the work; and to increase
2 tariff will probably raise the price of potatoes a little in New York
ity.
Mr. Guinac. I question that. Ihave been told by the Department
of Commerce that when the total crop in the United States exceeded
400,000,000 bushels it almost invariably drove down the price
of potatoes. It has not been the Canadian potatoes that have set the
market or the cost.
The Cuairman. You want a tariff upward and a condition under
which contract labor can come in to do some of the work to take care
of the situation here?
Mr. Gurnac. If we can’t get it here.
The CuarrmaN. The tariff goes to the article and not to the hands?
Mr. GuLnac. Yes, sir.
The Cuairman. Is that equitable and fair?
Mr. Gurnac. If T were Representative Snow I would be anxious
to see such a thing done because of my constituents. I do not feel
that I know enough to express an opinion in regard to a tariff matter.
I am not in polities in any way and have no justification for an expression
 of opinion along that line. I spoke of the tariff because that is a
little aid in connection with the cost of harvesting potatoes, while
there is no tariff upon the newsprint. As I have said, the Canadian
mills to-day are setting the price for newsprint, and they are going
to set the price for your mills in Washington and Oregon, as well as
for the mills in the State of Maine.
Mr. Free. Why do we have literacy tests?
Mr. GuLnac. I spent 10 years in the woods of Canada and Newfoundland.
 Some of the finest people you would want to meet anywhere
 are to be found in Newfoundland and many of them can not
read or write their own language. It is the English language with
practically all of them. There are no French in Newfoundland,
except a small number on the south shore. Those people are mostly
from England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Mr. Free. They are real Englishmen?
Mr. Guunac. Yes.
The CuarrMaN. Are they more than one generation away?
Mr. Gurnac. Yes, sir; probably five or six generations away.
Mr. Free. Do they not have schools there?
Mr. GuLNac. The school system is denominational. For instance,
 in the place I was, and where we built some 35 houses for our
employees, there was a Church of England, a Roman Catholic Church,
and the Methodist Church, and the total appropriation for school
purposes was $49 a year. There was an English colony there, and the
educational system is all denominational. The government makes
an appropriation of so much, and it is allotted to the Church of
England, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Methodist Church
in each section, the amount allotted to each section depending upon
the percentage of each denomination in that section. 1 happened to
have the honor of later establishing the first undenominational school
in Newfoundland. I refused to give any of our company’s money