Tabour Office Oovernment vf Bombap Report on an Enquiry into Wages and Hours of Labour in the Cotton Mill Industry, 19926 Prepared by the Labour Office, Government of Bombay Published by order of the Governor in Couneil [Price—Annas 8 or 104.] BOMBAY PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1930 Dbtainable from the Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Bombay, or through the High Commissioner for India, India House. Aldwveh. London. W.C. 2, or through any recognized Booksellers il E716 EIGENTUla DES IN STIT UTS WELTY" RTSCHATT OTHER “274 Labour Office Bowernment of Bombay Report on an Enquiry into Wages and Hours -of Labour in the Cotton Mill Industry, 1926 Prepared by the Labour Office, Government of Bombay Published by order of the Governor in Council BOMBAY PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS G30 hE TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ie Carrer I—Method of Conducting the Enquiry ‘3 The Scope and Character of the Enquiry i, . Age and Sex distribution of the Workpeople covered by the Census .. .. .. .. Some difficulties in connexion with the Census .. .. [I—Methods of Wage Payments .. _ 27 a Difficulties in tabulation owing to variations in methods of wage payments .. .. °F: II—Hours of Work, Intervals, Overtime, elc. Hours of work .. ve Intervals 2 - Overtime , .. .. _- Exemptions re Hours of work .. IV—Aitendance and Absenteeism .. ""—Rates of Wages .. Lu . . .. T— Limitations in Comparison as between Centres or with previous years I—Earnings “es ve 1% Meaning of the term * Average *’ .. Manner of the presentation of the results Average daily earnings ys .s Average monthly earnings of all workers Average monthly earnings of full time workers farnings in the main employments— Head Jobbers and other Jobbers .. Weavers ve - .a Ring Spinners 25 +3 Winders is Reelers 8% Ce 4 Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frame Tenters Frequency of Earnings + ai Earnings of Mill Clerks - 4 VIII—Bonus and Fines .. “i +5 Meaning of the term ‘ Bonus ” Pp Extent of the prevalence of the system Manner of the presentation of the results Methods of calculating the Bonus win Number of workers covered by Bonus Schemes Amount of Bonus earned .. Fines PAGES. 1.2 3-12 10 10 11 153.17 16 18-21 12 19 20 21 22.28 29.36 37-40 11.60 a res “ny AO ‘4 46 -y 53 35 0 £ 6] t 4 66 RG Statistical Tables Tape I—Table showing frequency of attendance in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—Bv Departments —Male Operatives gon wo wi won II—Table showing frequency of attendance in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—By Departments —Female Operatives 5a wi ‘ ie IIT—Table showing frequency of attendance in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—By Departments —Al Operatives (Men and Women) .. se - IV—Table showing numbers of Male operatives who worked full time and their proportion to the total number of workers returned - vo .. .. .. V.—Table showing numbers of Female operatives who worked full time and their proportion to the total number of workers returned . £3 £7 ss - VI—Table showing numbers of Adult operatives who worked full time and their proportion to the total number of workers returned 4 68-71 72-73 74-77 78-79 80-81 RO_K3 MO RB Qe CONTENTS TABLE VII—Percentage absenteeism in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City during July 1926—By Departments . VIII—Percentage absenteeism in 16 representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in two Haptas covering May 1926 —DBy Departments ey oi “ ve IX—Percentage absenteeism in 2 representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926-—By Departments .. X-:—Average earnings in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—Classified by Occupations .. we XI—Average earnings in 16 representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in two Haptas covering May 1926—Classi- fied by Occupations ~ .. or ve .. XIT—Average earnings in 2 representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City in July 1926—Classified by Occupations .. 5s XI I—Table showing Frequency of Monthly Earnings in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926— By Departments—Male Operatives .. oe .. 112-115 XIV—Table showing Frequency of Monthly’ Barings in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in Julyl1926—By Departments—Female Operatives .. % 4 .. 116-117 XV—Table showing Frequency of Monthly Earnings in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—By Departments—All Operatives (Men and Women) ve XVI—Table showing Hrequency of Daily Earnings in 16 represen- tative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in two Haptas covering May 1926—Male Operatives .. oe XVII—Table showing Frequency of Daily Earnings in 16 represen- tative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in two Haptas covering May 1926—Female Operatives 2g it XVIII—Takle showing Frequency of Daily Earnings in 16 represen: tative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in two Haptas covering May 1926—Adult Operatives t we XIX—Table showing Frequency of Daily Earnings in 16 representative Cotton Mills in Abmedabad City "in two Haptas covering May 1926—Children - Np vs ws XX—Table showing Frequency of Monthly Earnings in 2 represen- tative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926—Male Operatives . “x s I. XXI—Table showing Frequency of Monthly: Earnings in 2 represen- tative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926— Female Operatives i. ° is iv XXI—Table showing Frequency of Monthly Earnings in 2 represen- tative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926— Adult Operatives “4 oh eo a. XXIII—Table showing Frequency of Monthly Earnings in 2 representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926—Children .. ‘. 23 yp XXIV—Table showing Bonus paid to Male Operatives in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City during July 1526 .. oe 3 vs XXV-—Table showing Bonus paid to Female Operatives in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City during July 1926 on .. . . XXVI—Table showing Bonus paid to Adult Operatives in 19 i Cotton Mills in Bombay City during July 926 ” . wn .. XXVII—Table showing Bonus paid to Male Operatives in 16 representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in two Haptas covering May 1926 . vir mA »» XXVIII—Table showing Bonus paid to Female Operatives in 16 representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in 2 Haptas covering May 1926 0 ve . - XXIX—Table showing Bonus paid to Adult Operatives in 16 representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in 2 Haptas, covering May 1926 Pagzrs KR-89 90 98 99.105 106-110 122.129 132-139 140 142.145 146-147 148-151 152 153 154 1565 156 157 158 CONTENTS Pages TaBrLE XXX-—Table showing Bonus paid to Children in 16 representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad City in 2 Haptas covering May 1926 - ve wi wy XXXI—Table showing Bonus paid to Male Operatives in 2 representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July ©. 19% .. .- .. .. , XXXII—-Table showing Bonus paid to Females Operatives in 2 representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926 . ad i ‘eo vs » XXXHI-—Table showing Bonus paid fo Adult Operatives in 2 representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926 - - ‘oe XXXIV—Table showing Bonus paid to Children in 2 representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926 .. 159 159 160 160 161 Appendices A. List of mills selected for the 1926 Cotton Wage Census .. .. 165-166 B. Wage Movements in recent years and attempts at Standardisation ~~ .. 167-169 C. Deductions for spoilt material handed. over to workers we .. 170-171 9. Table showing the average monthly earnings of mill clerks .. 172 2 3 6B ys IP. INTRODUCTION This Report on an Enquiry into the Wages and Hours of Labour in the Cotton Mill Industry in the Bombay Presidency, 1926, is the third conducted by the Labour Office on this subject. The first was made in 1921 and related to May 1914 and May 1921. The results of the Enquiry were published in the form of a special Report early in the year 1923. The second census for the year 1923 was taken in August of that year for all centres. The results were published also in the form of a special Report in July 1925. The third Enquiry was undertaken in May 1926 for Ahmedabad and in July for Bombay and Sholapur and the Report now published gives the results of that Enquiry, which, it will be seen, is more detailed and has entailed infinitely more labour in its preparation than either of the two others. The principal reason for this is that that Enquiry was conducted, not by the Schedule method as in the case of the other two enquiries, but by the Muster-roll method combined with the sample. A number of mills were selected at each centsg, employing about 30 per cent. of the operatives engaged in the industry, and special forms, following very closely the lines of a mill muster roll, were distributed to the mills, who entered upon them all the particulars appearing in their muster rolls for every individual employed by them in the mill. In the three centres over 70,000 workpeople were covered and when it is stated that the entries relating to each individual numbered from 12 to 16 the amount of tabulation necessitated by the Enquiry may be imagined. The labour of tabulation and analysis has been added to enormously by the astonishingly varied methods of wage payments in the textile industry. Not only do these methods differ fundamentally in the three centres themselves, but there are wide variations in every mill and even in departments of the same mill. At every stage in the tabulation difficulties arose which had to be solved by personal enquiry or correspondence and the census has shown, as nothing else could ever have shown, that the muster-roll method, where the information is derived from the pay-rolls of the mills, is the only method that can ensure the colléction of accurate wage statistics in the mill industry. The whole work has therefore been done by the ordinary staff of the office. No such enquiry has ever been undertaken before in India and I think I am right in saying that in few countries has so detailed and comprehensive an examination of the wage statistics of a particular industry been undertaken. A perusal of the Report will indicate the nature and the extent of the enquiry and there are several factors which contributed to its success- ful preparation to which I desire to draw attention. First, I would uo 8B 26—1 refer to, and express my grateful thanks for, the whole-hearted co-operation of the Managements of all the mills which were included in the Enquiry. Many of them engaged special staffs to fill in the forms and the officers of every mill readily supplied the information—and there was a good deal of it—that was asked for from time to time. The Bombay and the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Associations gave every possible assistance and so did the Managements of the Sholapur mills. The assistance of the Technical Sub-Committee of the Bombay Millowners’ Association consisting of Mr. A. Geddis (Chairman) and Messrs. H. P. Mody, J. A. Taylor and T. Watts with Mr. T. Maloney, the Secretary of the Association, as Secretary, was invaluable, and Mr. Maloney at all stages of the Enquiry was ready with information and elucidation. Mz. G. I. Patel, the Secretary of the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association, the late Mr. Narottam Morarjee and Messrs. J. F. McDonnell and A. Grier at Ahmedabad and Sholapur respectively were most helpful. J. F. GENNINGS, Director of Information and Labour Intelligence. LABOUR OFFICE, SECRETARIAT : 11th February 1930. REPORT ON AN ENQUIRY INTO THE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOUR IN THE COITON MILL INDUSTRY IN 1926 CHAPTER I Method of Conducting the Enquiry The Labour Office of the Government of Bombay conducted enquiries into Wages and Hours of Labour in the Cotton Mill Industry in the Presidency in 1921 and 1923, the Labour Office itself having been formed in April 1921. The method of obtaining the information in both enquiries was that of the schedule. Forms were sent to all the mills setting out the information that was required and these forms were filled up and returned by the mills, being followed up, in many cases, by visits from the Investigators of the Labour Office. Two reports containing the results of these investigations have been published and in them will be found details of the method followed and the results obtained. 2. An entirely different method has been adopted for the present report because a careful examination of the forms used and the results obtained in the earlier enquiries, combined with the experience gained as the result of those enquiries by the Labour Office, and a more extended acquaintance with the complicated and confusing system of wage payments in the Textile Industry, led to the conclusion that the only satisfactory method of securing accurate wage statistics in the Textile Industry was to obtain those statistics from the muster-rolls themselves and to tabulate the results in the Labour Office. The ideal method is, of course, to obtain copies of the muster-rolls for a particular wage period for every concern in the industry that is being covered. The practical objection to this is the impossibility of handling the mass of figures that would have to be tabulated, unless a very large staff was engaged on the work—a staff far exceeding that possessed by the Labour Office. The only alternative is the sample, a well recognised method ok statistical enquiry. As has been pointed out by the International Labour Office, “ As it is not practicable to make frequent wage censuses concerning all undertakings in a given industry or groups of industries, the sampling method is generally adopted, representative establishments being selected in each district in which the industry is important.” In the United States, where the collection of statistics is far advanced, only 15 per cent. of the total number of persons employed in the cotton manufacturing establishments in the United States were covered by the last census in that industry. 3. The Labour Office accordingly addressed a comprehensive letter on the subject to the Bombay Millowners’ Association on the 12th May 1926 enquiring— (1) whether the month of June would be a suitable month for the enquiry, (2) whether muster-rolls could be adopted as the basis of the enquiry, and MO R 36—la (3) whether the sampling method could be used and the mills grouped in such a way as to ensure really representative returns being received. The Millowners’ Association referred the whole question to the Technical Advisory Sub-Committee of the Association for consideration and report. The Director of the Labour Office attended a meeting of the Sub-Committee on the 7th June 1926 when the whole question was. discussed in detail. The Sub-Committee accepted the principle of using Muster Rolls as the basis of the enquiry. They, however, laid great stress on the necessity of obtaining accurate figures for absenteeism. It was pointed out that the muster-rolls of many mills would not show individual absenteeism because they did not differentiate between the regular worker and the Badli (substitute). An individual was shown as present if he provided a substitute to work for him and not only would this not accurately reflect absenteeism, but would also affect the question of rates of wages. As it would be necessary for the mills selected for the Enquiry to keep an accurate record of attendance for the month for which the Census was to be taken, it was agreed that June could not be taken as the month for the Enquiry and July was eventually agreed upon. The Sub-Committeé then considered the question of grouping the mills. This was done both by localities and according to the rates of wages paid. The greatest possible care was taken to ensure that the sample was thoroughly representative of all kinds of conditions of work and pay. Fifteen mills were selected originally, but this was increased later to nineteen in order to give better representation to the Worli Group. One mill doing fine spinning was also included. A muster-roll on approved lines on which the information required could be so entered that it should be the same for all mills was also drawn up. The main Committee of the Association unanimously approved the report of the Technical Sub-Committee regarding the manner in which the Enquiry should be sonducted. The list of mills selected was shown to Messrs. N. M. Joshi, M.L.A., and R. R. Bakhale, President and Secretary respec- tively of the Bombay Textile Labour Union by the Director of the Labour Office. These gentlemen had no comments to make on the list itself, but they expressed their doubts as to the possibility of obtain- ing sufficiently fair and accurate statistics by the sample method. f. Two separate forms—following closely the ordinary mill muster roll—were drawn up: (1) for Weavers, and (2) for All Mill Operatives (excluding Weavers). For Weavers, columns were provided for detailed information for each individual worker under the following heads (1) Ticket number of operative ; {2) Number of looms in charge and width of looms ; (3) Actual number of days worked by regular worker himself ; (4) Number of days worked by single badli (substitute), if any ; (5) Description of cloth produced ; (6) Width of cloth produced (in inches): (7) Length of cloth produced (in yards); (8) Weight of cloth produced {in pounds) ; (9) Total production in lbs. of each kind of cloth produced by regular worker ; (10) Total production in lbs. of each kind of cloth produced by hadli or badlis ; (11) Rate per Ib. of each kind of cloth produced (in pies); (12) Amount to be paid for work of both regular worker and badls, if any ; (13) War Bonus or Dearness or Percentage Allowance at (to be stated) percentage; - (14) Total amount earned, i.e., total of (12) and (13); (15) Deductions for fines ; (16) Bonus for good attendance or good work ; (17) Amount payable, ¢.e., total of (14) and (16) less (15). No account to be taken of deductions made for Grain, Medical Attendance, Provident Fund, Chawl Rent, etc. (18) Remarks. 5. With reference to item No. 12, the Millowners’ Association were originally of the opinion that it would not be possible for the individual mills to give separate figures for the earnings of regular workers and their badlis, if any. But when an Investigator of the Labour Office visited the mills personally in order to explain the manner in which the attend- ance registers for the month of July should be maintained and the way in which the forms should be filled up, the majority of the mills agreed to show the earnings of the regular workers and badlis separately. In a few cases where some mills did not do this it was necessary for the Labour Office to undertake a series of separate calculations to ascertain the wages earned by the regular worker and by the badli from the data furnished for production by the regular worker and the badli respectively. In cases where regular workers permanently left their employment during the period covered by the Enquiry and were replaced by one or even by two others, both the workers who left and those by whom they were replaced were bracketed together and bracketed cases were treated as single operatives. Badlis were, however, treated separately in all cases. With regard to items (5) to (8) it was found that these particulars alone would be of practically no value if any attempt was to be made to ascertain rates for particular varieties of cloth unless the mills concerned also furnished details regarding Warp and Weft Counts and reeds and picks. At the personal request of the Investigator of the Labour Office, some mills agreed to furnish the additional particulars required, but as one or two mills were unable to do so, general instructions were subsequently issued to all the mills covered by the Enquiry not to take the trouble to enter the details under the additional heads. In view of the fact that women are not employed as weavers in any textile mill in the Bombay Presidency, it was not necessary, in the forms for weavers, to ask for any information regarding age and sex. 6. In the form for Al Mill Operatives (excluding Weavers), information was called for under the following heads: — = - (1) Ticket number of operative ; (2) Designation or Occupation ; y Age and Sex, ¢.e., whether Man, Woman or Child ; (-) Actual number of days worked by regular worker on his own work ; (5) Actual number of days worked by regular worker as a double badli ; + (6) Actual number of days worked by a separate single badli, if any ; (7) Total production of (a) regular worker himself, (b) regular worker working as a double badli, or (c) a separate single badli, if any. (Each set of figures were to be entered on separate lines) ; (8) Whether wages paid at Time rates or Piece rates ; 9) Rate of payment ; (10) Amount to be paid for work of (e) regular worker himself, or (b) regular worker working as a double badli, or (c} a separate single badly. (Hach set of figures to be entered on separate lines) ; (11) to (16) These were the same as numbers (13) to (18) in the form for Weavers. 7. The post-Census enquiries made into the figures returned for the 1921 and 1923 Wage Censuses showed that the tendency among those responsible for filling in the returns was to lump the earnings of regular workers with the wages earned for double-substitute work, although the instructions given in the prefatory notes in the forms used for both these enquiries definitely stated that earnings through double-substitute work should be omitted and not taken into consideration at all. During the 1926 Census it was considered advisable to call for these figures separately in order to avoid all possibility of the instructions with regard to this matter being misunderstood. On the same analogy, separate information was asked for with regard to the additional earnings of regular workers from double-substitute work. During the tabulation of the statistics furnished in the returns, earnings frem double-substitute work were totally exeluded from all calculations, AHMEDABAD 8. As soon as the proposals made by the Labour Office for the manner in which the third Cotton Wages Census should be held were accepted by the Technical Sub-Committee of the Bombay Millowners’ Association, the Labour Office addressed a comprehensive letter, on the same lines as that written to the Bombay Millowners’ Association, to the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association. The main difficulty in connexion with the procuring of accurate information for the Ahmedabad mills is the prevalence, at that centre, of payment of wages by the hapta, which is a generally uniform period of fourteen days for weavers and a period of fourteen to sixteen days for other Process Operatives. During the 1921 Enquiry information was asked for for the calendar month of May. The Labour Office has no information with regard to the manner in which the majority of the returns for the Ahmedabad mills were filled up. During the 1923 Enquiry, however, all the Ahmedabad mills were specifically instructed to submit information for two kaptas containing the greatest number of days in August. It was necessary to allow each individual mill to select its own haptas because the hapta does not begin or end on fixed days in all mills in Ahmedabad nor are the number of days in a hapta uniform, except in the case of Weavers and generally for Spinners and Tenters, for all categories of workers. The manner in which the difficul- ties connected with the hapte system should be overcome were not dealt with in the preliminary letter addressed by the Labour Office to the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association, but it was suggested that this matter should be discussed personally between the Director and the Committee of the Association after considering the proposals with regard to the manner in which the Enquiry should be held. 9. The Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association invited the Director to meet their Committee on the 5th July 1926. The Committee accepted the principle of holding the Enquiry on the basis of the Muster-roll. With regard to the difficulties in connexion with the hapta system it was agreed that those mills which were to be finally selected should send muster rolls, copied out in English, for the three haptas covering the salendar month of May, to the Labour Investigator at Ahmedabad who would utilise the figures for two haptas after determining the manner in which the data should be used. The forms drawn up for the Bombay mills were adapted to the different conditions prevailing in Ahmedabad. For example, in the case of weavers, payment in the Ahmedabad mills is affected by the piece and not by weight as in the case of the Bombay mills because in Ahmedabad cloths more size is generally used than in Bombay. No particulars were therefore asked for in the Ahmedabad forms for weight and the rates called for were per piece (standard length and breadth) and not per pound. As the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association agreed to furnish information for warp and weft counts and for picks to the inch in respect of the different varieties of cloth produced in the Ahmedabad mills during the period to be covered by the Census, special columns were provided for the information under these heads. Again, weavers in Ahmedabad do not pay their own badlis as they do in Bombay, and the mills maintain separate particulars with regard to single weaving substitutes. It was possible for the Ahmedabad mills, therefore, to give separate figures for regular workers and badlis. The form for All Mill Operatives (excluding Weavers) used for the Bombay Mills was separated into two forms for the Ahmedabad mills: (1) for All Piece Workers (excluding Weavers), and (2) for All Time Workers. The two latter forms were modelled on the same lines as the general form for Bombay but special provision had to be made for the figures in conne- rion with the wage cut of 15-625 per cent. effected in the year 1923. The wording of the heading of this column was “Amount due after increasing (war bonus) per cent. and decreasing per cent 7, 10. The Committee of the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association also agreed to the Enquiry being conducted on the principle of sampling. Tt was decided that representative mills employing about thirty per cent. of the total number of textile employees in Ahmedabad should be selected. The Labour Investigator at Ahmedabad was instructed to make a provisional selection on the basis of adequate representation of different mills paying different rates of wages and from different territorial groups. Sixteen mills were finally selected in consultation with the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association and the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Union. 11. With regard to the month to be selected for the Enquiry, the Committee of the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association objected to July because absenteeism in the Ahmedabad mills during that month is higher than normal on account of the beginning of the monsoon when cotton mill operatives have a tendency to remain absent for work on the fields. It was eventually decided, therefore, to take the month of May 1926 as the Census month for the Ahmedabad mills. SHOLAPUR 12. On the 19th August 1926, the Director of the Labour Office discussed the question of the best method of conducting the Cotton Mill Wage Census for Sholapur with the late Mr. Narottam Morarjee of Messrs. Morarjee Goculdas & Co., the Agents of the Sholapur Spinning and Weaving Co., Ltd., and with Mr. J. F. McDonnell of the Bombay Co., Ltd., the Agents of the Laxmi and the Vishnu Mills. Both Mr. Narottam Morarjee and Mr. McDonnell expressed general agreement with the proposals for the Enquiry. The main difficulty in connexion with the holding of a Wage Census for cotton mills in Sholapur Citys the manner in which the grain allowance granted to the workers should be dealt with. All operatives in the Sholapur cotton mills who do not lose more than four days in the month get a grain allowance which takes the form of a right ordinarily to purchase 20 seers of grain— 18 seers of jowari and 2 seers of dal—for a sum of Rs. 2, irrespective of the retail selling prices of these food-grains in the City. In the case of one mill, jobbers are allowed to purchase 31 seers of grain for a sum of Rs. 3-8-0. Half-timers have the right to purchase 10 seers of grain for one rupee. In the case of another mill, only two-loom weavers have the right to purchase 20 seers and one-loom weavers and half-timers can only purchase 10 seers. The value of the grain given differs from month to month according to the variation in prices. No option of a cash equivalent is given and the workers sell the grain if it is not required for their own consumption although such instances are very rare. The net gain to a worker who gets 18 seers of jowari and 2 seers of dal works out at about Rs. 1-8-0 but this is, of course, subject to variation according to the retail prices in the City. Although, technically, the grain allowance is dependent on good attendance, the Millowners at Sholapur consider it as a part of the dearness allowance. No account was taken in the Wage Censuses of 1921 and 1923 of the additional gain to those workers who secured the grain allowance: 13. The Director of the Labour Office had a meeting at Sholapur on the 17th November 1926 with Mr. Grier, representing the Laxmi and the Vishnu Mills, Mr. A. V. Haldipar, representing the Sholapur Mill, and Mr. M. B. Desai, representing the Jam Shri Ranjitsinghji Mill. The Narsinggirji Mill was not represented. The chief topic of discussion was the method of incorporating the Grain Allowance. As it did not appear necessary to provide a separate column for this, it was decided that those workers who earned the allowance should be specially indicated with the symbols G1, G2, and G3 in red according to the quantity of grain earned. For the purposes of the tabulation of the figures, it was agreed that the Labour Office should take the average price of jowari and dal for the year and add, to the wages of those who earned the allowance, the difference between the average price of the quanti- ties of grain given and the amount deducted from the workers’ cash earnings. 14. With regard to the question as to which mills should be included in the Census it was decided that the Laxmi Mill which employed about 3,500 hands and a section of the Sholapur Mill which is, to all intents and purposes, a separate mill doing both spinning and weaving and which employed a little over 2,000 hands should be the two mills selected for the Census for that centre. The representatives of the mills who attended the meeting were of the opinion that the tabulation of the figures returned by these two mills would give a fair average of the wages paid in Sholapur. With regard to the form to be adopted for the Enquiry it was decided to use the same forms that were to be used in Bombay with the omission of the columns for the dimensions of cloth produced from the form for weavers as it was considered that the work involved in giving this information would be out of all proportion . to Its utility. OrtaER CENTRES 15. In the 1921 Enquiry, ten out of twenty-one working mills in the British Districts of the Bombay Presidency other than the mills in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Sholapur furnished information. Returns were also received from all the four working mills in the Baroda State and from three out of six working mills in other Native States situated in the territory of the Bombay Presidency. In the tabulations of the returns for that enquiry, separate averages were presented for the mills in the cities of Bombay, Ahmedabad and Sholapur and for all the remain- ing mills in the Bombay Presidency irrespective of the fact whether they were situated in British Districts or in the States. In the 1923 Enquiry, separate averages were further worked out for the nine working mills in Baroda State, all of which furnished returns. For the purposes of the 1926 Enquiry it was considered that there was no practical utility in presenting averages for a Bfoup of mills so widely situated as at Gokak Falls and in Cutch and that it would be impossible to adopt the Muster roll basis for the Census, owing to the tremendous trouble which would be involved in tabulation, if further averages were to be presented for centres having only one to three or four mills. It was therefore decided to limit the scope of the 1926 Enquiry only to selected mills in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Sholapur. |] TE BcopPE AND CHARACTER OF THE ENQUIRY 16. The actual number of cotton mills in Bombay City in 1926 was 83 which number included the Turkey Red Dye Works of the E. D, Sassoon United Mills. The Millowners’ Association, Bombay, have recently excluded the Turkey Red Dye Works from their List of Mills in Bombay City which now stands at 82. Out of these 82 mills seven mills were not working in the month of July 1926. Two mills out of 59 mills in Ahmedabad City were not working in May 1926. All five mills in Sholapur City were working during the period of the Census for that centre. The following table shows the number of mills included in the Enquiry and the number of workers returned by the selected mills in comparison with the total number of working mills and the number of workers employed at each centre during the census month. The figures for the number of workers employed are based on information published by the Bombay Millowners’ Association :(— Centres of Enquiry [tems of Information Number of cotton mills working during the month selected for the Census Number of hands employed in the working mills _ Number of mills selected for the Census . o Number of hands returned by the se- lected mills .. ve ve Proportion of number of hands returned to number emploved Bombay Town| and Island Ahmedabad HB J 1.465.653 34.502 3 3M 50,421 16.392 Per cent, Per cent. 4B 20-32 Sholapur 18,003 4.783 Per cent. 26-33 A list of the mills that supplied information is given in Appendix A. AcE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORKPEOPLE COVERED BY THE CENSUS 17. The 1921 and 1923 Enquiries covered * big lads ” and children in addition to adult male and female operatives in all centres. For the purposes of the 1926 Enquiry no separate figures were called for for “ big lads ”’ not only because it was found that this term was a misnomer inasmuch as it covered all age groups but also because “big lads” work for the same number of hours as other adult operatives. With regard to children, no half-timers were employed in any of the nineteen mills selected for the 1926 Census in Bombay City. Figures for children were, however, returned for this Enquiry both from Ahmedabad and from Sholapur., The age and sex distribution of the number of operatives covered by the Census at each centre is set out in the following table -— (Centres Age and Sex Groups Men .e Women - Children . Total Bombay Abmedabad 38,349 | 12,719 12,072 | 3,016 657 50.421 16.392 Sholapur 3,761 810 192 4.763 SoME DIFFICULTIES IN CONNEXION WITH THE CENSUS 18. In the case of the mills in Bombay City, seven mills submitted their returns during the latter half of September and eleven mills in October 1926. The return from one mill was received in November. During the enquiries of 1921 and 1923 mass figures were asked for in respect of the total number of workers in each occupation group in each mill. No effort was made in the 1926 Enquiry to indicate the occupations for which figures should be supplied. The result was that all the mills used an aggregate of over one thousand terms for specifying different occupations. A preliminary tabulation of the various terms used was made and this was forwarded to the Bombay Millowners’ Association with a request for suggestions with regard to the grouping of different occupations. The Association suggested that it was not necessary to compile the figures for as many occupation groups as were included in the 1921 and 1923 Enquiries and that it would be sufficient if the statistics were presented for the more important occupations in each department, and to combine and present the figures for the rest under the term “Others” for each department. The Technical Advisory Sub- Committee of the Association very kindly. drew up a list of the occupations under which the data should be tabulated, and also indicated the major heads under which the different occupation terms used by the individual mills should be listed. 19. In the case of the Ahmedabad mills which maintain their muster rolls and records in Gujarati, it was at first agreed that those mills which had been selected for the Census should give copies of their musters for the three hapias covered by the month of May to the Labour Investigator at Ahmedabad who would fill up the Census forms in the manner required. It was considered later that this would be a very laborious procedure and tha it would be better and quicker if special clerks were engaged to fill up the forms in English at the mills concerned. The Government of Bombay sanctioned the engagement of a special temporary establish- ment of three clerks for this purpose for a period of three months. This staff was engaged in the preliminary work of filling up the returns from the 7th October 1926 to the 7th January 1927. The forms were then subjected to a close scrutiny and verification by the Labour Investigator LZ at Ahmedabad. The returns for three mills were forwarded to Head- quarters in December 1926, for four mills in January, two mills in March, three in April and one each in May, June, August and October 1927. The last batch of returns was received eighteen months after the date of the Census. The returns for several mills had to be sent back to the Investigator at Ahmedabad for further particulars or corrections from time to time in light of the critical examination to which they were further subjected at Headquarters. Owing to the great difficulties experienced during tabulation on account of the variations due to the prevalence of varying hapte systems, the Ahmedabad returns could not be passed for final tabulation until the beginning of the year 1929. 20. With regard to the two mills from Sholapur the returns from one mill were received in May and from the other in September 1927. The difficulties in connexion with the Sholapur Census were mainly confined to the value of the cash equivalent earned bv the workers from the Grain Allowance. 21. With regard to the tabulation of the figures from the returns this was first undertaken on the basis of the direct use of mechanical tabulating machines (comptometers) without transferring the figures for each tabulation to posting sheets. As the results in checking and rechecking produced varying figures owing to difficulties experienced in connexion with the proper classification of the various terms used by different mills for designating particular occupations, this method had to be abandoned ; and fresh tabulations were undertaken on the basis of preliminary transference of the respective figures for each tabulation to posting sheets. This method has ensured the highest degree of accuracy possible in the final averages. 22. The tabulation of the returns for the 1921 and 1923 Enquiries, the results of which were published about two years from the date of each Enquiry, only involved calculations in respect of mass figures for groups of workers. For the 1923 Enquiry, Government sanctioned the engagement of a special temporary staft of six Junior clerks for purposes of tabulation only for a period of onc month. The tabulations of the returns for the 1926 Enquiry involved calculations with regard to many sets of figures for each of 71,576 workers. Owing to financial stringency, no special staff was asked for by the Labour Office for this Enquiry and all the tabulating work was undertaken bv the permanent staff of the office. CHAPTER II Methods of Wage Payments p & 23. There is a very wide variation in the systems adopted at different centres with regard to the methods of calculating wages. In the case of she mills in Bombay City there is first a * basic ” rate to which is added 4 dearness allowance of 80 per cent. for male piece-workers and 70 per cent. for male time workers and all female workers. Those mills which grant a good attendance bonus add the amount of the bonus granted to she gross wage from which, before arriving at the net wage payable, are deducted any fines that might be inflicted. The term basic ” in the case of the Bombay mills may be generally considered to apply to the pre-war year although in the case of some individual mills it might ipply to any year between 1913 and 1918 when the first increase of ib per cent. as a dearness allowance was granted. 24. In many mills the percentage addition is calculated on the actual amount earned on the basic rates, but in some cases the calculation is nade on whole rupees only and the annas (irrespective of the amount) ire not taken into consideration. For example, if a woman reeler in those mills earns Rs. 11-14-0 on the basic rates, the 70 per cent. addition is calculated on Rs. 11 only and she gets Rs. 19-9-2 instead of Rs. 20-3-0. After the addition of the dearness allowance, most mills round up tothe 1earest eight annas in payment. In some cases, however, rounding is fected to the lowest two annas, the differences in cutting being utilised for welfare work, especially medical aid. In all mills in Bombay City wages are calculated on a monthly basis and payments are effected from [2 to 15 days after they become due. In those months where importont 1lidays or festivals occur between the 10th and the 15th, pavment is fected earlier. 25. In the Ahmedabad mills there is not only a complete lack of Iniformity in the methods adopted in calculating the different additions and deductions before arriving at the final earnings, but wide variations in the methods adopted also exist for different classes of workers in a particular mill. In the first place there is what is hypothetically called a “basic ” rate. The term “basic” does not apply to any particular period for the whole industry. It varies as between groups of occupations and also between mill and mill. In the case of some occupations the berm may relate to the pre-war year. In the case of others it may relate bo any other year. But for particular occupations covered by the awards of Arbitrators it relates to the date on which an award for a percentage or a flat rate of increase was granted. Next to the “ basic ”” rate comes the moghwari or dearness allowance. In the case of certain occupations and generally in the case of monthly paid workers, this allowance was tonsolidated with the basic rate and in others it was kept as a separate item on the muster. Cases commonly occurred where different methods obtained for different individuals in the same occupation group in a particular mill. Some mills consolidated one or two of the first increas: but kept the subsequent increases separate. In the case of some occupations it was given in the form of a percentage on the basic rate and in others it was granted in the form of flat money values, say Rs. 2 or Rs. 3 per month or at so much per kapta or at so much per week—the variations even here being considerable. Next to the moghwari allowance comes the deduction of 15% per cent. for the general wage-cut effected in the year 1923. Here also there is a wide variation in the method of its treatment. In the case of some occupations, 15% per cent. is deducted from the total arrived at after adding the moghwari allowance to the basic rate, in others it is deducted from a consolidated wage--the term “ consolidated ”’ in this case relating only to the consolidation of the basic rate with the allowance—and in still others there are flat consoli- dated rates without the addition of the allowance to a basic rate and the deduction for the percentage cut effected in 1923. Lastly, there is a good attendance bonus which always takes the form of a flat money value. It is true that the majority of the Ahmedabad mills grant such a bonus only to process operatives on time rates, but there are some mills where no such bonus is given. The amount of the bonus where it is given is not uniform in all mills even for the same occupation. In some cases it is computed at so much per hapta and in others at so much per week. 26. In the Ahmedabad mills wages in the case of piece workers and process operatives on time rates are calculated.on a fortnightly basis and are paid about eight days after they are due. In the case of workers in the maintenance and watch and ward departments wages are calculated on a monthly basis and are paid about fifteen days after they are due. Some operatives engaged in © process ” work are also paid on a monthly oasis. The term ¢ fortnightly is used with reference to what is known a5 hapias. It has already been pointed out that a hapte is a period which varies from 14 to 16 days according to the convenience of each particular mill. It may begin or end on any day in the month. Even in. the same mill the hapta is by no means uniform for all the departments of the mill. The number of days in a kepta whether it be of 14, 15 or 16 days is also by no means uniform for all mills in Ahmedabad. In the case of the mills in Bombay City, all the nineteen mills covered by the 1926 Enquiry worked uniformly for 27 days during the month selected for the Census. In the case of the Ahmedabad mills, the maximum aumber of working days in the two haptas taken for each of the sixteen mills covered, varied from 22 to 28, due partly to the lack of uniformity regarding the number of days in a hapta and partly to certain mills or departments of mills remaining closed when the other mills covered by the census were working. In the case of spinners the hapta usually consists of 16 days with 14 working days but in the two haptas covered oy the Census there was a variation on account of the different periods covered by the haptas in the different mills. For example, in the case of single side Piecers in the Ring Spinning Department, the total number of male workers returned was 1,584. Out of this number, 898 worked in mills where the maximum number of working davs was 28. in two hapias, » 544 worked in mills with 27 working days in two haptas, 85 with 26, and 57 with 25. The maximum number of working days in the two selected haptas in respect of the 4,582 weavers returned amounted to 24 in all she mills covered by the Census. = = r= 8 k 1 1 1 i 3 3 Pp -y qd n 1 CT 1 J + AP Nn 27. In the case of the Sholapur mills, the term “ basic” applies generally to January 1920 because the increases granted in cash wages between 1918 and 1920 were consolidated with the rates prevailing in 1914 aud the first increases given as dearness allowances were paid in kind. 28. The details in connexion with the movements of wages in recent years in the Bombay, Ahmedabad and Sholapur mills and the attempts made by the Bombay Millowners’ Association to standardize wages in the Bombay Mills are given in Appendix B. 29. In addition to the grain concession and the high prices allowance, the mills in Sholapur also give a good attendance bonus in several departments for workers on time scales of pay. There also exists a method whereby time workers are © granted ”” days for holidays in addition to those actually worked. Wages are calculated for calendar months and are paid about fifteen days after they become due. The basic rates are variously computed at so much per day or at so much per month or at so much for 26, 27 or 30 days. An operative who works for all the working days in a full working week is granted one day in addition to those he puts in. If he is absent on a day which precedes or follows a holiday, the “grace” day is not granted to him. In the engine department some workers receive more “grace ”’ days, and the returns contained cases where the number of days for which wages were calculated were greater than the number of days in the month. There are, therefore, five separate and distinct items that go to make up a fixed-wage-operative’s aggregate earnings during the wage period : (1) the basic rate ; (2) the dearness allowance of 30 per cent. granted in cash on the basic rate; (3) the good attendance bonus; (4) wages for “grace” days; and (5) the benefit that may be gained as a result of being allowed to buy a quantity of grain at a price which gives a cash saving of about 30 to 40 per cent. on the purchase. It is evident that those operatives who put in work for all the working days during the wage period may secure the full advantage that could be earned from shese different concessions. But, in practice, comparatively few workers zet the total financial benefit that may be gained The operation of the *“ double khada * rule in the Sholapur mills whereby a worker is cut two Jays’ wages for one day’s aBsence without leave may deprive the worker who remains absent with * French Leave ” not only of his good attend- ance bonus and the “ grace ” days but he is also liable to be cut two days’ wages for each day’s absence. * In practice, however, the double khada ”’ rule is only brought into effect as a disciplinary measuré in the case of hose operatives who persistently remain absent without permission or bona fide reasons. If a worker remains absent for more than four days in 2 month he loses the grain concession in addition. DIFFICULTIES IN TABULATION OWING TO VARIATIONS IN METHODS oF Wace PAYMENTS 30. It has already been stated above that all the nineteen mills covered by the Census in Bombay City worked uniformly for 27 days n the selected month, i.e, July 1926. It was possible, therefore, to compile accurate statistics for workers in the Bombay mills under the following heads. (1) Average number of days worked, where the results uniformly relate to 4 possible 27 and permit, by deducting the figures for the average aumber of days worked by each occupation group from a possible 27, of arriving at accurate percentages for absenteeism for each group of workers without the necessity of undertaking separate calculations on she basis of a proportionate comparison with the total number of man- jays that could be worked by each group; (2) Average Daily Earnings ascertained by dividing the total of the sarnings of all the individuals included in a particular group by the wegregate of the numbers of days actually worked ; (3) Average Monthly Earnings ascertained by dividing the total sarnings of all the individuals included in a particular group by the total number included : (4) Average Monthly Earnings of Full Time Workers ascertained by lividing the total earnings of only those workers who worked uniformly for 27 days without anv absence bv the number of such workers in each yroup ; (5) Frequency of Monthly Earnings ; and (6) Frequency of Attendance according to the number of days worked by operatives in various departments in relation to a possible 27 which permits ascertaining percentages of the number of workers who worked full time to the total number of workers returned and for those who worked for different numbers of days during the month. 31. In the case of the two mills covered by the Enquiry at Sholapur one mill worked in July 1926 for 27 days and the other for 26 days. It is obvious that no accurate-percentages for average absenteeism could be arrived at from the figures for the average number of days worked per month. The only accurate method of ascertaining correct figures for percentage absenteeism would be to take the percentage proportion of the difference between the possible man-days for each group and the actual number of days worked by the individuals in that group to the possible man-days for the group. This Method has been followed 'n working out the figures for percentage absenteeism for different departments as presented in Tables VII, VIII and IX, but similar figures have not been worked out for different occupations except for weavers. 32. In the case of Ahmedabad no figures have been worked out for the average number of days worked by each occupation group, not because such ficures could not be worked out. but because the figures would be of no value in view of the differences in the number of working days in the two haptas selected for each mill, not only for different sccupations but also for the same occupations, 83. The figures for average daily earnings in different occupations at each centre are the only figures that can be uniformly presented for all centres. The figures were arrived at by including all allowances of a normal character such as earnings on basic rates, additions for dearness allowances, bonuses for good attendance, and, in the case of the Sholapur mills, the wages earned from the grant of ““ grace ”” days and the benefit gained from the grain concession. Farnings of an abnormal character such as those derived from overtime or double substitute work were excluded. 34. With regard to the average monthly earnings for all workers, figures similar to those worked out for Bombay have also been worked out for Sholapur, because the wage period in both the mills included in the Enquiry for that centre covered a full calendar month, but it must be emphasized that in India where the number of working days varies from month to month the average monthly earnings over a period of a year may be substantially less than the earnings for a single month obtained from a census which takes a month of 31 days with 27 working days in the month. The most valuable figures therefore are those for average daily earnings. Moreover, the term “ average monthly earnings ” has no real meaning in Ahmedabad on account of the existence at that centre of haptas or wage periods varying from 14 to 16 days and containing 11 to 14 working days in the period. 35. After the Census had been taken at Sholapur it was found that one mill worked 27 days and the other only 26. Actually therefore the average monthly earnings of full-time workers for Sholapur are based on a month of 267 working days as compared with 27 in Bombay. If itis desired to ascertain what the average monthly earnings of full time workers would be for a uniform month of 27 working days, the daily average earnings should be multiplied by 27. This has actually been done in the case of Ahmedabad where the hapte system precludes the taking of the month as a basis. It is therefore necessary to emphasize that the figures of “ possible earnings for a month of 27 working days are not the result of tabulations from the actual returns for a month. They are merely intended to show what earnings might have been for a calendar month of 27 working days had the system of wage payments in Ahmedabad been based on that obtaining in Bombay and Sholapur, 36. For the same reason the frequency tables have been based on monthly earnings in the case of Bombay and Sholapur and on daily earnings in the case of Ahmedabad. 37. With regard to the tables for frequencies of attendance according to the number of days worked by individual operatives, it has only been possible to prepare these for Bombay. To prepare similar tables for Ahmedabad and Sholapur would have involved immense labour owing to the mills having different maxima for the number of working days in two haptas ; and, in the case of Sholapur. to the fact that the maximum was different in each mill, MO RB hee? CHAPTER III Hours of Work, Intervals, Overtime, ete. 38. The form of the return used for the collection of the data regard- ng wage payments was drawn up on the basis of the muster-roll and, as such, did not procure any information regarding Hours of Work, Intervals, Overtime, etc. This information was, however, separately obtained from the mills selected for the Enquiry at each centre. Out of the 37 mills covered by the Enquiry, four mills—two in Bombay City and two in Ahmedabad—did not furnish data for the supplementary enquiry. In the case of two of these mills the managements had changed hands since 1926 and the new Agents of the mills stated that they were unable to supply the information called for. Hours or Work 39." The Indian Factories Act limits the maximum hours of work {or men and women to 11 per day (section 28) or 60 per week (section 27), and for children to 6 per day [section 23 (c)]. In the Cotton Mills in Bombay City, daily hours of work were reduced from 12 to 10 for adults and from 6 or 7 to 5 for children after the strike of 1920. According to the information now furnished by the mills selected for the Enquiry the normal hours of work in the mills in Bombay City during the month of July 1926 were 10 per day for male operatives in all the seventeen mills which supplied information, while female operatives had a normal working day of 10 hours in nine mills, of 9} hours in one mill, 9 hours in hree mills, 8% hours in two mills and 8 hours in one mill. No children were employed in any of these mills. 40. Four mills reported no variations from the normal. In one mill the hours of work for the Engine, Shafting and Boiler Departments 2xceeded the normal and amounted to 11 per day and in the same mill women in the Winding and the Reeling Departments worked 93 hours per day. Another mill stated that the normal daily hours varied to 9 out did not report the departments in which the variation occurred. The other mills reported variations of three kinds, viz., 8 hours, 8% hours and 9 hours per day respectively in certain departments and occupations. The normal daily hours of work for the Reeling and the Winding Depart- ments were 8 in the case of one mill, 8 in three mills, and 9 in the case of one mill. The Mechanics and the Electrical Departments and Depart- mental Fitters, Carpenters, Turners, Tinsmiths and other skilled workers as well as Roller Coverers, Sweepers, etc., were reported to have had a normal day of 84 hours in several mills. In some mills the normal hours were either 8} or 9 (mostly the latter) per day in the case of all or certain groups of operatives of the Mixing, Sizing, Warping, Folding, Dyeing, Bleaching,Calendering, Finishing, and Bundling and Baling Departments, and Cloth Godowns and Warehouses. The Carding and Spinning Sections were reported to have worked for 81 hours ner day in one mill. 19 41. The normal hours of work in the case of all the reporting mills in Ahmedabad were 10 for both male and female operatives and 5 for child- ren. Two mills did not employ children, but in certain mills which employed them it was reported that the children worked in two sets, sach set working for five hours. The normal hours of work were observed without variation by eleven mills. One mill reported a variation in the case of Coalmen and Oilers in the Engine Department, but the actual sours worked by them were not stated. Another mill reported that the Hand Folders in the Folding Department worked for only nine hours a day. A third mill stated that the normal hours of work were 93 per day for Carpenters and Mechanics and 8 for Folders and Bundlers. 42. In Sholapur, both the mills selected for the Enquiry reported that the normal working hours were ten per day for men and women and five for children, who were employed in two batches. One of these mills reported that the normal working hours varied to 11 for the Engine Department and 9} for Mechanics, Fitters, Masons, Carpenters, Line Levellers, Roller Coverers and Reelers and also for all workers in the Mixing Department. INTERVALS 43. Under the provisions of the Indian Factories Act, each person employed in a factory is entitled to a period of rest of not less than one hour for each period of six hours’ work done [section 21 (1) (a) (3)]. The rest interval may, at the request of the employees concerned, be so arranged that there will be a period of rest of not less than half an hour each for periods of work not exceeding five hours, the total duration of the periods of rest on any working day not being less than one hour for sach period of six hours’ work done [section 21 (1) (a) (#2)]. Each child working for more than 5} hours in any day is likewise entitled to a period of rest of not less than half an hour [section 21 (1) (b)], and this period requires to be so fixed that no such child shall be required to work con- tinuously for more than four hours [section 21 (2)]. These intervals are generally utilised by the workers for taking their midday meal although in a few cases it was reported that workers observed unauthorised intervals for meals. 44. The present Enquiry showed that an allowance of an interval bo the operatives for the midday meal is a normal feature in all the mills selected for the Census. In Bombay City work usually starts at 7 a.m. and the one hour recess is generally granted between 12 noon and 1 p.m. There is practically no variation either in the duration or the starting time of the interval except in two mills. In one mill the one hour recess was shifted to 1 to 2 p.m. in the case of the Mechanics Shop. In another mill the interval wag longer and amounted to 1} hours from 12-15 p.m. to 1-30 p.m. for men in the Bleaching, Dyeing, Folding, Finishing, Bundling and Baling Departments, and for women in the Reeling, Winding, Bleaching, Dyeing, Folding and Finishing Departments, 45. In the Ahmedabad mills the rest interval uniformly lasted for one hour from 12 noon to 1 p.m. except for Coalmen and Oilers alone in one mill where these operatives were required to work from 6-30 a.m. MO BR 36-—9a to 6-30 p.m. with two intervals from 10-30 a.m. to 11-30 a.m. and from 3-30 p.m. t0 4-30 p.m. The two mills at Sholapur also observed intervals of one hour for the midday meals but one of the mills granted the recess between 12-30 p.m. and 1-30 p.m. whereas the other gave it between noon and 1 p.m. OVERTIME 46. The Indian Factories Act provides that every person employed in any factory for more than sixty hours in any one week shall be paid, in respect of overtime worked, at a rate which shall be at least one and a quarter times the rate at which he is normally paid (section 31). The Act also contains a definite provision to the effect that no person shall be employed in any factory on a Sunday unless he has had or he will have a holiday for a whole day on one of the three days immediately preceding or succeeding the Sunday [section 22 (1) (a)]. 47. In eleven out of the seventeen reporting mills in Bombay City overtime work was paid for at 1} times the usual rate. In three mills one full day’s wage was given for six hours’ overtime work put in, in one mill it was paid for eight hours’ work and in another mill for five hours’ work. In one mill which granted 1} times the usual rate for overtime work in the Spinning Department, the allowance for overtime in the Weaving Section was at 1} times the usual rate. Another mill reported that a full night's work was calculated as equivalent to two full days’ work for purposes of calculation of the overtime rate. In Bombay City the rates were 1} times the usual rates in four mills and they were equal to the usual rates in two mills. One full day’s wage was paid by five mills for six hours’ work, by two mills for seven hours’ work and by one mill for four hours’ work. One of these mills reported that for work done on Sundays {from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. wages for half a day abt usual rates were paid. In three mills a holiday in lieu of the Sunday or holiday which was worked was definitely stated to have been granted. 48. In Ahmedabad, seven out of the fourteen reporting mills stated that no overtime was worked. Out of the remaining mills, five granted overtime allowances at 1} times the usual rates. One mill stated that payment for overtime was made according to the provisions of the Factories Act. One mill reported that one full day’s wages were paid for six hours’ overtime work put in during the day and two full days’ wages for similar work during the night. No work was done on Sundays and holidays in five mills, Two mills reported that substitute holidays were granted. In three mills the rates of remuneration were according to the usual normal rates. Three other mills reported that they paid at 1} times the usual rates while one mill calculated six hours’ duty during the day on a Sunday or a holiday as equivalent to one normal day’s work and the same duty at night as equal to two normal days’ work. 49. Overtime work in the two Sholapur mills was paid for at 1} times the usual rates. One of the mills followed the same practice with regard to work on Sundays and holidays whereas the other mill gave substitute holidays. } Exemptions re Hours oF WORK 50. The provisions of the Indian Factories Act in regard to the maximum hours of work for adults (sections 27 and 28) are not applicable to persons holding positions of supervision or management or employed in a confidential capacity. The Local Government may exempt any factory from the provisions of sections 27 and 28 of the Act if such exemption is necessary in order to enable such factory to deal with an exceptional press of work [section 30 (2)]; of, if there is in such factory any work which necessitates working outside the normal limits, or continuous production for technical reasons, or if the work is of an essentially intermittent character [section 30 (1)]. 51. The reports received from the Bombay mills show that six mills did not take advantage of any exemptions from the limitation on working hours while three mills did not claim any special exemption other than that allowed by the provisions of the Act. One mill stated that it took advantage of the exemptions which the Act provides for but the mill did not specify the departments or occupations in respect of which exemp- tions were claimed. Out of two mylls which obtained exemptions in respect of their Blow Roora Departments one stated that 50 per cent. of the men were required to work in connexion with the cleaning of gutters. In the remaining five mills either some or all employees mainly of the Mechanic, Engine and Boiler, and Electrical Departments were exempted from the provisions of sections 27 and 28 of the Act. 52. Nine out of the 14 mills in Ahmedabad which furnished information stated that no exemption was taken from the provisions of the Factories Act regarding hours of work. One mill had no records. The remaining four mills stated that they only availed themselves of the exemptions provided in the Act in respect of persons holding supervisory or managerial positions. One of the two mills in Sholapur stated that no exemption at all was obtained while the other reported that no special exemptions were applied for. 53. One mill in Bombay City could not furnish any information with regard to the number of overtime hours worked owing to want of records. Six other mills simply stated that there was overtime during the month of July 1926. The other mills which furnished the data required did not all specify the number of overtime hours worked by each department but only gave the aggregate man-hours put in. Tt is not therefore possible to use the figures to any real advantage or to draw any definite conclusions therefrom. The aggregate number of man-hours worked by way of overtime in the ten mills that supplied figures amounted to 8,109%. Only four mills in Ahmedabad gave figures for the number of hours worked overtime in two haptas. The total man-hours worked in addition to the normal working hours were 703. Here also the figures are subject to the same remarks as in the case of the figures for Bombay. The two Sholapur mills reported an aggregate of 846} overtime hours in July 1926, 7 CHAPTER IV Attendance and Absenteeism 54. Tables I to III printed at pages 68 to 77 of this Report show, by departments, separately for men, women and all adult operatives, the frequencies of attendance of cotton mill workers in nineteen represen- tative mills in Bombay City for the month of July 1926. The figures, in all cases, are in relation to 27 working days in the month. Similar tables have not been prepared for Ahmedabad and Sholapur because a8 explained in a previous chapter the number of working days in the wage periods selected for those centres were not uniform in all the mills covered by the Enquiry at each centre. The main point of interest of such tables is the proportion of those who worked full-time, 5.e., without any absence during the wage period, to the number of workers returned. Tables IV to VI, printed at pages 78 to 83 show, by departments, separately for men, women, and all adult operatives, the number. of workers returned, the number who worked full-time and the percentage of full-time workers to numbers returned at each centre. 55. In the mills in Bombay, out of a total number of 38,349 men returned, 20,144 or 52-53 per cent. worked throughout the Census month without any absence, i.e., for 27 days. Six thousand and ninety-eight or 15-90 per cent. worked for 26 days and 3,696 or 9:64 per cent. for 25 days. About 31 per cent. lost from one to three days and a little over sixteen per cent. lost four days or more. Among women workers, the figures of attendance were affected both by voluntary absence and by rotation of employment owing to some mills retaining, at the request of the workers concerned, more women winders and reelers than were actually required. As the individual mills which arranged for rotation of employment did not report or give any indication as to the number of days for which individual winders or reelers were stood off and the numbers of days not worked on account of voluntary absence, it isnot possible to determine the effect which each of these causes had on the attendance of women workers. Qut of 12,072 women returned for Bombay, 3,968 or 32-87 per cent. worked for 27 days or without any absence, 2,648 or 21 94 per cent. for 26 days and 1,384 or 11-46 per cent. for 25 days. As compared with 31 per cent. for men, 41 per cent. of the women workers returned lost one to three days. The percentage of those who lost four days or more was 26-08 as compared with 16°40 for men. If the figures are considered from the viewpoint of all operatives (adults only in this case as no children were employed), 24,112 workers out of a total number of 50,421 returned or 47°82 per cent. worked for 27 days, 8,746 or 17°35 per cent. for 26 days and 5,080 or 10-07 per cent. for 25 days. One-third of the total number of workers covered by the Enquiry lost from one to three days and about one-fifth lost four days Or more. 2 56. Tables Nos. IV to VI (pp. 78 to 83) summarise the figures for full-time workers from Tables Nos. I to III for Bombay in order to facilitate comparisons with simiar figures compiled for Ahmedabad and for Sholapur. It will be seen that in comparison with Bombay, attendance is better in Ahmedabad but exceedingly poor in Sholapur where only 30°26 per cent. of the adult operatives returned, worked without absence during the period covered by the Census. Among male operatives only 1,178 out of the 3,761 returned or 31-32 per cent. worked full time. Among women the proportion of full-time workers is sl ghtly lower—about a fourth as compared with about a third for men, the actual figures being 205 out of 810 or 25°31 per cent. Curiously enough, the best figures of full-time attendance are those for children both in Sholapur and in Ahmedabad, the respective figures being 70 out of 192 or 36-45 per cent. and 463 out of 657 or 70-47 per cent. The following table summarises the position for the whole industry, by lifferent age and sex groups, at each centre studied. Age and Sex Group Men Nomen All Adults Children .. All Operatives | Total number Centre of workers returned Number working full-time Percentage of full-time workers to total returned "Bombay .. Ahmedabad . ‘Sholapur .. 38,349 12,719 31761 20,144 7.157 1.178 52:53 56-27 27 +939 "Bombay ..| Ahmeédabad || Sholapur .. 12,072* 3,016 {10 3,068% 1,677 ] 2085 32-87% 55°60 25°21 ‘Bombay . d Ahmedabad . Sholapur . Ny Bombay .. Ahmedabad ! Sholapur .. Bombay .. Ahmedabad . Sholapnr | 50,4217 15,735 4.571 24,1124 8,834 1.383 4782+ 56-14 30°26 Nil. 657 109 "463 wt 70-47 24 45 50,421F | 24,112f | 47-89% 16,392 9,207 | 56°72 4.763 1.453 20-59 cent. my 51-0 nonding figures excluding female’ winders and reelers are 43,744— 57. Tthas already been pointed out that the figures for women workers in Bombay were affected by rotation of employment in the. Winding and Reeling Departments. This fact requires to be borne in mind when making comparisons either for female operatives as between the different centres or as between men and women workers in Bombay. The figures in the above table show that only 3,968 women out of 12,072 returned or 32-87 per cent. worked full-time. If 6,677 winders and reelers are excluded it is found that out of the remaining 5,395 female operatives, 2,434 or 45-12 per cent. worked without absence. These figures also affect the figures for adult operatives. If winders and reelers are again excluded from the totals it is found that 22,598 adult operatives worked full-time out of 43,744 returned, the percentage in this case amounting bo 5166 as against 47-82 per cent. as stated in the table. In Ahmedabad there was little difference in the percentages for full-time attendance as between men and women. Among men, 7,157 out of 12,719 returned or 56°27 per cent. worked full-time, the corresponding figures for women being 1,677 out of 3,016 or 5560 per cent. 58. The figures in the main tables Nos. IV to VI are compiled by Departments. . The figures for the number of operatives working full time in each occupation group will be found in the detailed tables Nos. X and XII for Average Earnings for Bombay and Sholapur. The Bombay figures are in relation to 27 days in the month whereas the Sholapur figures cover the numbers of those working for a full working month of 27 days in one mill and of 26 days in the other mill. As peri- odic earnings have not been compiled for Ahmedabad for the reasons given in Chapter Il (paragraph 26) no separate figures have been given for the number of full time workers against different occupations, As it is of interest, however, to compare the figures of the numbers work- ing full time in relation to the numbers returned in the main occupations for men and women as between the three centres, separate figures were worked out for Ahmedabad for weavers and spinners (siders) among men, and for winders and reelers among women and these are set out in comparison with the figures for Bombay and Sholapur in the following table — Occupation Weavers (Men) Siders (Spinners) (Men Reelers (Women) Winders (Women) Jentre "Bombay .. Ahmedabad | _Sholapur ..| “Bombay ..| Ahmedabad .| _Sholapur .. “Bombay .. Ahmedabad Sholapur .. "Bombay | Ahmedabad .| Sholapur .. Total number of workers returned 11,758 4,582 1.500 5,268 1,604 4R92 2,044 429 280 4,633 635 260 Number working Full-time 8,625 2,273 214 269 802 209 413 213 66 1,101 344 | 70 Percentage of full-time workers to total returned 72-50 49-61 20-83 24-09 50-00 43-36 20-21 49-65 17-37 23-70 54-17 26-92 59. There are several striking features in the above table. The effects of the rotation of employment given to reelers and winders in Bombay are brought out at once when it is seen that only 23-70 per cent. of the winders and 20-21 per cent. of the reelers worked full time as against 45°12 per cent. in the case of the remaining 5,395 women employed in the selected Bombay mills. In Ahmedabad the percentages of those working full time to the number returned were 54 17 for wirders and 49-65 for reelers. In Sholapur the corresponding percentages are 26°92 and 17-37 respectively. As between the two main groups of male workers, the percentages for the pumbers who worked full time among both spinners and weavers in Ahmedabad are about the same, mz., 50 per cent. In Sholapur, only 20-83 per cent. weavers worked full time as against 43-36 per cent. spinners. In Bombay, spinners appear to be much more irregular than weavers and the difference be- tween the two separate percentages is very striking—24°09 as againct 72:50. It is very frequently stated that it is not possible to work out accurate statistics for the attendance of weavers in Bombay because their absence is not recorded on the musters in view of the prevailing practice of the weavers paying their own substitutes. This may be true under ordinary normal circumstances but when the Census was conducted every mill included in the Enquiry was specifically instructed to keep separate registers for the month of July 1926 for recording not only the attendances of all weavers but also the earnings secured by single substitutes or by double substitute work. Eighteen out of the 19 mills did this. In the remaining mill which employed about 400 odd weavers the management reterned cent per cent. atterdance for all weavers. When subsequent enquiries were made into this it was reported that the attendance of the weavers was so good in the mill that it was not considered necessary to make special entries in separate musters. It was also stated that payment of wages had been made in all cases on the basis of a full 27 days work. 60. Tables Nos. VII to IX, printed at pages 84 to 89 show, by Departments, separately for men, women and all adult operatives, and in the case of Ahmedabad and Sholapur, for children and all operatives including children, the figures for percentage absenteeism t each centre. These percentages are worked out oa the basis of the aggregate number of days actually worked in relation to the aggregate of the possible man-days. No account is taken of “ Grace ” days. Frequency tables were not possible for these centres owing to the maximum ounber of working days varying from mill to mill, which would mean that 24 days represents the maximum in ove case and three days absence in another, 61. The following table summarises the position with regard to percentage absenteeism for different age and sex groups «t each centre :-— Age and Sex Group Men Women Centre "Bombay .. Ahmedabad .. Sholapur Bombay “ Ahmedabad .. Sholapur, Number of workers returned Percentage absenteeism 38,349 12,719 3,761 12,072* | 11-86% +3,016 7-40 810 10-81 TETTIT eei——— mn -— -— -— a —— * The corresponding figures excluding winders and reelers are 5,396—6- 11 per cent. Age and Sex Group All Adults Children All operatives Centre Bombay Ahmedabad Sholapur "Bombay Ahmedabad Sholapur Bombay Ahmedabad - Sholapur Number of workers returned Percentage absenteeism 50,4211 15,735 4.571 8-261 7-92 12:19 657 199 3-62 15-81 50,421+ 826+ 16,392 7-73 1.763 12-33 t+ The corresponding figures excluding women winders and reelers are 43,744— 7 per cent. The figures for women and adult operatives in the Bombay mills are again affected by the same factors which have already been dealt with ir: connexion with winders and reelers. If the 6,677 winders and reelers are excluded, the percentage absenteeism for the remaining 5,395 women workers amounts to 611 as against 11-86 for all female operatives. Similarly, if women winders and reelers are again excluded from the figures for ‘all adult operatives’ the final absenteeism figure for all the selected mills in Bombav is found to be 7 per cent. as against 3:26 per cent. 62. In the above table, consideration is given to the figures for percentage absenteeism from the viewpoint of aggregates for all depart- ments. If the figures are examined by individual departments it is found that absenteeism in Bombay was lowest ia the Engine and Boiler Department where it amounted to 2-43 per cent. Ramosees or the main group of workers in the Watch and Ward Section come next with 3-05 per cent. and then weavers with 4°36 per cent. Absenteeism was highest ir the Reeling Department where it amounted to 1780 per cent. Male workers in the Winding Department showed absenteeism amount- ing to 12-56 per cent. In both the Mule and the Ring Spinning Depart- ments it was slightly higher than 10 per ceat., the actual figures being 10-08 per cent. and 10-48 per cent. In the Drawing-in Department it wag a little more than eleven and a half per cent. 63. With the exception of Ramosees in the Watch and Ward Section there is little or no similarity in the departmental figures of percentage absenteeism at each of the three centres studied. Absenteeism for men in the Ring Spinning Department amounted to 7-33 per cent. in Ahmedabad and to 11-26 per cent. in Sholapur as against 10-48 per cent. in Bombay. [n the Drawing-in Department lost time amounted to 3-76 per cent. in Ahmedabad, to 11°55 per cent. in Bombay, and to 17-24 per cent. in Sholapur. It is unnecessary to comment on this point further as the figures in the detailed tables speak for themselves. As itis of interest, however, to consider the figures for the most important occupations among male and female operatives, in the same way as was done whilst }* dealing with the question of full time attendance, figures for percentage Absenteeism for weavers and spinners (siders) among men, and winders and reelers among women are set out in the subjoined table. Occupation Weavers (Men) Spinners (Siders) (Men) . Winders (Women) Reelers (Women) Centre Bombay .. Ahmedabad .. Sholapur "Bombay Abmedabad Sholapur Bombay Ahmedabad .. Sholapur 3ombay .. \hmedabad ,. Sholapur Number of workers returned Percentage absenteeism 11,758 4,582 1,509 4-36 10-76 15-07 5,268 | 1.604 189 11-92 7-91 10-69 +633 635 260 15-63 8-81 12 +924 2,044 18-45 429 | 8-98 380 es 10°76 64. The manner ir which rotation of employment among winders and reelers affected the final absenteeism figures for female operatives and all adult operatives is brought out in a very striking manner from the figures given for these two occupation groups in the above table. It will be seen that in the case of reelers percentage absenteeism in Bombay was more than double that in Ahmedabad and in the case of winders, nearly double. Spinners were more regular in Ahmedabad and weavers were more regular in Bombay. 65. The following table shows the figures ot perceatage absenteeism worked out for all departments separately for men and women for each centre according as their earnings were derived from time rates or piece rates of wages :(— ee ee ee ras restate Percentage absenteeism for ——ee ree. Centre i Bombay .. oo Ahmedabad a sholapur : Male operatives on Time rates Piece rates 8:09 6-00 6-30 10-00 10-71 14+483 Female operatives on Time rates Piece rates | 6-31 | 16-32 6-42 9-09 3-81 11-39 66. ‘Workers who were partly on time rates and partly on piece rates were excluded. Children have alsc not been taken into consideration. The extent to which the figures for women workers in Bombay are biased on account of rotation of employment is again brought out by bhe high figure for absenteeism of women workers on piece rates. 67. An often discussed question or which no reliable statistical infor- mation was hitherto available is the actual time loss to the workers on account of absenteeism with the corresponding loss in wages. The following table shows the number of man-days lost through absenteeism during the period of the Enquiry in the selected mills at each centre :— Working days lost through absenteeism by Centre Bombay .e Ahmedabad .. Sholapur . Total Men 73,8566 26,373 12.469 1.12.698 | Women 38,647 5,978 2.363 46.988 | All adult workers 1,12,603 32,351 14.832 1.59.686 68. The.loss in earnings per head separately for men and women werkers and all adult operatives returned in the Enquiry for each centre was as follows :(— Per capita loss in earnings through absenteeism for Centre Bombay vi ws .“t Ahmedabad .. wv : Sholapur Men Rs. a. p. | 214 3 215 0 2a 6 5b Women Rs. a. p. 2 6 2 1 89 1 2 8B | All adult workers Rs. a. p. 212 5 210 9 3 0 2 69. Children have not been included in the three preceding tables. Half-time workers lost 654 days with Rs. 224-13-0 in earnings iu Ahmedabad and 809 days with Rs. 202-4-0 in earnings in Sholapur. The per capita loss in relation to the total number of children employed was five annas and six pies in Ahmedabad and Re. 1-0-10 in Sholapur. 16) CHAPTER V Rates of Wages 70. Although full information was procured in- the 1926 Enquiry in connection with rates of wages paid to individual operatives in cotton mills in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Sholapur, it has been found impossible lo present ary comparable figures owing to the very wide variations which oxist both in methods of payment and the manner in which rates are fixed not only as between centre and centre bat also as between unit and unit in a particular centre. Variations were also found to exist for the same sccupation in a unit. The variations were most intensified in the case of Ahmedabad on account of the different methods adopted for the treatment of the Dearness Allowance and the wage cut of 15-625 per cent, effected in 1923. One: example will illustrate the difficulties ancountered. 71. Inthe case of Grinders one mill paid a daily rate of thirteen annas and nine pies plus Re. 2 per month for Dearness Allowance, less 156§ per sent. for the wage cut plus Rs. 2 per month for good attendance bonus. [n another case there was a daily rate of fifteen annas and nine pies with no addition for dearness allowance, less 15% per cent., and no bonus. In the same mill there was also a consolidated rate of Rs. 45 per month as far as the basic rate and the dearness allowaace were concerned but 15§ per cent. was deducted for the wage cut. Some mills gave absolute consoli- dated rates without any additions or deductions, the variation being as follows : Rs. 27, Rs. 29-4, Rs. 30, Rs. 32-2, Rs. 33, Rs. 33-12, Rs. 34, Rs. 40, Rs. 43 and Re. 45. Another mill gave Rs. 1-2-6 per day without dearness allowance and good attendance bonus but deducted the per- centage for the cut. Still another variation to be found was a daily rate of As. 13 or As. 14 without the dearness allowance and the cut but with Rs. 2 per month for the bonus. 72. The same sort of variation is to be found in the case of almost all occupations both for time rates and for piece rates. In the case of piece rates the variation is still more striking on account of the different rates for diflerent qualities of production. The bases on which wage rates ate determined are time, piece. and in a few instances, paruly time partly piece. 73. With regard to time rates of wages, there are several variations in the periods for which the rates are fixed. The predominant basis in’ Ahmedabad is a daily rate. In Bombay and Sholapur there is an almost equal distribution between daily rates and “monthly ” rates. The word * monthly’ in this case indicates either the total number of working days in the wage period, 26 days, 27 days, 30 days, 31 days or an actual calendar month irrespective of the number of days it contains. ‘ Monthly * rates with the variations indicated also exist to a sonsiderable extent in Ahmedabad. The Dearness Allowance in Alimed- 0 abad in those cases where it is not computed as a percentage on accrued earnings at basic rates is fixed either at so much per day or at so much per week, hapta, working days in a hapa, working days in two haptas or a month. Speaking generally daily rates for the Dearness Allowance are the exception and monthly rates the rule. The Good Attendance Bonus is generally calculated at so much per week at all centres. The variations in the methods of treatment of the various additions to and the deductions from the earnings from basic rates have already been dealt with in the Chapter on Methods of Wage Payments. This Chapter will therefore be confined to variations in the bases of payment. 74. Many mills adopt time rates on the basis of the number of work- ing days in the menth. Tn such cases those operatives who work through- out the month without absence secure the benefit of the full rate irres- pective of the number of holidays in the month. If the mill, however, remains closed for any reason or if a particular worker is played off, a proportionate amount is deducted for the number of days nct worked. Exceptions are often made in the case of the higher paid operatives. If the periodic rate for the number of working days is reduced {0 a daily rate the latter will vary according to the number of working days in particular months. The corresponding loss to the operative who remains absent in months having fewer working days is larger than that sustained by the operative who remains absent in months having more working days. Where the ““ monthly > rate is fixed for 26 days those operatives who put ir full time werk in a month of 27 working days receive one twentysixths more than the normal rate. Those who work for 26 days get the full wage. For each day’s absence under 26 one twentysixths’ is deducted. On the other hand, where rates relate to 27 days’ work the operative, although he works full time in a working month of 26 days gets one twentysevenths less than if he worked full time in a month of 27 days. 75. In cases where rates are fixed in relation tc calendar months, most mills reduce the calculations in respect of earnings to a simple proportion of the number of days actually worked to the number of working days in the month. For example if the monthly rate is Rs. 40, the operative who loses two days in a month of 27 working days gets 2» of Rs. 40, an operative who loses 4 days in a month of 25 working days gets z of Rs. 40 and so on. The method of the treatment of the monthly rate in the illustration given is simple but several mills have very intricate variations the utility of which is difficult to understand and into which it is not necessary to enter, But the work involved in ascertaining the actual number of days worked was in the cases of Bombay and Ahmedabad largely responsible for the delay in presenting she results of the 1926 Census. 76. In considering the question as to how payments of Wages are made in individual departments no references will henceforward be made with regard to the different systems adopted in fixing Time Rates. Only broad indications will be given with regard to the predominant methcds of wage fixation. Tt is essential, however, to remember, that 3, rates, either piece or time, often vary widely between unit and unit in the same centre ; and that there also exist, marked variations in the rates for various individuals in particular occupation groups within the same units. 77. Wages in the Mixing and Waste Room are fixed on time rates in all the centres studied. In the Blow Room all workers in Ahmedabad and Sholapur were on time rates, but Jobbers and Assistant Jobbers in some mills in Bombay were paid at piece rates on the total produc- bion of the workers under them. The unit of payment was 100 hanks. Thirty-two Inter Attendants were also paid at X* per hank as against 127 on time rates. The remaining operatives re;urned from the Blow Room Section in the Bcmbay mills were paid at time rates. All work in the Carding Room was also paid for at time rates both in Ahmedabad and in Shelapur. In Bombay, Jebbers and Assistant Jobbers in a few mills were paid at piece rates in relation to every 100 lbs. of sliver produced. Can Carriers were paid in some mills at time rates and in others at piece rates, the unit of payment in the latter case being either on production or the number of cars attended to. The predominant method of payment for Tenters attending Drawing Frames was on the basis of piece rates, 100 hanks of sliver generally being the unit of pay- ment at all centres. Jobbers, Assistant Jcbbers and Line Levellers were paid at time rates in some mills and at piece rates in others. A curious combination cf time and piece rates exists fcr Drawing Frame Tenters in the Sholapur mills. The total production on each head or frame in charge of one operative during the month is taken and the piece wage value determined at X pe: bank of sliver. The resulting figure becomes the time rate for 26 cr 27 working days as the case may be. If a tenter has worked for 20 out of 26 days he gets 29 cf the piece rate value of the production. The badli or the substitute is paid at definite time rates irrespective of the production although the badli’s production affects the regular worker’s rate. Where a tenter puts in full time work his wage resolves itself into a pure piece rate. 78. Slubbing, Inter and Roving Frame Tenters in the Bombay mills are generally paid on the basis of outturn of work according to the hanks of roving produced. In a few cases tenters also receive fixed wages, the proportion being 158 on time rates to a total of 2,283 Tenters returned. Doffers in the Slubbing, Inter and Roving Frame Department are aniformly paid at time rates. Jobbers are paid either at time or at piece rates but Doffer Jobbers are generally on fixed wages. Both in Ahmedabad and in Sholapur Slubbing Tenters are paid uniformly at piece rates but in the case of Inter and Roving Tenters both time and piece rates prevail. In Ahmedabad the predominant mode of payment for Roving Tenters is a conjunction of time and piece rates. Doffers are on fixed wages. 79. Apart from the Supervisory Jobbers there are three main occupation groups in the Ring Spinning Department : (1) Doffers, (2) Tarwallas or Followers and (3) Siders or, as they are sometimes * The symbol X will be used in preference to the term * at so much ’ or actual rates. / called, Piecers. Doffers and Tarwallas work in teams. The chief business of the doffers is to remove or doff the full bobbing when a frame is stopped and to put empty ones in their place. The business of the Tarwallas is, after the doffers have put the empty bobbins on the spindles; to make the proper connections of the yarn and put everything in order for the immediate running of the machine. The chief work of the Siders is to see that the roving passes safely through and to piece broken ends bogether at once. Some mills do not employ Tarwallas whose work is done by the Doffers. None of the sixteen mills covered by the Enquiry at Ahmedabad employed any tarwallas. Wages to machine attendants n the Ring Spinning Department are uniformly paid at time. rates at ali centres but Jobbers are paid either at time rates or at piece rates in Bombay and Sholapur. In Ahmedabad the whole department is on fixed wages. Where jobbers are paid on production the unit for payment is 1,000 lbs. of yarn produced. In the Mule Spinning Depart- ment, some mills pay at time rates and some at piece rates. Each mule is generally attended by a gang of seven men composed of 1 Spinner, 2 Engine Piecers and 4 Side men or Creelers. The basis of payment on piece rates is 100 lbs. of yarn produced. Some mills divide the total wage value of the production at X per 100 lbs. between the workers in a gang in such a proportion as to give the spinner about double the wage of the creeler and the side piecer a wage somewhat lower than the spinner but more than the creeler. Some mills have separate piece rates, X, Xs Xg for Spinners, Side Piecers and Creelers but the different rates apply, as in the former case, on the total production turned out by the gang. In almost all cases the rates are for 10s. Where yarns of higher counts are produced the production is reduced to 10s for purposes of wage calculations. There was no Mule Spinning in the mills covered oy the Enquiry at Ahmedabad and at Sholapur. 80. In the Winding Department, the predominant method of pay- ment both for male and female operatives on Grey and Colour winding was by piece rates at all centres. Male Pirn Winders, however, generally received fixed wages. Male Jobbers were universally on time rates as also Naskins or Female Jobbers. Out of 2,044 women reelers returned in Bombay, 1,906 were on piece rates, 3 on time rates and 135 on both time and piece rates. In Ahmedabad there were 5 on time rates and 424 on piece rates. In Sholapur 366 out of the 380 women reelers returned were on piece rates and the remainder on time rates. The unit of payment for piece rates was generally 100 lbs. in the Winding Department with variations per 10 or 20 lbs. or per doff. In the case of those Reelers who were on both time and piece rates the basis of payment was Rs. 8 per month plus 1 anna per doff. 8l. In the Warping Department, Jobbers, Assistant Jobbers and Creelers were paid at time rates at all centres. Warpers were almost universally paid at piece rates, the unit for payment in Bombay and Sholapur generally being 100 Ibs. and in Ahmedabad 1,000 yards of yarn wrapped on the beams. Wages in the Doubling Department were paid at time rates at all centres. In the Sizing Department the fixed rate 33 wage was universal in Ahmedabad and in Sholapur and was about equally listributed with piece rates for Front and Back Sizers in Bombay. Front Sizers generally receive about double the amount paid to Back Sizers. The unit for payment in the case of piece rates is X per 1,000 Ibs. of sized warp yarn wrapped onthe beams. Both Drawers and Reachers mn the Drawing-in Department at all centres are generally paid according to the number of ends drawn through the * eyes” of the string in the heald or heddle, the unit for purposes of wage calculations generally being 1,000 ends drawn. 82. Weavers were universally paid at piece rates at all centres. In Bombay and Sholapur the unit for payment is a pound of cloth produced. In Ahmedabad a piece is the unit. Different rates are laid down for different qualities. Jobbers inthe Weaving Department may be paid either at time rates or at piece rates. In the latter case the rates are determined either on total production, the unit being 1,000 Ibs. or as a percentage of the total wages earned by the weavers on the looms under each Jobber. Workers in the Yarn Bundling and Baling Department in Bombay are paid at time rates in some mills and at piece rates in others, the unit for payment in the latter case being the number of bundles handled. Piece rates in the Cloth Folding, Baling and Finishing Departments were only paid in one mill in Bombay. Work in the Yarn Bundling and Cloth Folding Departments in Ahmedabad and Sholapur was almost universally remunerated at time rates. All operatives in the remaining Depart- ments of a cotton mill which have not been specifically dealt with above are universally paid at time rates in all centres with the exception of some rope splicers in Ahmedabad who are paid per 1b. Children were universally paid at time rates both in Ahmedabad and in Sholapur. 83. The following three tables show, separately for adult males, adult females, and all operatives (including children) the numbers of workers on time rates, on piece rates, and on combined time and piece rates respectively at each centre. The percentage which each figure bears to the total number returned is given in italics below the figure to which it relates :— vw. Distribution of Adult Male Operatives according to Time and Piece Rates Centre Bombay Ahmedabad Sholapur Total Number Returned 38.349 12.719 3 76l Number on Time Rates 20,776 54°18 6,457 50-77 1,945 | 51°71 ’ Number on Mece Rates 17,566 4580 5,828 4578 1,816 48+ 2G Number on combined Time and diece Rates { 002 439 345 MO R 36-8 2. Distribution of Adult Female Operatives according to Time and Piece Bates entre Total Number Returned Number on Time Rates Number on Piece Rates Number on combined Time and Piece Rates Bombay .. 12.072 5,585 16+ 26 6,352 52-62 35 (+12 ihmedabad 16 1,864 h1° 80 1,104 36-61 48 {59 Sholapur 181 22-85 | 629 7765 3 Distribution of All Operatives (including children) according to Teme and Piece Rates Jentre Total Number Ratnrnad Number on Time Rates Number on Piece Rater Number on combined Time snd Piece Rater Bombay .. 50.421 26,361 52-99 23.918 4744 142 0:28 Ahmedabad 16,392 3,978 PER 2d 6,927 1228 487 2.09 Sholapur (B23 2,318 {867 2.445 51°33 ata 84. The figures for average daily earnings in particular occupations m different mills vary widely from mill t¢ mill. This is sufficiently illustrated if the figures for four important occupations, viz., Weavers, Siders, Warpers and Grey Winders (Women) are taken for each of the mills covered in the Enquiry for Bombay and Ahmedabad. As some millsin Ahmedabad are either entirely spinning mills or entirely weaving mills, the blanks against certain numbers indicate that no workers in he occupation concerned were returned. EERE. 35 85. The following table shows the average daily earnings ip the four stated occupations in each of the nineteen wills covered by the Enquiry in Bombav City together with the averages for the centre — Average Daily Earnings in July 1926 for Mill mmber Average ..! 3 W, a Weavers—P* {Two Loom) Men) Rs. a. pe 115 9 1 14 10 116 7 112 10 110 9 L 9 1 113 4 2 1 2 112 10 113 2 2 1 6 112 0 1 9 4 911 112 4 L115 2 112 0 2 0 4 | 12 4 1 12 4 Siders—T {Men} Rs. a. p. tL 05 015 8 015 9 015 8 107 I 05 015 0 014 3 014 3 n 15 11 L 05 I 0 5 015 7 [I 0 3 1 0 6 015 10 1 0 2 0 15 10 I 211 Ft 1 Warpers—P* {Men) Rs. a. p. 2 7 3 112 7 2 3 8 2 5 8 110 3 2 0 6 2 2 4 214 0 112 11 2 9 1 2 2 3 115 3 i12 0 112 3 2 1 8 210 3 2,010 >» | 9 2 9 9 Grey winders— P* (Women) Rs. a. p. 015 5 011 10 0 9 7 013 1 013 4 612 & 011 0 0 91 012 3 010 4 010 7 0 910 0 8 3 0c 9 8 015 3 010 8 012 5 011 6 012 131 011 6 * P=Meaus on Piece Rates. Tt T=Means on Time Rates. 86. As will be seen from this table the earnings of Weavers vary between Rs. 1-9-1 and Rs. 2-1-6 per day, those of Siders between annas 14-3 and Rs. 1-2-11 per day, those of Warpers between Rs. 1-10-3 and Rs. 2-14-0 per day and those of female Grey Winders between annas 8-3 and annas 15-5 per dav. MO BR 26—2a 36 87. The figures for Ahmedabad are presented in the following table for each of the 16 mills covered by the Enquiry at that centre in the same way as those in the preceding table for Bombay :— Average Daily Earnings in two Haptas in May 1926 for Mill number 8 Average ..| Weavers—P (Two Loom) | Siders—T (Men) (Men) Warpers—P Grey Winders— (Men) P (Women) Rs. a. Dn. Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. lL 14 11 L127 L114 5 1 8 5 114 9 2 0 2 015 4 015 1 015 6 015 1 L114 0 2 4 6 L111 9 1 9 2 2 8 5 013 4 012 1 012 0 012 5 15 9 011 1 “ae 014 9 0 14 11 014 6 1 0 3 014 8 014 11 015 4 015 3 0 14 11 2 1 0 113 6 2 379 L111 3 Ll 9 8 2 4 2 L10 6 lin #4 2'15 5 2 7 5 113 2 013 8 012 9 111 012 11 011 35 012 11 010 7 0 Oo 1 112 1 110 1 213 4 212 5 112 »5 1135 | ow 1 | 9 011 9 88. With the exception of spinners whose average daily earnings mn the individual mills varied only within a limit of two annas between wnnas-14-6 and Rs. 1-0-3, the variations in the other occupations were within wider limits in Ahmedabad as compared with Bombay. The limit of variation in the case of weavers was eleven annas and nine pies, the actual range being Rs. 1-8-5 to Rs. 2-4-2. For warpers it was Rs. 1-6-3 with a range from Rs. 1-9-2 to Rs. 2-15-5. 89. In Sholapur the average daily earnings of Siders and Weavers in one mill were Re. 0-11-1 and Rs. 1-9-2 as against Re. 0-12-7 and Rs. 1-10-1 in the other mill. Warpers and Grey Winders were only employed ia one mill, so no comparative figures are available for the other. Ope important factor in these variations in earnings is the different rates paid by different mills for the same class of work, a difference which the Indian Textile Tariff Board which sat in 1926 suggested should be rectified by standardisation. (See Appendix B.) 7 CHAPTER VI Limitations in Comparison as between Centres or with Previous Years 90. The use of the sampling method imposes certain limitations where only a few hands are employed in some section of a mill, as some- times happers when as pointed out on a previous page there are several hundred different vecupations in a cotton mill. The averages for several occupations containing a small number of workers differ widely from the averages for similar occupations in the results of the 1921 and 1923 enquiries. In some cases the differences may be due to faulty grouping of occupations in the returns of the 1921 and 1923 enquiries but in most cases they are due to the inadequacy cf the sample obtained from the 1926 Enquiry. These remarks, however, only apply to the figures for those occupations which cover very few workers in each case, and even chen not in all cases. For all the main occupations the sample was shoroughly representative in view of the great care taken to secure equal cepresentation for all types of mills. For example, in the case of Ahmeda- oad, the sample included nine mills paying medium or the predomin- ant rates of wages with a representation of 22'8 per cent. of the total number of workers in all the Ahmedabad mills, two mills paying low wages with a representation cf 4-3 per cent. of the total number employed and five mills paying high wages with a representation of 4 per cent. of the total number employed. The averages for the main groups of workers are therefore irreproachable. But if a particular occupation group only contains a few workers from a high wage paying or a low wage paying mill the sample becomes defective and the resulting aver- ages do not represent the actual averages which would result if all the anits in a particular centre were covered. This is what actually hap- pened in some cases in Ahmedabad and in Sholapur. It is not neces- sary to delete such cases from the tabulation because they should rightly be included in the figures regarding Attendance, Absenteeism, ete. The earnings of such workers have also been included in arriving at group and centre averages, which would otherwise not be representative of the selected sample. It should also be pointed out, that in the case of Sholapur the results of the Enquiry in respect of the Winding, Reeling, Warping, Sizing, Drawing-In, Dyeing, Yarn Bundling and Baling, Cloth Folding, Mechanics and Maintenance Departments only relate to one mill because the other unit covered did not furnish any figures for operatives in these Departments. Figures for the main lepartments, i.c., Spinning and Weaving, were, however, returned by oth mills. 91. With regard to the question of comparability of the results of this Census as between centre and centre, it may be pointed out that this Report is not concerned with the reasons why the averages for a 8 particular occupation at one centre are higher or lower than the averages for the same occupation at another centre, nor is this Report concerned with the various factors that industrial employers have to contend with in wage fixation. The object of a wage census report is primarily to present the statistical results of the tabulations of various sets of figures, obtained in a particular manner and dealt with in a particular way. But when figures are given for three centres it is inevitable that comparisons will be made and it is therefore desirable to make a few observations on this point. With regard to the figures for Sholapur, it may be said at once that there is no basis of comparison whatsoever between Bombay and Sholapur or as between Ahmedabad and Sholapur. Wages in Sholapur are on an all-round definitely lower level in comparison with Bombay and Ahmedabad ; and quite apart from any questions of the limitations of the 1921 and 1923 enquiries, the Reports of both those enquiries bring out this fact in an unmistakable manner. 92. The figures for Bombay and Ahmedabad approximate more closely in some occupations and the following facts need to be borne in mind. In she Ahmedabad Cotton Mills work in several departments is given out on contract. - Thus, out of the sixteen mills covered by the Enquiry at bhat centre, work in the Mixing Department was given out on contract in four mills, that in the Yarn Bundling Department in eight mills and in the Baling Section of this Departraent in seven mills. In the Drawing-In Department work was given out on contract in seven mills. In three dther mills men for this Department are engaged by the contractors and boys by the mills. Beam carrying was done by contract in nine mills, For the results of the average earnings of the workers in the various occupations in these departments to be absolutely representative, the figures for the workers engaged by the contractors should also be included. This could not be obtained. The personal enquiries of the Investigators of the Labour Office go to show that, speaking generally, workers engaged directly by the mills receive higher rates of wages than those who are engaged by the contractors. Efforts to secure figures for the numbers and earnings of workers engaged by the contractors proved nugatory because the mills concerned had no information or knowledge either as to the number of men engaged by the contractors or the rates of wages paid by them. As the contractors are frequently changed from time to time and as they maintain no proper records no information could be procured from them. As far as the actual averages of the workers in bhe occupations in those Departments where the work ig given out on contract by some mills are concerned, the results of the Census may be considered as representative of the earnings of those operatives in such Departments as are engaged by the mills, because the distribution of this work between the mills and by contract will have a ratio for the whole industry similar to the ratio in the mills covered by the Enquiry. But as the operatives for work in all these Departments in the Bombay Mills are engaged and paid by the mills themselves without the intervention of contractors, the fact that the contractors’ men were not included in Ahmedabad must be borne in mind when a comparison is made for the *Q average earnings per head of workers in the occupations in these depart: ments as between Bombay and Ahmedabad. 93. The second point is that none of the selected mills in Bombay returned any ““double-side ”” workers in the Slubbing, Inter and Roving Departments for the 1926 Census. In Ahmedabad, work in the Roving Department in all the 16 mills covered by the Enquiry was generally done on the ““double-side” system. In the Slubbing Department operatives were required to work two sides of a frame in seven mills and in the Inter Department in eight mills. According to the rational method of work, the saving effected in wages by retrenching a number of operatives and allocating more spindles or machines to the remaining operatives is divided proportionately between the workers and the mill. Naturally an operative who works two sides of a frame gets more wages than the operative who minds one side only. These facts require to be borne in mind when comparing the average earnings of Slubbing, Inter and Roving Frame Tenters as between Bombay and Ahmedabad. 94. With regard to the comparison of the average earnings of Spinners isiders) and Weavers between Bombay and Ahmedabad, the character of the production in the two centres has an important bearing on the question. As the forms returned for the Enquiry for workers on Time Rates of wages gave no indication whatever with regard to qualities and quantities of yarn spun by individual operatives no figures are avail- able to show the character of the production in the Spinning Sections in any of the mills covered by the Enquiry. With regard to Weaving, the Ahmedabad mills supplied full information in connection with the counts of the Warp and Weft yarns used in the different kinds of cloth woven in May 1926, but as the Bombay Millowners Asscciation and the Sholapur Millowners did not consider it necessary for the individual mills to furnish the necessary data with regard to this it has not been possible to secure any comparative figures for the character of the production in the Weaving Department as between the three centres from the returns themselves. The “character of the production > has a very vital bearing on questions connected with rates of wages. Those mills which weave finer cloths pay better wages in every centre than chose mills which manufacture comparatively inferior sorts. As is well known, the cotton mills in Ahmedabad use comparatively more Uganda cofton than the Bombay mills in their mixing and, speaking generally, they produce yarns of higher counts and cloths of finer textures. This is amply illustrated by the figures in the two tables given below. The first table shows the percentages of the production of different counts of yarn spun to total production both in Bombay and in Ahmedabad and the second table shows the quantities of woven goods produced in Bombay and in Ahmedabad under the heads Dhoties,” “ Shirting and Longecloth,” and “ Other Sorts,” and the percentage which the production in each group bears to the total production at the centre. Both sets of figures relate to the year 1926 which was not disturbed by any general strikes at either centre, [ABLE Counts of yarn spun ts to 10s L1s to 208 21s to 30s 31s to 40s 40s and above .. Waste. etc. Total | Percentages of production of yarn of each class to the total production of varn in 1926 in Bombav City Ahmedabad Per cent. Per cent. 21-95 44.33 20-71 2-58 1-11 2392 2-58 38-25 46°97 7-87 4-33 -~ “00°00 Hs rm re. re ————— 95. It will be seen from the above table that whereas only 33-40 per cent. of the total amount of yam produced in Bombay in 1926 is over 20s, in Ahmedabad it is 59-17 per cent. Tare II Bombay City Ahmedabad Description of Woven Goods Production | Percentage to in 1926 total Pro. duction Production | Percentage to in 1926 total Pro- duction Dhoties .. Shirting and Long- cloth. Pounds Pounds 26,738,000 ' 10-57 84,318,000 33-31 52,664,000 20.751.000 47-97 18-90 Dhoties, Shirting and| 111,056,000 Longeloth. Other sorts Vv. | All sorts i" 43-88 73,415,000 66°87 Te my —— - — i, 142,062,000 | 56-12 | 36,369,000 | 33-13 253.118,000 | 100-00 © 109.784,000 100-00 96. In Ahmedabad the production of Dhoties amounted to 47-97 per cent. of the total production in Ahmedabad in 1926 as against 10-57 per cent. in the case of Bombay. 97. The last point which requires to be dealt with in considering the comparability of the figures as between Bombay and Ahmedabad is the average earnings of women workers. In Ahmedabad 680 out of 3,016 female operatives returned or 22-5 per cent. worked as Siders and their average earnings amounted to Rs. 0-15-1 per day as against Rs. 0-15-2 per day for male siders which shows that women in this occu- pation received the same rates of wages as men. In Bombay only 636 out of 12,072 women returned or 5-27 per cent. were employed as Siders, their average daily earnings amounting to Rs. 0-15-2 as against Rs, 1-0-3 for men or about an anna in the rupee less. The averages for all women workers in Bombay are, moreover, also affected by the rotation of employment given to Winders and Reelers. CHAPTER VII Earnings 98. The term “ Earnings ” for the purposes of this Report includes remuneration from (a) basic rates, (b) the dearness allowance, (c) the good attendance bonus and (d) in the case of Sholapur, the monetary value of the Grain Concession. Additional remuneration earned from Overtime or Double Substitute work has been excluded because of its irregular character. In all cases figures for net earnings, i.e., after lost time and fines had been deducted, were taken. Net earnings are not necessarily coincident with the amounts which the workers actually received. Further deductions are made in many cases for contributions bo Provident Funds, for the value of the grain or cloth purchased from the mills’ grain or cloth shops, or for accommodation provided in mill chawls at rents below economic rent. As the workers receive at least cent. per sent. vaule for these deductions and as the exact money value in all rases where such concessions are granted is not ascertainable, no figures were called for in connexion with all those items where deductions were made for services rendered by the employer. The word “fines” includes deductions made for the value of spoilt cloth or *fents ” handed over to the workers. (See Appendix C.) Meaning oF THE TERM “ AVERAGE ”’ 99. The forms filled in for the 1921 and 1923 Enquiries gave separa- tely for each occupation in each mill the total number of operatives in cach sex and age group engaged as time-workers or piece-workers respec- tively, the aggregate number of working days worked by each such group, the aggregate earnings of the group, and the average earnings per capita. Thus,—*“ Mill No. 114, Men, Mule Spinning, Side Piecers, Piece, ; work- men 15, days actually worked 321 (or, in the 1921 Enquiry, 26, 27 or 31 or products of 15 and these numbers as the case may be), total earnings Rs. 473, daily average per capita Re. 1-7-7 (or Re. 1-3-5 or Re. 1-2-8 or Re. 1-0-3). These units were the ultimate units on which the Tables for average daily earnings were based and the separate earnings of every individual were not known. 100. The figures given for average monthly earnings in the body of the Report of the 1921 Enquiry were arrived at by using Part I of the form and by dividing the sums of the entries for “net amount of wages earned by those working full time ** by the sums of the entries for “number working full time.” Average monthly earnings ” was sheoretically an average for those employees only who worked through- out the month without being absent, though owing to the wide diver- gencies in the manner of filling up Part I of the form by different mills, the result was actually an average on a composite basis. Enquiries made at the mills after the returns for the 1923 Enquiry had been recei- ved elicited the information that the entries made in Part I of the form were for actual full-time workers only in a very few cases, 1.e., those who had worked without absence, and that they merely gave totals AVERAGE Dairy Earnings : 104. The following table gives the average daily earnings, by centres, for all adult male operatives, all adult female operatives, all children ind all adult operatives employed in the selected mills in the cotton mill ndustry at each of the three centres studied. In the yrevicus Reports ao figures were given for adult operatives but averages were given for all operatives by reckoning two half-timere (children) as one full-timer (an adult). Similar figures were not worked out for the 1926 Brquiry oecause the average daily earnings of adult male operatives were mcre than four times those of children both in Ahmedabad and in Sholapur and of women more than double in Ahmedabad and about two-thirds vs much in Sholapur. Average Daily Earnings of All Overaiives Average daily earnings for Jentre Bombay v3 Ahmedabad oe sholapur Vien 2s Pa . 0 1 8 0 | 1 6 8 | O05 Women Children Rs.’a. p 01111 | “ung 012 6 05 8 0 68 8 0 4 0 All adults Rs. a. p 1 5 3 1 4 3 O14 § AverAGE MoNtHLY EARNINGS OF ALL WORKERS 165. The average monthly earnings® of all workers in the selected alls at Bombay and Sholapur in the month of July 1926 in each age and sex group were as follows. As explained in paragraphs 30 and 35 the month in the case of the Bombay figures represents 27 davs and n Sholapur 26°7 davs. Average Monthly Earnings of All Workers Centres sex and Age Group Bombav Sholapur Ven ve ii . “ Women .. . 4] Children oe ee . All Adults ~ Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. 37 10 2 | 23 15 6 17 12 4 | 9 15 7 oon » i 5 10 4 22 14 1 91 7 10 el SE A ED ET * The data worked out for Ahmedabad for average earnings in the two selected haptas ire not presented owing to the variations in the maximum number of working days in bhe two haptas as between mill and mill (vide paragraph 26). cerrado Pu AvErAGE MoNTHLY EARNINGS oF Furi TiMe WORKERS 106. It is necessary to emphasise that the meaning of the term * full time worker ” is not the same as that of a * full-timer.” * Full time worker ”’ means an operative who has worked throughout the month without any absence, whereas a full-timer ”* means an adult worker who puts in full time during the working day as distinguished from a * half-timer ” or a child whose hours are limited by law to less than those of an adult. Full time worker ”* or * full time *’ will, throughout this Report, relate to an operative who has attended a mill throughout the wage period without any absence. The following table shows, by centres, for each sex and age group, the average monthly earnings of all operatives who worked full time. The figures for Ahmedabad have been arrived at by multiplying the average daily earnings by 27 in all cases, while those for Sholapur relate to a month of 26-7 days. Average Monthly Earnings of Full Time Workers Centres Sex and Age Groups Vien . Women Children Al Adulte Bombav Rs. a. p. e 6 Ahmedabad Rs. a. p. 38 4 0 21 1 6 9 4 6 34 14 0 Sholapur Rs. a. p 26 10 2 11 6 7 613 10 924 6 1 RACES SUCRE Li EARNINGS IN THE MAIN Evrrovyments (1) Head Jobbers and Other Jobbere 107. Almost every Process Department in a cotton mill has one or more Head Jobbers and Assistant Jobbers under them. In the case of the smaller mills where a department has only one or two jobbers, a Head Jobber is not employed. The earnings of Head Jobbers and Jobbers vary widely as between departments and, speaking generally, are lowest in the Mixing and Waste Room where Jobbers are sometimes called “ Mukadams * and are highest in the Weaving Department. For she earnings of Head and Assistant Jobbers in each department reference may be made to Tables Nos. X, XT and XII (pages 90 to 110). The two following tables give, for Head Jobbers and Other Jobbers respectively, the averages for daily, monthly and full time earnings in the selected mills at each centre, separately for Time and Piece workers. 19 from Part IT of the form. The data returned in Part I were therefore scrapped, and the average monthly earnings were arrived at by sep- arately summing the * number paid during the month, >’ and “ the aggre- gate number of days worked ” for each occupation group for all the mills xu the territorial unit required, dividing the second by the first of these bwo sums and multiplying the result by the average daily earnings ready ascertained. The averages for centres were weighted averages, 101. In the 1926 Enquiry figures for each individual worker were returned. Average daily earnings were arrived at by summing the figures for ““ Net monthly earnings > for different individuals included in each occupation in each sex and age group engaged as time-workers or piece-workers respectively, and the figures tor the number of days actually worked, and by dividing the former by the latter. Average monthly earnings were calculated by summing the “net monthly earn- ings ” for all the individuals included in the group and dividing the total by the aumber of individuals included in the group. Manner of the Presentation of the Results 102. Table No. X (pages 90 to 98) gives, separately for men and women, the total number of workers in each occupation, the average number of days worked, the average monthly earnings, the average daily earnings, the number working full time, and the average monthly earnings of full-time workers in the nineteen selected mills in Bombay City and Island in Jvly 1926. Table No. XI (pages 99 to 105) gives, separately for men, women and children, the number of workers in each occupation in the sixteen selected mills in Ahmedabad City and the average daily earnings in two ha pias with a preponderating aumber of days in May 1926. For reasons given in paragraph 26 no figures are presented for average number of days worked, average mon- thly earnings, number of operatives working full-time and the average monthly earning, of full time workers. Possible earnings for a full working month of 27 days are, however, given. Table No. XII (pages 106 to 110) gives the results for the two selected mills in Sholapur for July 1926 in the same way as Table’ No. X does for Bombay, 103. In the Reports of the 1921 and the 1923 En quiries, the averages for those occupations which are common to all departments such as Mukadams, Nawghanies (trained lifters) Carpenters, Fitters, Oilers, Mochies (Cobblers), Coolies and Sweepers were shown. separately for each department in which workers in these occupations were found. For the purposes of the 1926 Enquiry it was considered that it would be better, in view of rates of wages for workers of each class in the diffe- rent departments of individual units being similar, if all workers in each of these occupations were grouped together. The averages for these occupations are therefore shown at the end of each Section for men and womeaq in Tables Nos. X, XI and XII. In view of the defects of the 1921 Enquiry no comparison is made in this Report between 1914, 1921 and 1926. Earnings of Head Jobbers Centre Bombay Ahmedabad .. Sholapur .. Bagis of Pavment "Time Piece Time Piece Time Piece Average Farnings Total Number eturned Number working £111 time Average monthly earnings of full time workers#® Daily | Monthly Rs. a. p. 176 315 4 107 | 6 1 1 1241 2a 1 8! IQ 4 uw RB Rs. a. pi Rs. a. p. 104 § 3 105 11 3 81 3 11 165 9 11 .. 8313 0 EE 176 1 0 7815 9 6 | 85 11 8 36 4 17 121 102 2 © & Cn * For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily sarnings, For Sholapur the month = 26-7 days. 108. Several interesting features are brought out by the figures in the above table. In Bombay, average daily earnings on piece rates are about 53 per cent. higher than those on time rates whereas in Ahmedabad they are more than double. On the other hand the approximate ratio between Head Jobbers on piece rates to those on time rates is 1: 10in Ahmedabad as against 2: 3 in Bombay which shows thatthe time basis of payment exists to a much greater extent in Ahmedabad. In Sholapur, the piece rate is the predominant basis of payment, the ratio being 10: 3 with average daily earnings of piece workers a little over 28 per cent. higher than those of time workers. In Bombay there is a wide variation in the average monthly earnings of Head Jobbers on time rates and those on piece rates. The same wide variation exists in the case of full time workers both in Bombay and in Ahmedabad but although the monthly sarnings of piece workers ave higher than those of time workers in Sholapur the figures for time and piece workers tend to approximate in the case of all workers and to show a wider variation for full time workers. The average monthly earnings of full time Head Jobbers on time rates are higher in Sholapur than in Ahmedabad. Earnings of Jobbers other than Head Jobbers Nantre Bombay .. Ahmedabad Sholapur . . Basis of Pa, viment “Time Piece Time Piece Time Piece Total number eturned 612 821 303 188 34 2Q Averages Karnings Daily Vionthlv RS. a. Pp. 4 0 a 4 0 LY 1 5 Bs. a. p. 56 10 J 03 7 9 PLAN 1 - 88 6 Number working Fadl time 348 570 on 14 Average monthly earnings of full time workers ® Rs. a. p. 60 6 7 112 15 3 46 13 3 106 5 3 49 0 11 51 © 4 *For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily sarnings. For Sholapur the month = 26-7 days. re 2 109. The characteristics dealt with above with regard to the respective earnings of Head Jobbers on time and Piece rates are brought out more clearly in the figures for * Other Jobbers,” although the ratios of the numbers of Jobbers on time rates and Piece rates are different to those of Head Jobbers. (2) Weavers 110. The most important group of operatives in the cotton mill industry is the weavers. The number returned for the three centres covered by this Enquiry amounted to 17,849 or nearly 25 per cent. of the total number returned. No women are employed as weavers in any cotton mill in the Bombay Presidency. With the exception of three weavers shown on time rates in Bombay all the weavers at all centres were on piece rates of wages. Two looms to sg weaver is an almost general distribution of machines in Bombay and in Ahmedabad and in the majority of cases in Sholapur, the total number of two-loom weavers being 16,728 or 93-72 per cent. of the total number of weavers returned for all centres. 111. In Bombay out of a total number of 11,758 weavers returned, 11,358 or 96-59 per cent. were two-loom weavers, 327 or 2°79 per cent. were one-loom weavers, 6 were three-loom weavers and 67 were four- loom weavers. Out of the 327 one-loom Weavers, 44 were apprentice weavers. In Ahmedabad, 4,377 or 95-53 Per cent. of the total number of weavers returned for that centre were two-loom weavers, 77 were engaged on three looms and 128 on four-looms. In Sholapur the two- loom basis does not predominate to the same extent as it does in Bombay and in Ahmedabad, the number of one-loom weavers returned for that centre amounting to 514 or 34" 06 per cent. of the 1,509 weavers returned. The number of two-loom weavers returned was 993 or 65-81 per cent. Only two four-loom weavers and no three-loom weavers were returned by sither of the two selected mills in Sholapur. The following table gives in a comparative form the average earnings of weavers in Bombay. Ahmedabad and Sholapur according to the number of looms tended — Earnings of Weavers Yentre Bombay .. Number of [.ooms tended "One Loom— Time. } One Loom .. One Loom Apprentice. Pwo Looms . | Three Looms. | Four Looms Total number returned 33 280 | 44 11,358 6 B87 Average Rarnings Number working fll time Average mo nthly earnings of full time workers? Dailv Monthly Rs. a. p. 215 9 2 211 Rs. a. p. 7% 8 8 Rs. a. p lg 0 0 82 6 8 200 | 85 4 4 n 9 0 20 14 9 25 751 8,242 f1 9 10 4 7 7 7 59 23 13 10 49 9 11 717 5 74 1 CHILI TR OTRO. A me EX EA Se Ne FF 0 rt, a | TIRE Rr sry * Yor reasons alread ¥ given, the Ahmedabad figure represents £7 times theo daily sarnings. For Sholapur the month— 26- 7 days. T No indication as to the basis of payment ig given in the other cases because all the remaining weavers are on piece rates. ’- { Lanere Ahmedabad . Sholapur .. Number of l;ooms tended "Two Looms. . Three Looms. Four Looms .' "One Loom ..| ; Two Looms. . Four Looms .i Average Earnings Total number returned Number working fall time Average monthly sarnings of full time workers® Daily | Monthly Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. | Rs. a. p. £,220 74 101 113 5 2% 3 6 4 49 10 3 64 15 6 91 11 © 514 014 6 993 1 9 4 2, 8 8 ¢ 20 011 36 3 7 | 8 0 9 81 23 5 3 231 43 6 6 218 0 3 *For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily sarnings. For Sholapur the month = 267 days. 112. Excluding the 44 apprentice weavers, the 3 one-loom weavers on “ime rates and the 280 one-loom weavers on piece rates in Bombay operated looms of 60” to 92” in width and their earnings were substan- sally higher than those of any other class of weavers. The production on the wider looms was composed of blankets, counterpanes and dobby and Jacquard chudders. The 67 four-loom weavers were 2ll returned by one mill. The looms worked by the individual operatives in this case were uniformly 24”, 28” or 32” in width in most cases and the production was of cloths of specially narrow widths. In a few cases the speratives had two looms of 32” in width and two of 45” in width but the widths of the cloths produced were the same as those of the cloths woven on the narrower looms. An examination of the returns in respect of the 6 three-loom weavers returned in Bombay did not show any special features. In one mill the two three-loom weavers returned worked on looms of 34”, 39” and 56” in width and the production was Twills and Susis. It is probable that an additional loom was given to a two-loom weaver on account of an inconvenient location of an odd loom in the Weaving Shed. Three-loom weavers were returned by seven mills and four-loom weavers by eight mills in Ahmedabad. The alloca- tion of a greater number of looms than two was due in all cases to work sither on looms of narrow widths or to production of cloths of narrower widths on wider looms, the qualities generally woven being African fancies or patis and choles. 113.. One of the most striking features brought out by the figures in the above table is the comparatively large number of one-loom weavers in Sholapur—514 or 34-06 per cent. of the 1,509 weavers returned and sheir low wages compared with similar operatives in Bombay. The average daily earnings of these one-loom weavers amounted to fourteen annas and six pies, their average monthly earnings to Rs. 20-0-11 and the average .monthly ' earnings of the 81 who worked full time to Rs. 23-5-3, The last figure is lower than the average monthly earnings 12 of full time apprentice-one-loom weavers in Bombay. There were no special features regarding the widths of the looms allotted to, or the character of production turned out by, these one-loom weavers. The looms were of the same widths as those normally allotted to two-loom weavers and the qualities of cloth turned out were also similar. Enquiries made from the offices of the Agents of the respective mills in Bombay elicited the reply that many weavers in Sholapur are so inefficient that it is impossible to give them more than ane loom. 114. The following table gives group averages in the same way as those presented for Head Jobbers and other Jobbers :— Earnings of All Weavers Jentre Bombay .. Ahmedabad Sholavuar .. Basis of 2a vment r Time | Piece Piece Piace Average Rarnings Total number returned Daily | Monthly Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. 3] 215 9 7% 8 8 11,765 1 11311148 4 2 4,582 1.509 20 12 1 Number working full time Average monthly sarnings of full time workers® Rs. a. p. 1 R.524 1 85 0 0 L850 0 0 15012 3 24 38 5 © ITC a TR emis Tm —- Wr | ct *For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily earnings. For Sholapur the month = 26-7 days. 115. With reference to the effect of deductions from wages for spoilt cloth handed over to the workers please see Appendix (. (3) Ring Spinners 116. It was stated in paragraph 79 that the work on Ring Spinning Frames is usually distributed between three different groups of workers : (1) Doflers who replace empty bobbins after the full ones are removed or doffed, (2) Tarwallas or Followers who attach the threads on the bobbins and set the machines in order for running, and (3) Siders or Piecers who attend the frames once they are started and piece broken threads together. No Tarwallas are employed in Ahmedabad. Ring Spinning is the one process in a cotton mill which offers employment to workers of both sexes in all age groups. Excluding Jobbers, Banders, Oilers and “ Others ”, the number of operatives in all age and sex groups returned as Siders, Tarwallas and Doffers amounted bo 15,497 or 21°65 per cent. of the total number of workers covered by the Enquiry. . Of these, 10,584 or 68-30 Per cent. were men, 4,244 or 27-39 per cent. were women and 669 or 4-31 per cent. were children. The distribution of these workers by age and sex groups in the three occupations covered is shown in the following table *— Distribution of Siders, Tarwallas and Doffers Numbers returned as entre Sombay thmedabad Sholapur Al three centres Age and Sex Groups Men Women { Men Women Shildren Men Nomen “hildren ; Men Women “Shildren Total Siders 5,268 836 1,604 R80 482 11 7,354 1.827 art | Tarwallag Doffers 861 431 1,493 1.963 593 197 501 120 9 163 17 168 931 440 2,249 2,477 860 1.421! 5.305 Total 7,622 2 020 2,197 1,177 501 765 37 168 10,584 4,244 669 15.497 117. The 5,268 male siders in Bombay include 24 siders on piece rates of wages, All the remaining siders as well as all the other operatives covered by the figures in the above table were on time rates. The 1,604 male siders in Ahmedabad include 20 siders working on double sides, All the remaining siders, both male and female; in all centres, operated single sides. Women were employed to a very small extent in Sholapur. In Bombay more women than men were smployed as doffers, the percentage of women to the total number of dofers heing 5680. 118. The following three tables show, in a comparative form, the average daily earnings, the average monthly earnings and the average monthly earnings of full time workers for the operatives in each. of the three selected occupations :— A. Earnings of Siders Sex Groups, Method of Nork and Basis of Pavment Men— Single Side] Time " Nomen— ! Single Side Time oe Oantre Bombay .. | Abmedabad . Sholapur .. Bombay .. Ahmedabad | _Sholapur .. Number returned 5,244 1,684 489 636 680 11 Average Earnings Daily Monthly Rs. a. p 1 0 3 015 2 a 11 5 Rs. a. p. 24 2 0 1. "a 0 1 0 15 O11 oO Number working ‘ull time 1,260 “909 173 Average monthly earnings of full time WOT kers™® Rs. a. p. 27 911 26 9 6 10 10 © 26 8 2 26 7 3 19 8 1 *Wor reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 “times Bw daily sarnings., For Sholapur the month = 26:7 days. MO R 36——4 5) It will be noticed that there is practically no variation in the average daily earnings and the average monthly earnings of full time workers as between male siders in Ahmedabad and female siders both in Bombay and in Ahmedabad, and that male siders in Bombay earned about an anna more per day. B. Earnings of Tarwallas Sex Groups Men t Women .. { Centre Bombay Sholapur Bombay : Sholapur Total number returned 861 120 431 Q Average Earnings Daily | Monthly Bs. a. p 23 8 0 3 8 0 014 3122 5 1 0 8 ° 10 711 Number working (all time Average monthly earnings of full time workers® 293 48 Rs. a. p. 26 8 8 115 12 1 147 124 1 1 1:15 5 1 *For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the ily sarnings, For Sholapur the month = 267 days. ’ No figures are given in the above table for Ahmedabad because, as already stated, no Tarwallas are employed in that centre. C. Earnings of Doffers Age and Sex Groups Men Women Children Centre Bombay .. Ahmedabad Sholapur .. Bombay .. Ahmedabad Sholapur .. Ahmedabad | Sholapur .. Total number returned 1,493 593 163 1,963 497 17 501 1AR Average Barnings Daily Monthly Rs. a. p. 18 5 8 "10 10 01 5118 5 3 0 10 2 .. 0 710110 § ~ 05 6] Y 4 0 « 0NoQ Number working full time Average monthly earnings of full time workers 568 Rs. a. p. 20 5 8 1713 9 13 10 11 TS 956 0 79 3 «+ TT 1 A I a)! 813 « *For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily earnings. For Sholapurthe month ms 26-7 days. 119. Curiously enough, the average monthly earnings of all workers for both male and female doffers in Bombay were almost identical although the average daily earnings and the average full time monthly earnings of women were respectively eight pies and a little more than a rupee less than those of men. This is due to the fact that female doffers put in better attendance than men, the average number of days worked by them being 256 out of 27 working days as against 243 days worked by male doffers. Both in Ahmedabad and in 31 Sholapur the average daily earnings of male and female doffers were practically the same at each centre, and half time doffers earned about half the wages paid to women. As between Bombay and Ahmedabad, men in Bombay earned one anna and six pies more and women an anna more than in Ahmedabad. (4) Winders 120. Both men and women are employed in the Winding Depart- ment. Where greater skill is required men are employed but women workers predominate. The number of winders returned from the three centres amounted to 6,029 or a little more than 8 per cent. of the total number of workers covered by the Census. Out of these, 5,528 or 91°69 per cent. Were women but the proprotionate distribution of men and women workers varied as between centre and centre. In Bombay, only 228 or 4°69 percent. of the 4,861 winders returned were men. In Ahmedabad 177 out of 812 winders or 21°80 per cent. were men, and in Sholapur 96 out of 356 or 26°97 per cent. were male workers. The higher percentage at Sholapur is due to the fact that no pirn winding was entrusted to women. Winders ave generally piece workers who are paid per pound of yarn wound according to the nature of the winding and the fineness of the yarn, the finer the yarn the greater the length per pound and the longer the time to wind it and hence, naturally, the higher the rate per pound. Wages are also paid on time rates but to a very limited extent, the ratio of workers on time rates to those on piece rates being about 1: 16 on the combined figures for all centres. The distribution of male and female winders according to type of winding and basis of payment is shown, by centres, in the following table :— Distribution of Winders Number returned in Sex Groups Class of Winders Bombay on Ahmedabad on Time Ratoa Piece Rates Time Rates Piece Rates “Grey Winders. . Colour Winders Pirn Winders. . Cheese Winders 3 1a 1 113 0 136 17 Vien A Al Winders 16 212 94 153 Women .. “Grey Winders. . Colour Winders Pirn Winders .. Cheese Winder: 22 12 (43 11 2,387 “s L103 6 720 | 12 298 Q 434 171 ts, . a All Winders ..' 26 | 609 rem [men i i Men and All Winders or} 204 | 4.657 | 50 762 Women. | MO BR 36—4a Sholapur on Time Rates Piece Rates 06 G8 149 111 280 1 oa | 260 59 121. As it is not possible to set out in summary form all the figures regarding average daily and monthly earnings and the numbers working full time and their average monthly earnings for each of the sixteen different groups of workers dealt with in the above table for each centre the tollowing table only gives figures for average daily earnings for each group included in the table. For full particulars regarding average monthly earnings, numbers working full time and their average monthly earnings in Bombay and Bholapur, reference may be made to Tables Nos. X and XII, and for potential earnings for 27 days’ work to Table No. X1 for Ahmedabad :— Average Daily Earnings of Winders Average daily earnings in Sex Groups Class of Winders Bombay on Time Rates Piece Rates Ahmedabad on Time | Piece Rates Rates Sholapur on Time | Rates | Piece Rates Rs. a. p./Rs. a. p.|Rs. a. p.|Rs. a. p./Rs. a. p..Rs. a. p. Men Grey Winders ..; 0 12 0/0 10 1/012 1] 0 14 10 I. Colour Winders . 1 oimo 9 11 23 .. + Pirn Winders ../ 015 61 2 0015 8 .. 0 710 .. (Cheese Winders . O10 9 oo All Winders ..i 0 14 on 1 1 4 013 3] 015 200 710 Women . Grey Winders .. Colour Winders Pirn Winders .. Cheese Winders. 011 2/011 9 .. i011 9 010 110141110 8 6014 6 013 6013 8013 4 .. 016 0/012 40 91111 0 © A1l Winders | O13 1l 012 1 O11 . O19 7 0 6 2 a 6 § Od BR a 122. Male winders in all cases earned higher wages than women except in the case of Grey Winders on piece rates in Bombay but as there was only one male grey winder returned in this group the figure is not a comparable one. Female workers in the predominant groups—2,387 Grey winders on piece rates in Bombay and 434 Grey winders on piece rates in Ahmedahad—earned the same average daily wage. (5) Reelers 123. Reeling is an occupation in which female operatives are predominantly employed in all centres of the cotton mill industry in the Bombay Presidency. In Bombay, all the 2,044 reelers returned were women. In Ahmedabad, 429 out of the 483 reelers returned or 88-82 per cent. were women, whilst in Sholapur only one out of 381 reelers was a man. The combined ficures for all centres Ny show that only 55 or 1°89 per cent. of the total number of 2,908 reelers returned were men. The piece rate is the predominant basis of pay- ment. In Bombay there were only three reelers on purely time rates, 1,906 were on piece rates and 135 were on combined time and piece rates. In Ahmedabad 2 male and b female reelers were on time rates and 52 men and 424 women were on piece rates. In Sholapur the solitary male recler returned received a fixed wage and only 14 out of 380 female reelers returned were on time rates. The following table sets out the numbers returned in each group and their average earnings— {aily, monthly and full time—at each of the three centres covered by the Enquiry with the exception of monthly earnings for Ahmedabad :— Earnings of Reelers vex (rroups and Basis +f Pavment Men —-Time -. Men~—Piece .. Women—1Time Women—Pisce Women—Time and Piece. Centre Ahmedabad. Sholapur ..! Ahmedabad. Bombay .. Ahmedabad. Sholapur .. Sombay .. Alimedabad Sholapur .. | Bombay ..| Averace Earnings Total number returned Number working full time Average monthly parnings of fuil time workers ¥ Daily | Monthly Rs. a. D». Rs . . | Rs. u. p. l22 3 6 25 65 0 2 1 013 Z| .. 0 9 011214 1 i015 O A9 3 5 14 0 711 0 9 7 vy © 1p 9 "13 8 0 i6 2.9 1,806 424 366 3886 19 5 5 24 5 3 11 711 511 25 66 185 0 99 9 1 * For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily sarnings. For Sholapur the month = 267 days. 124, The disparity of average daily earnings in the predominant group, i.e, women reelers on piece rates as between Bombay and Ahmedabad is noticeable. Enquiries were made and it was found that women reelers in the Bombay mills, in addition to working on the basis of a rotation of employment, worked systematically shorter hours than the usual in several mills during the period of the Census. The shorter hours worked were not recorded in the returns because for purposes of the muster, all women who were allowed to leave at 3 p.m, or 4 p.m. instead of at 5 p.m. as they normally do, were marked “ present ” for the days on which they were not entirely absent, (6) Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frame Tenters 125. Owing to the complications in the basis of payment it is only possible to present in summary form the earnings in this Department for £4. the predominant groups, viz., single-side male workers on piece rates mn each occupation, and the earnings of Doffers on time rates in all age and sex groups. The figures for Roving Tenters in Ahmedabad are for double-side operatives on combined time and piece rates. It would be of interest, however, to show the extent of the complications regarding methods of work which prevail in the Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frame Department in Ahmedabad. Out of a total number of 1,374 Machine Tenters and Doflers returned, 969 were men, 259 were women and 146 were children. Among men, there were 84 Slubbing Tenters operating on single sides and 43 on double sides, both on piece rates ; one single-side [unter Tenter on a time rate and 112 single-side tenters and 117 double- side tenters on piece rates ; 429 Roving Tenters operating double-sides on a conjunction of time and piece rates; and 183 Doffers. Among 259 women, there were 5 single-side piece rate Slubbing Tenters, 18 single-side and 6 double-side piece rate Inter Tenters, 48 double-side combined time and piece rate Roving Tenters and 182 Doffers. All the 148 children were Doffers on time rates :— Earnings of Predominant Groups of Male Slubbing, Inter and Roving Tenters Occupation Slubbing Tenters, Single Side, Piece. {nter Tenters, Single Side, Piana Roving Ten- ters, Single’ Side, Piece. Roving Ten- ters, Double Side—-Time and Pieca Centre Bombay .. Ahmedabad . Sholapur i. "Bombay .. Ahmedabad . i Sholapur .. “Bombay .. Sholapur .. Ahmedabad. Total number returned 368 84 28 523 112 20 1.234 RO 9 £2 Average earnings Daily Monthly I Rs. a. p. 1 6 3,34 911 130 i 013 3119 8 8 1 4 6 1 011 0312 9 30 14 3 1911 7 29 911 6 6 0 "1 3 8 C011 4 0 Number working full time 153 7 149 12 319 i2 Average monthly narnings of full time wor kers® Rs . a. ry 3 ¢ 6 32 1 0 29 011 35 14 10 28 8 § 21 16 10 34 7 2 11912 2 a7 9 *For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily sarnings. For Sholapur the month = 26-7 davs. 126. The earnings of Doffers in this Department, who work on time rates at all centres, are given in the following table, by centres, separately for men. women and children — Barnings of Doffers in the Slubbing, Inter and Roving Frame Department. Age and Jex Group Ven Women. “hildren .. Centre Bombay .e Ahmedabad .. 3bolapur .. Bombay . Ahmedabad . . Ahmedabad . | Sholapur wan Total number returned 438 183 88 ‘8¢ 189 TAN Average earnings Daily Monthly Ra. a. p 012 1 010 7 0 8 4 v11 5 “3a Rs. 8. p. 1811 3 12 810 18 4 4 6 hy 14 11 Number working ull time 176 39 296 "nh Average monthly sarnings of full time workers®™ 18. 8B. Ds 19 14 7 1713 9 14 2 6 19 4 5 17 7 0 9 4 6 814 1 * For reasons already given, the Ahmedabad figure represents 27 times the daily earnings. For Sholapur the month = 26-7 days. 127. Tt will be noticed that although there is a variation of 8 gies in the average daily earnings of male and female Doffers in Bombay with the advantage in favour of the men, the average monthly earnings of men and women tend to approximate. This is again due to the better attendance figures put in by female Doflers, the average number of days worked by them being 25-7 as against 247 days worked by men. No women are employed as Doffers in Sholapnr. FREQUENCY OF EARNINGS (1) Bombay 128. Tables for frequencies of earnings for all the operatives in the nineteen mills selected for the Enquiry from Bombay have been compiled on the basis of net monthly earnings by Departments separately for male and female operatives and for all adult operatives. Table No. XIII (pages 112 to 115) gives the frequency of monthly earnings for men, Table No. XIV (pages 116 and 117) for women and Table No. XV (pages 118 to 121) for men and women together. The limits of earnings have been fixed in such a manner as to indicate the position of greatest density without any application of troublesome processes of grouping and calculations based on intricate formulee.* The lowest limit in the range for Bombay is ¢ below Rs. 10.” The progression is by one rupee stages to Rs. 14 and then by two-rupee stages to Rs. 50, five-rupee intervals to Rs. 100 and ten rupee intervals to Rs. 150 with ¢ over Rs. 150 * as the last item in the range. If the position of greatest density lies in a group within narrow limits, say Rs. 24 to Rs. 26 it is not necessary to apply the * The formula is applied after the most common group has been ascertained by a nrocess of grouping. The formula for ascertaining the statistically correct mode is.— f.e 711 where ' f+, 1 is the lower limit of the class. ¢ is the class interval, f, is the number of items in the next lower class, f, is the number of items in the next higher class, and » ia the mode or the modal average. wre »y formula for ascertaining the statistically accurate modal average, but where the clags interval is large it is often desirable to locate the mode within the limits of the class. The mode is useful in cases where it is desirable to eliminate extreme variations as it is the type that, to the ordinary mind, seems best to represent the group. But the dis- advantages of a mode as a type are, that in many cases no single well- defined type actually exists, and it is not at all useful if it is desirable to give any weight to extreme variations. 129. An examination of the frequency tables will show that the rate of progression to the point of greatest density is, in most departments, fairly uniform in character and that the progression to the higher groups after the posifion of greatest density has been passed is on a gradually diminishing basis. There are cases, however, where there may be two or more points of greatest density, but, on the other hand, it is a statistical dogma that if the mode cannot be located by any arithmetical process it cannot be accurately determined by any method. In considering the frequency tables as they stand, the limits adjacent to the point of greatest density would represent the limits within which the earnings of the most predominant occupation in the department would fall, the extremes covering the higher paid operatives such as jobbers and those workers who have only put in a few days work in the month. In view of the inclusion of several occupations in a department it would not be of much utility to work out modal averages for each and every department. The points of greatest density could in the majority of the cases be placed at once even by a layman who knows nothing of statistical methods and practice and he would not go far wrong. Modal groups have, however, been ascertained for the more numerically important departments and the results are presented in the following two tables for male and female workers respectively — Predominant Modal Classes for Monthly Earnings in Selected Departments in Bombay (1) Mex Department or Occupation Weavers . Ring Spinning .. . Slubbing, Inter and Roving Carding Room .. Blow Room _~ Drawing Frame .. 23 Drawing-In ve .. Cloth Folding . : Weaving, General Total number returned 1,758 8,872 2,842 1.318 883 848 820 1,482 ROM Modal Group of Monthly Earnings ns. 30 to 55 24 to 26 30 to 32 24 to 26 24 to 26 34 to 36 24 to 26 24 to 26 120 to 130 Number of workers in the Modal OTOND 2,204 1,704 343 268 279 159 3 320 143 Percentage of ee umber in the group 0 number retiirned 18-74 19-21 12-07 20-33 31-60 18-75 8:90 21-59 15°04 37 (2) WoMEN Department Total number returned Modal Jroup of Monthly Karnings Number of workers in the Modal group Percentage of the number in the group to number returned Ra. Winding hi Ring Spinning .. Reeling wn Mixing and Waste. . ’ Slubbing, Inter and Roving 4,601 3,140 2,097 540 EOR 16 to 18 18 to 20 14 to 16 13 to 14 18 to 20 551 "87 18 a’, [0 LL-75 34:62 15-16 35°56 b3H4 130. The figures in the above table are self-explanatory and do not call for any eomment. If the main tables are considered from the view- point of workers in all departments it will be seen that the point of greatest density for male operatives is in the group Rs. 24 to Rs. 26. The modal average works out at about Rs. 25. The number of male workers who earned between Rs, 22 and Rs. 30 amounted to 12,507 or about 33 per cent. of the number returned whereas the number who earned over Rs. 50 per month amounted to 7,471 or 19-47 per cent. of the total number of men returned. The mode in the case of women workers lies in the group Rs. 18 to Rs. 20 and the modal average works out at inside of Rs 19. The number of women who earned between Rs. 16 and Rs. 22 amounted to 5,016 or over 40 per cent. of the total number of women returned. 306 or only 2:52 per cent. sarned over Rs. 30 per month. With regard to all workers, both male and female, in Bombay, the position of greatest density again lies in the same group as for men; viz., Rs. 24 to RBs. 26 and the modal average is also very near to that for men alone and amounts to about Rs. 25. It does not appear to be necessary to burden this section with numbers of workers in different groups and the percentages which they bear to the totals returned. This could be done ad infinitum and anybody interested in ascertaining the frequency for any particular group could easily do so by summing the respective figures required from the main tables. (2) Ahmedabad 131. Tt will have been noticed that a departure has been made in the manner of presenting the results for frequencies of earnings from the method followed in the earlier sections of this Chapter where the figures for average earnings for each of the occupations dealt with in each of the three centres covered by the Enquiry were given side by side in a comparative form. This was due to the impracticability of compiling frequency tables for Ahmedabad on the basis of monthly earnings owing to reasons already dealt with. The frequency tables for Ahmedabad have, therefore, been framed on the basis of dailv earnings. Four separate tables have been prepared : Fo (1) for adult male operatives (Table No. XVI, pages 122 to 129); (2) for adult female operatives (Table No. XVII, pages 130 and 131); (3) for all adult operatives (Table No. XVIII, pages 132 to 139); and (4) for half-timers or children (Table No. XIX page 140). The lowest limit in the range taken for the first three tables is i“ below six annas” and the intervals progress by one anna stages to “ 64 annas and above” or Rs. 4 and above. The frequency range for children is ‘below 4 annas” progressing by anna intervals to 8 annas with the highest limit at “ 8 annas and above.” The following two tables show the modal groups for the more numerically important departments separately for male and female operatives for Ahmedabad :— Predominant Modal Classes for Daily Earnings in Selected Departments in Ahmedabad {(1y Men Department or Occupation Total number satirevriad Modal Number of Group of | workers Daily | in the sarnings Modal Group Percentage of number in the Modal group to number returned Annas Weavers Ring Spinning .. Slubbing, Inter and Roving Carding Room .. Blow Room ae Drawing Frame .. Drawing-In o. Cloth Folding wh Weaving, General .. $,682 2,511 1,119 333 212 260 187 291 | 2771 26 to 27 15 to 16 t5 to 16 13 to 14 13 to 14 17 to 18 9 to 10 15 to 16 84 and nYver. 327 759 62 ig ax 15 38 95 118 7-14 30-23 14-48 35-74. 44-81 17-31 20-32 32-65 21-927 29 WoMEN Department Total aumber ~atirrned Modal Group of Daily Earnings Number of workers in the Modal Group Percentage of number in the Modal group to number returned Annag Winding by . Ring Spinning .. . Reeling #3 Mixing and Waste. . s Slubbing, Inter and Roving . 645 1,226 437 150 950 12 to 13 10 to 11 11 to 12 8to 9 10 ta 11 86 470 44 72 1692 13-18 38-34 10-07 48:00 8255 bit] 132. If the figures in the main tables are considered for all operatives in all departments it is found that the position of greatest density lies between 15 and 16 annas for men with the modal average at a little over 15 annas, between 10 and 11 annas with the modal average at about 10% annas for women and at the sare figures as for men in the case of all adult workers. 4,957 or nearly 40 per cent. of the total number of men returned earned more than Rs. 1-8-0 per day and only 348 or about 12 per cent. of the total number of women returned earned more than a rupee a day. It is significant that no children were returned in Ahmedabad with earnings below four or more than eight annas per day. The modal group lies between annas five and annas six per day with 644 or 98:02 per cent. of the total number of children returned. (3) Sholapur 133. The frequency tables for Sholapur (Table No. XX for men, pages 142 to 145; Table No. XXI for women, pages 146 and 147; Table No. XXII for all adult operatives, pages 148 to 151; and Table No. XXIII for children, page 152) have been compiled on the same basis as those for Bombay, i.e., on monthly earnings. But whereas the lowest limit in the frequency range for Bombay was fixed at ¢‘ below Rs. 10 ”’, the lowest limit in the case of Sholapur has been fixed at ‘ below Rs. 7 7’ rising with one rupee intervals up to Rs. 10 and then progressing by two rupee intervals to Rs. 50. The progression after Rs. 50 is the same as that for Bombay. The following two tables show the modal groups for the more numerically important occupations for male and female operatives separately as in the previous tables in this section :—- Predominant Modal Classes for Monthly Earnings in Selected Depdrtments in Sholapur (1) Mex Department or Dacupation Total number returned \lodal Group of Monthly Barnings Number of workers in the Modal Group Percentage of the number in the group to number returned Ra Weavers Ring Spinning .. ve Slubbing, Inter and Roving .. Carding Room .. ‘e Blow Room as vs Drawing Frame .. op Drawing-In ,e . Cloth Folding ve . Weaving, General .. 1.500 838 262 107 71 120 26 42 Bd [ ‘ 20 to 22 38 to 40 18 to 20 12 to 14 16 to 18 16 to 18 18 to 20 16 to 18 16 to 18 {8 t6 90 122 121 180 51 29 19 32 6. 3 14 | a 8-08 8:02 21:48 19-47 36°46 26-76 26-67 23-08 33:33 11°11 30 (2) WoMEN Department Total number saturned Modal Grou of Monthly Earnings Number of workers in the Modal Group Percentage of the number in the group ko number returned Ra. Reeling oe Winding o . Ring Spinning .. . Mixing and Waste 394 269 37 ay 10 to 12 10 to 12 12 to 14 Relow 7 QQ = 48-45 28-25 37-84 83+23 134. The position of greatest density for all male operatives lies in “he group Rs. 18 to Rs. 20 with a modal average which works out at wbout Rs. 19. In the case of women the modal group is Rs. 10 to Rs. 12 with a modal average of about Rs. 11. For all adult operatives the mode is the sarae as that for men. In Sholapur only 1,005 or 26°71 per cent. of the total number of men returned earned more than Rs. 30. The number of women who earned more than Rs. 14 amounted to 54 or +67 ver cent. of the number returned. Earnings oF M11, Crrnrs 135. The average monthly earnings of different types of clerks ymployed in mill departments and offices attached to mills are shown for Bombay and Ahmedabad respectively in a table in Appendix D. Similar figures are not available for Sholapur because neither of the two mills included in the Enquiry at that centre supplied any information with regard to clerks. - No figures have been worked out for daily average earnings and average monthly earnings of full time workers, because all clerks are paid on a monthly basis without any deductions for absent davs. A] CHAPTER VIIT Bonus and Fines. I.—Bonus Meaning oF THE TERM “ BoNUs ” 136. The term “ Bonus’ generally relates to a cash payment given mn addition to wages for regular attendance. In many cases, an Efficiency Bonus, 1.e., a reward for specially diligent work or for sroduction higher than a specified normal is given either by itself or in 1yddition to the attendance bonus. In some cases the payment of the bonus for regular attendance is also dependant on good work. All sxtra allowances in the nature of bonuses were lumped together under one head in the returns submitted by the various mills and no indica- rions were given as to the character of the bonus in individual instances. [t is not possible, therefore, to determine the extent to which the Jifferent systems of granting attendance and efficiency bonuses prevailed n the mills covered by the Enquiry at each of the three centres studied. EXTENT OF THE PREVALENCE OF THE SYSTEM 137. The system of granting bonuses is not universal and even in ;hose mills where it prevails it is not given uniformly in all departments. [n some cases it is granted to certain occupations in particular depart- nents and not to others, and in still a few cases, even in particular sccupations in individual units some workers are covered and others not. The variations both in the existence of the system of giving sonuses and the method of its calculation and payment are so great shat it is not possible to make any genera] statements for the industry as a, whole. (1) Bombay 138. In Bombay two mills out of the nineteen covered by the Rnquiry granted no bonuses at all. In one mill it was only given 50 three Jobbers in the Winding Department, fourteen Sepoys, two Mukadams, and three Balers in the Cloth Folding Department. In the Vlixing and Waste Room, bonus was granted in the case of Jobbers and Mukadams to only one individual each in two mills, to Nawghanies in ;hree mills and to “ Others” in two mills. In the Blow and Card Rooms no bonus was granted in seven and six mills respectively out of he seventeen mills which had bonus systems. In one mill all operatives sxcept Can Carriers in the Card Room were covered but in the remain- ng mills some occupations were included in the system and others were 10t. In one mill only Can Carriers in the Card Room were given a onus to the exclusion of the operatives in all other occupations in these wo departments. In the Drawing Frame Department seven mills yave no bonus but these were not identically the same as those mills which gave no bonus in the case of the Cerd Room. Four mills gave no onus in the Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frame Departments. Three mills granted a bonus to Machine Tenters only and not to workers in other occupations. The other mills which gave bonus to Tenters also gave it to Doffer Boys, but in one case where Doffer Boys were given the bonus, Machine Tenters were not. Dofler Jobbers B32 were granted a bonus only in two mills one of which was curiously snough the one which gave no bonus to Tenters. It would be generally srue to say that in the majority of cases Head Jobbers and Jobbers were not covered by bonus schemes in the five departments dealt with. 139. In the Ring Spinning Department one mill gave bonus only to Jiders and another only to Doffer Boys. In the fourteen mills where bonuses were given the most important occupations were generally covered but only two mills extended the system to Head Jobbers, six to Tobbers and four to Doffer Jobbers and Banders. In the Warping Department one mill gave bonus to Warpers only and one mill to Creelers only. A third mill gave it to Creelers and Beam Carriers but not to Warpers. The remaining mills gave no bonus at all in this Department. The method of its treatment in the Sizing Department is still more curious. Out of the four mills which had the system for this depart- ment, one mill gave it for all occupations except Beam Carriers and another mill gave it to Beam Carriers only. The third mill covered Front Sizers and Beam Carriers only and the fourth only Back Sizers. 140. Weavers were not covered by bonus schemes in any of the nineteen mills included in the Enquiry. One mill, however, granted bonus to Fancy Jobbers and two mills to Beam Carriers. It is not necessary to deal with the remaining departments where the same lack of uniformity in the method of its treatment prevailed. For purposes of broad generalisation it may be stated that a bonus is generally given to workers on time rates of wages, excluding those in the maintenance departments, and not to operatives on piece rates of wages. (2) Ahmedabad 141. The system of granting bonuses is prevalent to a much greater extent in Ahmedabad than in Bombay. In Ahmedabad out of the sixteen mills which were covered by the Census two were purely spinning mills and two were purely weaving mills. Only one mill out of the twelve mills which had both spinning and weaving sections gave no bonus in the departments connected with spinning. With the exception of this case all the remaining mills in Ahmedabad which were covered by the Enquiry granted bonuses. In the Mixing and Waste Room, Machine Tenters were given a bonus in six mills and Nawghanies in three mills. In the Blow, Carding and Drawing Depart- ments twelve mills granted bonuses in the case of almost all the main occupations, the only occupations not covered being Head Jobbers and Jobbers who, as a matter of fact, were not granted any bonuses in any of the Ahmedabad mills. In the Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frame Department twelve mills gave bonus to workers in practically all occupations and one mill only to Doffers. Inthe Ring Spinning Department, Siders and Doffers were covered in thirteen out of the fourteen mills with spinning sections. Four out of these thirteen mills limited the system to Siders and Doffers only and other workers were not included in the scheme, but in the remaining nine mills operatives in most of the other occupations in this Department were also covered. No bonus was paid in any mills in the Calendering, Sizing, Warning, By Yarn Bundling and Baling, and the Maintenance and Watch and Ward Departments. Male winders and reelers were included in bonus schemes wherever men were employed in the seven mills which covered women winders and the five mills which covered women reelers in the schemes. Female sweepers and coolies were paid a good attendance bonus in twelve mills. ‘Unlike Bombay where no bonus whatever is given to weavers, these operatives were universally covered by bonus schemes in all the fourteen mills which had weaving sections. In the cemaining departments bonuses were paid in some mills and not in others and in a few cases to some workers in particular occupations and not to others. Again, unlike Bombay, where piece workers were aot generally covered, both time and piece rate workers are included in sonus schemes in the Ahmedabad mills. (3) Sholapur 142, In Sholapur, no bonus was given in the Mixing, Blow, Card, Drawing, Warping, Doubling, Sizirg, Calerderirg, Clcth Folding and Maintenance Departments. In the Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frame Department only doffers were covered in one mill. In the Ring Spirrirg Department, one mill granted bonus to workers in all occupations except Jobbers and the other mill gave it only to Siders. Both mills granted bonus to one-loom weavers but one mill did not grart it to two loom weavers. Women winders and reelers were universally covered ard the scheme was also extended to child doffers in the Slubbirg ard Rirg £pirrirg Departments in one mill. Head Jobbers and Jobbers only received bonus in the Dyeing Department in one mill, otherwise they were not covered in any other lepartments. MANNER OF THE PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS 143. The data given in the returns for the 1926 Enquiry regardirg Bonus have been tabulated separately for men, women and all adult operatives at each of the three centres studied and for children in addition in Ahmedabad and Sholapur. Information for each group is ziven on the following points for those departments in which bonus 1s paid :— (1) Total number of employees returned ; (7) Number of workers covered by bonus schemes ; (- + Total number of workers who earned the bonus ; (4) Percentage of the number of workers getting bonus to those sovered in the schemes ; (6) Aggregate amount of bonus paid ; and (6) Average amount of bonug er operative getting the bonus. I'he results are presented in RSS ables, Tables Nos. XXIV to XEVI (pages 153 to 155) are for Bombay, Tables Nos. XXVII 0 © 7 (pages 156 to 159) are for Ahmedabad, and Tables Nos, XXXI £0 Zaisa.atV (pages 159 to 161) are for Sholapur. MersODS OF CALCULATING THE Bonus {44, The manner in which bonus is calculated varies widely as between unit and unit and even in the same department in particular Ad anits. The amounts of bonus granted for particular occupations also vary as between different units. The amount to be paid is reckoned at so much per day or per week or per kapla or per fortnight or per month, or at so much for so many days. In the case of Bombay and Sholapur the number of days in the last case may be working days in the month or 26 or 27 with the same differences in the methods of calculation as in the case of basic rates of wages. In the case of Ahmedabad the number of days may be 12, 14 or 16 or any other number varying from 22 to 32 either according to the number of working days or actual days in a hapta, or in two kaptas or in a month. In the case of the Bonus for Regular Attendance the basis of payment is generally the week —every operative who puts in full attendance during the week without any absence being entitled to receive the bonus fixed for that week or a proportionate amount if the bonus isto be calculated per hapla or per month or per the number of days fixed for the rate. In some cases full attendance for all working daysin a fortnight is required and the absence of even quarter of a day cancels the right to bonus. The only similarity in the method of the treatment of the attendance bonus is that it is a time rate at all centres and has no relation to earnings from piece rates where piece workers are included in bonus schemes. In the Sholapur mills every child or half timer who attends the mill for half the day and the mill school for the rest of the day receives a daily payment of half an anna. A weekly bonus of two annas per head is also given if a complete week’s work is put in. Tt is not possible in view of the very wide variations which exist both in the rates at which bonus is paid and the period for which it is calculated to arrive at any generalisations with regard to the manner and method of its payment. NuMBER OF WORKERS COVERED BY BoNUS SCHEMES 145. In the main tables figures are given in connexion with only those departments where bonus is paid and not with relation to bhe total number of workers returned. As it would be interesting, however, to show the number of workers covered in comparison with those returned the following three summary tables give, for Bombay, Ahmedabad and Sholapur respectively, figures for the numbers of workers who earned the bonus in relation both to the total number returned and the number covered by bonus schemes in each sex and age group, (1) Bombay Total number returned .. a. Number covered by Bonus Schemes £4] Percentage of number covered to number returned. Number who secured the Bonus , Percentage of those who secured Bonus to number returned. Percentage of those who secured Bonus to number covered. Men Women 38,349 14,142 36-9 12,072 4,492 37-9 10,939 3,956 28-5 32-8 774 88-1 All Operatives 50,421 18,634 am. 14,895 29°5 790-9 £ 2) Ahmedabad Total number Returned .. Number covered by Bonus Schemes. dercentage of - Bay covered to number returned. Jumber who secured thel Bonus. Yercentage of those vil secured Bonus to number returned. ercentage of those whol secured Bonus to number covered. Vien 12,719 9.108 71-6 8,568 674 24-1 | Women 3,016 9 396 77-1 2.165 71:8 08-1 Adult operatives 15,735 I'l.432 727 10,733 68:2 03-9 Children 657 527 R02 523 79-6 099-2 All operatives 16,392 11,959 73-0 11,256 68-7 04-1 AEE Ar '3Y Sholapur Total number Returned | Number covered by Bonus Schemes. Percentage of | covered to number returned. Number who secured the Bonus. Percentage of those who secured Bonus to number returned. Jorcentage of those who secured Bonus to number covered. \Tenn 3,761 1.619 430 R03 214 £96 | Women Adult yperatives 810 677 4,571 2 906 83:6 50°92 658 1,461 21-7 R12 97-2" 63-6 | Children 192 192 100-0 192 100 CG 1060-0 All operatives 4,763 2.488 52-92 1,663 34-7 66-4 146. Tt will be seen from the above tables that whereas 73 per cent. Jf the total number of operatives returned were covered by bonus schemes in the Ahmedabad mills, 52-2 per cent. were covered in Sholapur and only 37 per cent. in Bombay. Out of the numbers sovered 94°1 per cent. earned the bonus in Ahmedabad as against 79-9 oer cent. in Bombay and 664 per cent. in Sholapur. Among different sex and age groups cent per cent. of the children returned and covered nn Sholapur and 99-2 per cent. of the children covered in Ahmedabad were paid bonus. Women in Sholapur come next with 97-2 per cent. nd men and women in Ahmedabad follow very closely with 94-1 per sent. and 93-1 per cent. respectively. It is significant that whereas 37-2 per cent. of women covered in Sholapur earned the bonus, only 19-6 per cent. of the men covered were able to get it. The percentage Jf women who earned the bonus in Bombay was greater than the vo B 360 a6 percentage of men but the difference between the two percentages is not 10 striking as in Sholapur, the actual figures being 88-1 per cent. for women and 77-4 per cent. for men. Amount oF Bonus EARNED 147. Full information regarding the amounts of the bonus earned by workers in different departments and the average amounts paid is con- tained in the main tables. The figures for each of the three centres relate to the wage pericd covered at each centre. The difficulties in connexion with the two hapias in Ahmedabad which have been dealt with in several places ‘n this Report apply equally to the payment of the bonus and render the figures for Ahmedabad incomparable with those for Bombay and Sholapur. Owing partly to this and partly to the fact that all earnings from bonuses have been included in arriving at the final figures for average earnings and frequencies of earnings given in Chapter VII it is not considered necessary to burden this Report with summary tables and remarks with reference to the amounts of bonus sarned. The reader is therefore, referred to the main tables for anv ‘nformation that mav be required. ’ II.—Fines 148. As stated in the introductory Chapter full data were procured during the 1926 Enquiry in connexion with deductions from wages 01 earnings in respect of fines. The Government of India, however, asked all Local Governments, about the end of the year 1926, to institute enquiries with regard to the extent to which deductions are made from wages or payments in respect of fines in the industrial concerns in their respective administrations. The Labour Office of the Government of Bombay was asked by the Local Government to conduet the Enquiry in the Bombay Presidency. Full information for the first ten months of the year 1926 was collected from almost all mills at all centres of the Cotton Mill Industry and for the whole of the year 1925 for all other industries and concerns employing wage and salaried workers in the Presidency. A comprehensive Report containing the results of that Enquiry was published during the year 1928. Owing partly to this reason and partly to the fact that almost all the returning mills for the Wage Census gave no reasons for the fines inflicted and made no listinction between actual fines and deductions for spoilt material handed over to the workers it was decided not to tabulate the data returned under this head in the Wage Census. A note on the subject will be found in Appendix C. TABLES vo RB 36—-ba TABLE lable showing frequency of attendance in 19 representative Cotlon MALE Yumber of operatives working for the number Yumber of days worked | Mixing and waste | Blow room | Carding TOO Drawing frame Slubbing, ernest Ring md Roving | spinning frames 26 R 537 48 a 713 241 190 281 207 109 7] 917 |. 2,743 599 | 400 236 187 35 03 54 10 o 5 4 1,939 1,271 775 513 329 246 «49 130 L08 33 7b a8 6 56 1 3 2 1 16 b 3 11 2 14 0 0 dl CQ Q PY 8 2 = 4 2 3 No. I Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—By Depariments IPERATIVES 1avs shown in the first column in the following Devartments Mule indi pinning | Winding Reeling | Warning Donbling Sizing 113 L07 8 30 263 103 10 315 wor | 18 5 LL ry 2 Q '6 9 © Weaving Drawing inl — # General 252 131 119 “6 IR 662 66 47 28 21 13 1 10 0 “O ~ 6 J Total ..| 2 IR 1 21 RI DQ QLD R QTD 261 62 haa S00 | | ran 290 ROT Number of days worked Weaving —contd. Calendering | Dyeing TABLE Yumber of operatives working for the number of . Yarn- Bleaching | bundling Cloth Folding No. T—econtd. lays shown in the first column in the following Departments Engine and . hoiler Electrical Mechanics Ramosees nd Sepoys Miscellaneous All Percentage to Depart- | total ments weavers 7 26 '" 8,525 1,045 620 361 153 nd. ~ 0 1 0 1 total ..! 11.758 148 45 18 2 24. hd n 105 04 139 pe 24E 837 278 130 a9 "1 1 0 1.489 11K 4 1 ID 100 32 11 166 267 80 Nf iaoT 588 16 24 LB 21% 1,899 647 336 174 107 93 9 0 = yy 29 » 3 i] 0 - 2 R"8 20,144 6,008 3,696 2,119 1,408 964 718 «83 119 370 256 204 192 199 172 155 108 95 131 % 51 . 22 2349 52°53 15°90 9°64 553 367 151 -87 26 1-09 1°97 0-67 3°63 2:L0 3-52 7°45 )-40 3-27 0°25 0°34 0-25 0°16 317 9°15 3:12 0°38 0-07 05 10000 ee — ttt iat Yumber of days worked n '(y PN 2 3 otal ..| TABLE lable showing frequency of attendance in 19 representative FEMALE Number of operatives working for the number of Mixing and | Carding ns | Blow room room Slubbing, | Intermediate Ring | Winding and Roving spinning frames 252 6 237 136 57 3 ~ 1,327 830 365 214 ‘05 0 1,137 919 93 378 283 174 168 152 129 01 eG 1 hE 19 7 1 QO Ho 5 1 " 10 zh 2140 4 £01 No. II Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—By Departments OPERATIVES days shown in the first column in the following Departments Reeling Warping | Doubling | Bleaching | aye Bnei ' 2 is | Miscella- wil. Percentage boiler neous 1 ents I" to total 450 359 226 15 9 ' 473 2.03 67 42 3,968 2,648 1,384 924 530 360 320 265 213 177 160 | 99 | oy | a5 | 82-87 21-94 11-48 7-65 4-80 2-98 2°65 2:20 1-76 147 1-32 0-82 1-056 1-04 0-77 0-60 0°64 0°61 0-85 0:60 0-85 0-31 0°46 025 0°32 0-31 0-12 142 08 23 10 74 5] > 7 " 5 33 2 ‘4 8 0 Q ¥ RQ 2 3 H6 30 39 37 i4 0) hr] 007 1 5 ” nN a0 | 19.072 |! 10000 Number of days worked of 43} 3 14 23 2 1 Ny 9 RB - 8 5 TABLE able showing frequency of attendance in 19 representative ALL OPERATIVES Number of operatives working for the number of | Mixing and | | yy { Blow room Carding | Toom Drawing frame Slubbing, Intermediate Ring and Roving spinning frames 138 81 542 150 62 776 201 43 50 281 207 109 8 18 1.154 4,070 735 | 2,769 466 | 1636 268 | 989 201 | 618 91 381 103 287 56 1902 i 160 (0 134 26 110 36 30 30 0 2 -» 8 ~n 1 1 3 18 10 (5 pr. No. IIL Oofton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—By Departments MEN AND WOMEN) 1ays shown in the first column in the following Departments Mule’ | Winding spinning inding Reeling Warping | Doubling | Sizing 119 1,244 967 643 405 301 84 77 58 ’5 485 370 230 220 144 ‘09 wr 269 112 107 | , 43 74 22 26 7 a9 a 315 101 | 48 25 | 16 14 '35 3M 2 S —-f 04 14 Vo nn h0 h4 59 0 A 3 5 0 33 34 € q{ 2 Weaving | Drawing- |___ _ in {General 252 | 652 131 | 86 119 | 47 76 28 58 1 ‘3 ‘1 ‘0 24 1 Q - 0 0 Q Total .. QAR 201 A792 AQ 5 a | a arn | 19 O12 D1 2 N19 ki 10 180 3 § ry 07 $d 5s 2) Ra7 ¥ umber of days worked Weaving —contd. TARLE Nuwinber of operatives working for the nunmaber nf Calendering | Dyeing | Bleaching | a Si fy = No. ITT—contd. lays shown in the first column in the following Departments—contd. Engine 1" 3 and boiler | Electrical Mechanics Ramosees | Miscellan. and sepoys eous All Depart- ments Percentage to total Weavers 25 34 28 2 1 0} £3 3 fotal 3 A BAC = 8,525 1,045 520 361 253 ‘94 27 "3 9 9 - 9 4 2 6 1 0 1 1 3 11.758 48 15 8 » 24K 17 10 105 QO aN 114 159 846 RA 982 oD. 131 <2 “5 21 345 1,502 219 24 100 232 il 273 166 2%7 60 31 26 588 46 24 es | 47 | 717 | 2.372 850 403 216 130 103 55 7 i 29 23 25 5 25 24 “1 4.446 24,112 8,746 5,080 3,043 1,988 1,324 1,038 748 632 547 416 308 319 224 265 227 180 169 |! 209 167 103 05 212 47°82 17°35 10°07 6°04 3°94 2°63 2°08 1°48 1°25 1°09 0°83 0°60 0°63 0°64 0°58 045 0°38 0°34 0°41 0°33 0°20 0°21 0°22 0°15 0°18 65 0°13 32 |! 0°06 50,421 | 100°00 eT eC CO I SIE KB CEN” TABLR Table showing numbers of « male > operatives who worked full Bombay Department |" Number of ld {workers who OF WOIKCLS | orked full returned time Percentage of fulltime workers to total returned Mixing and Waste. . Blow Room Fi Carding Room .. Drawing Frame Jlubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frames Ring Spinning ve Mule Spinning - Winding Reeling Warping Doubling 3izing » Drawing in 3 Weaving General .. Weavers Calendering wy Dyeing .. Bleaching we Yarn-Bundling .. Joth-Folding - 3ngine and Boiler ‘lectrical . Mechanics ve Ramosees and Sepoys Wiscellaneous Oceupations .. 318 383 ,318 248 5,842 3,872 381 186 537 713 281 917 2,743 213 107 35 263 110 315 252 652 3,525 148 47 59 139 837 218 100 267 588 . 809 58749 60°82 54°10 33°14 32°27 30° 92 33°76 33°83 5645 46° 63 55°00 54°03 30°73 72°69 72°50 59°68 44°76 55°32 40°29 36" 48 80°15 60°24 62°53 82°01 3310 21 62 364 200 583 320 897 1,758 248 056 34 345 482 272 166 127 "17 Rr OT wud 28348 | 20,144 ! 50°53 RETEST rE TR TTR No. IV. time and their proportion to the toial number of workers returned Ahmedabad Sholapur Total number of workers returned Number of | workers who worked full time Percentage of full-time workers to total returned Total number of workers returned Number of workers who worked full time Percentage of full-time workers to total retnrned 5%] 75°86 74°08 62°16 16°92 47°43 54°72 212 333 260 +119 2,611 44 157 207 122 17 19 28 40 41 87 341 40°43 36°62 37°48 34°17 33°21 40’ 69 71 107 120 262 838 531 1,374 217 70 175 67 207 187 371 | 1582 135 5 130 33 119 33 127 155 274 2,273 84 8 20 212 120 131 85 201 240 59°91 47°14 68°00 49°25 61°35 82°89 73°85 49°61 62°42 100° 00 98 9 19 12 26 54 1,509 18 18°37 21°05 16°67 11°54 29°63 20°88 66°67 1 9 3 16 314 9 6 65 21 291 178 13 190 837 1.178 05°24 72°85 67°04 84°62 44°74 86°35 68358 24 66°67 28°19 50°00 00°00 42711 80°23 28°48 12 7 8 2% bli 27 a | 56°27 | Doms | 2,719 3.761 1178 | 31°52 i y ER ST A ei TET Yep CPE Troe —c— TABLE Pable showing numbers of « female » operatives who worked full time 3ombav Department Cotal number +f workers roturned Number of vorkers who worked full “ime Percentage of full time workers to total returned Tixing and Waste Blow Room on ‘arding Room .. Drawing Frame .- lubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frames ing Spinning 5% Winding Reeling Warping Doubling leaching Noth-Folding % Ingine and Boiler Weaving ye Salendering a Ramosees and Sepoys Mizeellaneous Occupations .- v0) 152 16° 67 32°50 L000 155 02 508 3,140 1,601 2.007 237 1,327 1.137 450 16° 65 12°28 24°24 21" 46 10°00 ‘8°57 36°00 15°00 00°00 5 "Q Wry “4°37 AMD otal 12 (}79 a ope 29 QT No. V and their proportion fo the total number of workers relurned Ahmedabad [otal nuraber of workers returned Number of vorkers who worked full time Percentage , numbe: of full-time ! % Aap workers to | returned otal returned. " 50 IR 65°33 39°46 75°00 36°32 48°26 38°77 53°49 49° 89 17 29 2 38 259 226 345 127 0} 125 306 345 218 69 394 16 | 69°57 300 3 32" 50 36° 55 80° 62 5 28 110 xx ' 1A | 1 677 TRAN 11 sholapur Number of workers who worked full time 75 66 “R | a Percentage of full-time workers to otal returned 46° 7 30°00 30° 00 32743 27°88 6°75 18° 61 2531 Cl ttt 0 0 lt M0 BR 2608-—8 TABLE T'able showing numbers of Adult Operatives who worked full Bombay Department Total number | Number of of workers workers who returned worked full time Percentage of full time workers to Lotal returned Mixing and Waste, . Blow Room . Carding Room ve Drawing Frame .. Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frames Ring Spinning oo Mule Spinning Winding Reeling Warping Doubling Jizing Jrawing-in =N Weaving General .. Weavers Calendering > Dyeing o Bleaching "es Yarn Bundling .. Cloth Folding » Engine and Boiler Electrical $s Mechanics .e Ramosees and Sepoys Miscellaneous Qccupations 358 891 A783 848 3,350 2,012 631 5,012 2,159 579 207 583 320 397 .1,758 248 106 114 345 +502 278 166 127 717 446 128 51-05 60°83 52°61 38°14 34:45 33°88 33°76 24°82 22°46 16°46 54°11 34°03 50°73 72°69 72°54 39° 68 176 BL 75 40°29 56°32 80-22 60°24 62°53 82°01 53°35 542 775 281 1,154 4,070 213 1,244 485 269 112 316 252 652 3,525 148 47 59 139 840 219 100 267 588 2.372 t | Total , J 50,421 24,112 | 47°82 No. VI time and their proportion to the total number of workers returned Ahmedabad Sholapur Total number | umber of of workers workers who tenet | worked full time Percentage of full time workers to total returned ‘Total number of workers returned Nutnber of | vorkers who worked full time 208 249 337 208 .,378 3737 | 142 179 210 132 656 2,070 68°27 71°89 62°31 44° 30 47°61 55°39 7 71 109 124 262 875 3% 26 41 43 87 353 475 251 119 49 127 155 274 2,273 89 8 367 | 306 19 862 507 175 90 207 187 37 L582 | L3 g - 55°10 49°51 88°00 54° 44 61°35 82°89 78°85 49°61 62°24 00°00 93 66 ‘2 26 56 1,509 | 3 16 814 9 20 212 121 11 85 319 R250 85°24 72°85 66°85 84°62 44°74 87°16 64°30 36 21 291 181 13 190 360 296 24 1 +3 16 ol 459 58 176 15785 | ss | AB 14 4,571 | 1,383 Percentage of full time workers to total returned 42°86 36°62 37°61 34°58 33'21 40°34 5°34 16°67 21°05 16°67 11° 54 28°57 20° 81 66° 67 66° 67 26°19 50°00 100°00 d2-11 89°23 38°34 30°26 MO BR 36—6a TABLE No, VII. Percentage absenteeism in nineteen representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City during July 1926—By Departments Department Mixing and Waste .. Blow Room Carding Drawing Slubbing Inter and Roving Frames ve we Ring Spinning Mule tuning Winding Reeling Warping Doubling 3fzing Drawing-in Weaving, General Weavers Calendering Dyeing Bleaching Yarn Bundling’ Cloth Folding vo Engine and Boiler .. Mechanics “L. Electrical ws Ramosees and Sepoys Mircellaneous Occupations Total a doen Number | Percent of age workers | Absen- seturned tesism 318 833 1,318 R48 701 5°16 6°11 £70 2,842 3,872 | 831 321 62 364 200 383 520 397 1,768 248 L056 9°93 10° 48 10°08 12°56 +06 735 81 7°25 1°55 1°86 4°36 508 16°65 ot 721 845 9°49 1.482 3°52 272 244 127 5°30 166 em nr | a0 sera | — 38.349 7°18 Wonien Number of workers eturned Percent- age Absen- teeism 540 7°12 1°85 6’ 55 3 155 508 2140 4°94 8°41 4,691 2.097 5 - 15°47 18°18 9°14 18° 40 20 5°56 10° 56 Nil 20 .:: R70) 5'03 12.072 11a All Operatives Number oi workers returned Percent- age Absen- tecism 858 801 1,473 848 7°08 5°13 6'16 870 3,360 12.012 631 5,012 2.159 579 207 583 820 897 11,758 248 105 114 345 1,502 273 127 166 717 1.448 9°17 9°42 10°01 15°29 17°80 740 6°21 7°26 11°55 4°86 4°36 5°06 16°85 6°92 9°49 5°59 2°43 5°30 4°71 3°05 B30 50.421 2°98 T'ABLES—contd. Department Mixing and Waste Blow Room .. Carding re Drawing . we Slubbing Inter and Roving Ring Spinning Winding .- Reeling .. Warping $4 Doubling .o 3jzing . Drawing-in .. Weaving, General Weavers oe Calendering .. Dyeing ae Yarn Bundling Joth Folding Engine and Boiler Mechanics .. Electrical . se Ramosees and Sepoys .. Miscellaneous Occupations TABLE Percentage Absenteeism in 16 representative Cotton, Mills in Women workers | Percentage NUTDELO : i Absenteeism returned returned Percentage Absentecism 58 212 333 260 L118 2,511 ny 0 | 75 37 207 87 371 582 33 4°84 4°60 4°60 6°86 8°33 7°33 3°06 8°65 714 6°97 8°48 3°76 57 10° 76 6°47 Nil. 0°18 5°49 5°88 8°83 4°11 3°67 8°08 150 37 4 38 259 1,226 645 437 5°49 7°65 4°83 11°13 7°89 8°92 R88 8°87 25 L* 36 8 1" 44 1°78 0°53 4'49 21 291 79 LoD 13 337 L178 2 29 LAR Total 2710 | sos | 3.016 | 7°40 No. VIII Ahmedabad in two haptas predominantly over May 1926—By Departments All operatives shor . ! Percentage returned Absenteeism Number ot workers returned Percentage Absenteeism Number o1 workers returned Percentage Absenteeism 208 249 387 298 L378 3,737 862 507 115 90 207 187 371 4.592 143 581 5°05 4°60 74 8°26 7°20 8'52 884 714 6°30 648 876 5°71 10°76 619 Nil. 0°18 5°49 5°83 8°83 1 3742 5°30 146 501 | 10 2°85 3°92 Nil, 208 249 337 208 1,524 4,238 862 507 175 90 207 197 371 4,582 143 6 21 281 181 190 13 366 1.336 5°31 5°05 4°60 741 772 6°81 852 284 714 3°30 6748 376 571 10°76 6°10 wil. 0°18 349 383 3°83 11 342 5°89 8 21 201 181 190 13 366 ; 238 15.735 700 an 3* 62 16.392 773 Department Mixing and Waste Blow Room Jarding .e Drawing .e . Ylubbing, Inter and Roving ing spinning Winding .e Reeling yo Warping = .. Doubling . Sizing vs Drawingin .. Weaving, General Weavers - Calendering Dyeing win arn Bundling Joth Folding Baogine and Boiler Mechanics .. Electrical Ramosees snd Sepoys .. Migeellaneous Occupations TABLE Yercentage absenteeism in two representative Collon ro Women Number of Percentage workers absenteeism returned Sushor of | Percentage Pha absenteeism 17 7°01 8°86 9°81 10°86 10°24 11-28 17°42 9°26 11°11 22° 84 L724 12°48 16°07 12°35 8'G4 13'14 3°47 7°48 Nil, 2°79 10° KO li 6°70 71 107 120 262 338 08 5° 66 1°63 19°32 11°95 10°71 14°81 37 269 104 2 19 12 26 34 1,H09 8 2 cen ey A*R7 Total ..| 3761 | i949 210 10° R]1 No, IX Mills in Sholapur during July 1926 All Aduits Children Number of workers returned Percentage Absenteeism Number of workers returned 77 6°79 8°85 9°74 10° 66 10°24 11°60 13:41 10°71 1-1 71 109 124 262 B75 367 396 10 24 : i 168 | 12 26 56 509 22°84 17°24 12°87 15°07 12°35 8 64 13°14 3°47 7°48 Nil. 2°79 9°70 G6 2 pO 35 1.571 12°19 9 Percentage Absenteeism | 13°66 16°12 15°81 All operatives Vumber of workers returned Percentage Alsenteelam 7 679 885 9°74 10° 66 10°39 12°33 13°41 10°71 i111 71 109 124 286 043 367 306 19 12 26 56 1,509 22°84 17°24 12°57 15°07 9 36 12 16 38 3 65 450 12°36 8°64 L314 3°47 "48 wit, 2°79 0°70 4.763 12°33 TABLE No. X Average earnings in 19 representative Cotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926— Classified by Occupations "TEN Department and occupation Total umber of vorkers Average number of days worked Average monthly sarnings Rs. a. D. Average daily earnings Re. a. D. Number working full {ime Average monthly earnings of full time workers Rs. a. Pp Mixing and Waste Room— Jobbers and Muka- Time .. dams, Nawghanies ..Time .. Machine Tenters ..Time ..| Time LJ Others 3% Piece ..’ Blow Room-— Time ..i Jobbers we | Piece ..! Time ..l Assistant Jobbers .. Piece ..' Feeders ..Time ..| Opener Attendants ..Time .. Time ..' Inter Attendants .. Piece ..' Finisher Attendants . Time ..' Willow Attendants ..Time ..] Roving waste openers. Time .. Machine Attendants. .Time ..i Others ..Time . | Jarding Room— Time ..: Jobbers - A | Piece .. Time ..| Assistant Jobbers.. Piece .. Time ... Time ,. Time .. Time ,. Time .. Can Carriers % 4 Piece ,. Fly Coolies ..Time 37 227 38 22 4 0 al a8 24 127 32 146 123 54 33 20 24 = 52 31 218 268 146 190 3 93 74 267 248 26-2 26-8 285 259 26-3 25-2 27°0 25-7 26:0 253 236 253 259 25°9 26:5 QR 26°56 26'9 256 26-2 256'9 25-4 25-2 246 25-8 255 28:0 | 42 530 2715 8 30 14 10 26 15 4 t 88 8& 7 9110 4 109 11 10 45 7 6 70 0 2 2314 2 2414 ¢ 24 6 8 3310 8 2411 5 24 8 6 23 7 1 25 1 5 2412 8 116 2 10 119 3 4 57 4 6 67 0 0 26 910 26 7 2 2212 38 21 9 7 21 810 8 1 5 22 12 11 1 0 5 12 2 I 121 105 | 1 7 8 3 8 8 4 2 8 112 10 2 98 01411 015 4 015 5 1 610 015 8 015 © 014 @ 015 2 015 4 + 6 2 1 611 2 3 9 290 105 101 014 5 014 1 013 4 1 60 014 1 a4 113 34 12 2 i 2 13 3 123 66 77 10 78 80 32 25 15 19 Lo 36 20 131 150 7 84 38 40 45 43 4] | 3011 8 | 8111 8 2710 4 46 2 8 0212 2 106 12 6 51 1 0 70 0 2 25 3 3 2515 9 2512 9 30 5 7 26 111 2 4 5 26 0 7 25 2 8 26 3 6 120 13 © 117 1 8 C5912 1 69 6 8 | 28 1 8 27 0 2 24 1 1 23 9 4 22 6 5 | ore 23 8 0 21 TABLE No. X—conid. Department and occupation Carding Room—contd. Derby Doublers ..Time ..| Time ..! Others “ Piece . R Total yumber | of workers 43 99 6 Average number of days worked 25°92 24-0 268 Average monthly parnings Rs. a. Dp. 24 3 3 24 10 11 3015 0 Average daily garnings Rs. a. 1p. 016 5 105 1 2 5 Number working full time 19 39 = Average monthly sarpings of full time workers Ra. a. p. 26 6 9 2714 4 81 4 5 Drawing Frames— ( Time ... Jobbers wn Plece ..| { Time ..: Assistant Jobbers .. Piece ow { Time .. Line Levellers ood Piece .. Time .. Tenters £4 Piece .. Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frames— - { Time ..| Head Jobbers .. ! Piece ..! { Time .. Assistant Jobbers .. " Piece .. ( Time ..} Doffer Jobbers ..< | Piece of { Time .. 3lubbing Frame 1 Tenters. | Piece ..' Time ..1 [ntermediate Frame Tenters. Piece . | (Time .. Roving Frame Tenters. Piece ..| I Time Boving Frame { and Tenters " Piece .. Doffers .Time .. Others .. Time .. 3 215 35 26 368 17 528 115 1.234 7 438 h5 27:0 27-0 270 26°3 27:0 26-4 26°8 DdR 26:0 2740 23-7 22:0 24:9 258 24°56 24° 9 15-0 24-1 25°0 24-1 247 24-7 956 ''93 8 0 9411 7 80 9 8 8 6 3 83 4 9 91 9 0 36 4 4 21 12 4 109 911 104 11 10 52 8 4 66 14 2 41156 6 68 6 2 30 7 6 34 911 1713 2 30 14 3 27 14 4 20 0 11 25 7 8 1811 3 94 10 0 3 75 3 8 2 216 9 3 6 7 38 1 4 3735 1 5 8 1 4 8 rt 3 6 314 1 2 8 5 3 08 11011 2 4 3 1 310 1 6 3 1 30 1 4 6 1 110 1 8 8 1 086 012 1 015 4 3 253 18 1 15 153 3 149 48 219 1 176 26 93 8 0 9411 7 80 9 8 9312 0 8 4 9 98 810 36 0 5 8 1 8 139 8 4 104 11 10 116 7 6 46 7 2 51 3 3 36 1.8 37 9 6 34 7 2 35 14 10 30 0 4 84 7 2 30 8 0 1914 7 24 6 9 Ring Spinning— { Time ..| Head Jobbers in ( Piece . N { Time .. Line Levelling Job- bers. | Piece .. Time .. Assistant Jobbers .. Piece .. 30 19 8 19 88 263 26:5 26'6 27:0 25°0 OER 123 7 9 147 211 117 1 1 90 6 0 I 61 9 7 77 4 3 411 3 5 811 1 6 4 3 6 7 2 75 2 15 10 21 12 6 54 40 123 11 10 160 0 1 119 9 2 9 6 0 6512 1 8015 © TABLE No. X—contd. Department and occupation Total Average sumber | number of | a workers worked Average monthly earnings Ra. on. Average daily earnings Rs. a. p. Number working full Hme Average monthly garnings of full time workers Ra. a. p. Ring Spinning—contd. ( Time .. Doffer Jobbers . 1 Piece .. { Time *,. 2 | Piece .. { Time ..! [ Piece ..| Time ..| , Time ..| Time ..} Others 4% Piece ..| Mule Spinning— { Time .. Head Jobbers .e | Piece .. Line Levelling Job- Time .. bers. ( Time . Assistant Jobbers ..<4 Piece . Time .. Mule Spinners ‘v _ Piece ..! { Time ..| © Piece . ] Time .. Creelers ¥ a ! ' Piece. . | Dthers ..Time ..' Finding— ’ Head Jobbers .. Time .. Asgistant Jobbers ..Time .. Banders .. Time . Time . Grey Winders wo Piece .. .. Piece .. {oe + ol “| piece . g Time ..] Others Reeling— Head Jobbers ..Time .. Others .. Time ,. Warping— ’ Head Jobbers ..Time ..! Assistant Jobbers Time ..| 151 91 113 q 5,244 24 861 1.493 439 5] {35 30 99 H'] 150 2 20 3 0 3 13 13 98 a6 12 50. 11 25°83 2572 253 24-8 23:8 257 24-4 243 2566 29.0 27:0 26-8 27-0 26° 6 264 24°1 256 23-9 24:6 23-1 255 25+9 27:0 25°56 26-6 253 250 23-2 264 21-7 25-8 264 a5 5h 268 285 47156 8 52 6 8 28 9 6 38 5 7 24 2 9 4313 3 23 8 0 18 5 8 24 13 2 45 3 6 115 10 11 122 12 11 93 8 0 8 0 9 70 9 1 35 1 4 44 12 10 29 8 8 3613 1 20 01 40 238 24 4 7 8215 5 41 15 4 26 7 8 19 1 4 1513 © 24 7 4 25 9 6 24 511 2214 8 61 3 6 2313 1 % 6 3 58 0 @& 114 4 21 8 122 L 89 1.0 3 111 3 015 5 012 1 D165 6 2 011 65 43 61 12 11 57 9 7 30 8 9 41 910 27 911 44 9 0 26 8 8 20 5 8 26 8 9 5513 ©O 45 6 1,260 9 298 568 210 7 2 115 10 11 124 15 8 93 8 0 80 10 11 7% 1 6 40 1 0 47 10 2 33 2 3 3811 4 22 10 4 42 7 6 260 9 3 + 4 4 3 7 5 3 0 2 210 9 L 7 4 L112 1 - 39 1 7 4 01311 1 9,2 015 Bb 49. 34 31 30 10 i | 3 1 2 110 4 015 11 012 0 010 1 1 o11 015 6 120 014 4 8215 5 4211 8 o7 2 1 16 8315 8 2612 5 3110 4 94 4 3 8 31 34 2 4 8 014 9 Lo 5 64 3 1 94 14 6 #48 0 10 | 25 130 2 | e312 0 2 TABLE No. X——conid. Department and occupation Total Average sumber | Dumber | Average of of monthly workers days | earnings worked Rs. a. 1 Average daily gsarnines Rs. a. 1b. Tumber vorking full time Average monthly 3arnings of full time workers Rs. a. p. Warping—contd. { Time .. Warpers so { Piece v5 reelers .. Time i 3eam Carriers ..Time | Jthers Time | oubling— Jobbers Banders siders Jthers .Time yg Time ..| .Time ol C.Time LU! Jizing— ( Time .. dead Jobbers od { Piece .. Asgistant Jobber |. Time .. Time ,, Front Sizers .. (Piece .., { Time ..| “{ piece i seam Carriers ..Time ., Size Mixers Time ..| Jthers Time ..| Jrawing-in— Head Jobbers Line Aucistant Jobbers ..Time ..| (Time. Drawers _- Piece .. Reachers .. Piece .. Heald and Reed Time ..| Repairers. Beam Carriers ..Time ..| { Time ..| Jthers ve | Piece ..| Veaving— id Time ..| Head Jobbers wi » Piece .. Time .. Line Jobbers 5 Piece .. 18 25°8 | 48 1 6 249 | 52 810 252 | 2011 5 23 | 32 6 6 246 | 21 4 0 363 117 4 49 5 2002 | 51 8 1 26:0 | 3015 8 25°7 | 26 12° 8 263 | 2213 3 6 186 a 6 261 | 108 5 8 270 ho 11 6 270 | 95 0 0 24-4 | 7512 6 252 75 3 3 24'1 3811 6 24-1 3611 3 253 81 9p 1 26°4 2014 2 957 93 8 © 6 20 35 76 O8 76 62 25'8 85 810 26'8 64 7 3 25°56! 24 1 0 237 43 6 0 23'6 | 2214 8 2012 4 " 2 336 | 338 63 | 924-7 | 23 | 8 31 254 | 30 1 2 26'3 | 24 3 3 250 | 36 2 2 17 53 3b 6810 26:7 17013 © 26°56 1196 13 5 24°4 64 8 7 257 116 11 10 113 10 219 013 2 1838 9 013 10 115 5 1 31 10 8 013 10 4 2 4 6 0 5 3 8 4 3 1 8 215 9 19 9 1 8 4 1 4 0 1 21 014 8 3 56 2 2 711 015 1 113 4 015 7 1 9 4 130 014 8 17 2 6 6 7 7 611 2106 1 48 7 11 163 55 1 21 04 (1 3 1d 13 32 37 39 37 a8 2 12 1 87 95 | 39 11 3 0 14 49 22 458 4911 8 67 2 7 22 210 32 5 0 2314 0 55 5 5 27 3 3 28 6 1 2410 3 114 12 2 16211 6 95 0 0 8 1 1 8215 1 4115 6 4215 2 33 210 30 7 8 95 9 7 86 1 8 67 010 26 7 0 5110 2 26 16 9 3212 2 8211 2 24 15 10 24 14 1 160 5 7 200 9 4 22 8 123 5 4 TABLE No. X—contd. Average Total | number number of of days workers | worked Department and occupation Average monthly Barnings Rs. a. D. WV egving—contd. Fancy Jobbers { Time .. | Plece .. Time .. Time .. LL. Time .. 1 24'8 26:0 23'3 258 255 "95 9 2 115313 8 | 5214 9 { s018 3 26 11 10 Apprentices Beam Carriers Nthers a 18 ‘4 Veavers— One loom Time ..; {oo ..| 280 Two loom . . Piece i 11,358 Three loom ..Piece .. 6 Four loom . . Piece ) 67 Apprentice—One Piece .. 14 loom. 2 25:7 76 8 8 26°0 82 6 8 25'8 © 47 511 24-3 | 61 910 25:1 | 72 7 7 95-5 | 20 14 9 Dalendering— Head Jobbers .. Time . Assistant Jobbers ..Time . Back Calender men ..Time .. Front Calender men Time .. Dampers Time .. Others ..Time .. 26'6 73 45 267 48 7 0 25:0 | 25 1 3 25'9 | 2712 9 246 | 25 6 8B 26:4 2710 2 42 114. 45 21 Dyeing— Head Jobbers .. Time Agsistant Jobbers ..Time . Jigger Attendants ..Time . Vat »» -.Time .. Extractor ,. Mme .. Cheese Time .. Dyers Time .. Dihers ..Tims 27°0 26:8 25°0 144 26°8 26°56 204 0.0 68 0 0 58 0 4 i 27 9 & 15 2 8 | 3011 0 l 24 1 0 | 28 6 7 | 28 8 3 2 19 - Bleaching— Head Jobbers ..Time ., Assistant Jobbers ..Time oe Boilers ..Time .. Bleachers «Time _.| 260 26:4 253 270 82 9 4 56 1 6 | 8114 5 | 41 3 @o L2 1 . Average daily earnings Rs, a. Db 313 8 514 8 2 4 3 13 2 1 0 9 215 9 3 211 113 4 2 8 8 214 2 013 2 212 2 11110 1 00 112 1 0686 1 0 9 2 8 4 2 8 7 11 8 1 010 L 2 4 014 6 125 1 3 9 3 210 2 0 9 | 1 4 2 1 8 Number working full time Average monthly sarnings of full time workers Ra. a. PD. 16 99 611 170 6 © 67 2 0 81 7 7 28 6 6 1 60 28 8 0 0 85 4 4 49 911 ns 77 41 23 13 10 200 8.242 4 53 925 7711 9 48 3 0 27 1.0 20 210 | 27 3 9 28 7 8 20 72 20 23 63 0 0 62 1 0 29 9 8 4 7 3 9 0 25 8 0 | 8¢ 1 5 | ag 2 8 17 1 ) 8914 0 5 0 0 | 35 5 © | wr wn b 4 in TABLE No. X—contd. Department and occupation Total amber of workers \verage number of days worked Average mopthly 3aTnings ks. a. p.. Average daily earnings Rs, a. bp. Number working full +ime Average monthly 2arnings of full time workers Re. a. Dp. Bleaching—contd. Washers .. Time Dthers ..Time urn Bundling and Baling— Head Jobbers ~ ..Time Assistant Jobbers . . Time . Time .. Scalemen - Piece .. Time .. Knotters ws Piece .. Time .. Pressers or Bundlers _Plece .. Time .. Bundle Wrappers . . Piece .. Time .. Baling Pressmen .. Piece .. Others ..Time wa Noth Folding, Baling and Finishing— Head Jobbers ..Time Assistant Jobbers . .Pime Finishers .. Time Front Folders .. Time Back Folders .. Time Hand Folders .. Time oe Time .. Bundlers x Piece .. Stampers ..Time we Cut Lookers ..Time .. Time .. Balers pe Piece ..! Scalemen .. Time 1 Time .. Others vy Piece .. ingine and Boiler Department— Sarangs ,.Time .. Assistant S8arangs ..Time .. Q [2 37 6 83 20 RG 37 i5 29 40 94 381 29 120 08 i 136 92 21 13 44 395 a 28 n 247 2715 1 | 2414 8 | 24° 5 27:0 63 16 2 46 4 8 20 3 9 3211 5 2013 8 2815 0 28 5 7 2012 b 26 810 2613 38 28 3 0 3811 2 26 11 3 268 24°5 26° 1 24-1 252 255 23°6 259 185 25-6 26:0 DAKE: 92 4 10 53 211 26 8 6 | 24 911 2 2 5 2513 3 26 3 5 34 9 6 2710 7 25'4 36 6 4 26°9 20 7 8 26°38 58 5 8 248 28 6 0 25°6 24 6 2 960 | 36 8 0 26°56 S70) 55 15 4 43 8 8 1 2 1 1 0 8 2 511 111 1 132 140 1 310 12 5 1110 14 2 1065 17 2 117 1 710 015 11 | 3 611 2 03 1038 015 9 015 © 170 5 Lo1 L 610 1138 1 611 i197 2 05 1 2 4 015 3 i 6 8 2 110 1 910 28 B 6 4 3 1% 11 30 10 Q 20 8 15 8 31 63 183 14 59 A3 kt 50 18 8 23 239 2 26 2 30 13 10 27 1 6 683 156 2 4518 2 3¢ 0 1 34 1 9 30 1 4 3511 3 3113 9 3212 6 2911 2 2818 7 43 11 10 27 2 9 91 5 2 54 4 8 27 810 2613 0 25 6 0 27 9 5 27 6 7 27 8 0 2913 5 010 2 20 7 8 4710 2 32 1 6 2515 2 3116 0 37T 7 3 43 8 R N TABLE No. X—contd. Average Total number number | of of days workers | worked Department and occupation Engine and Boiler Department— contd. : Engine Drivers .. Time Splicers .. Time .. Firemen .. Time .. Coal Coolies .. Time y Others .. Time Electrical Department— Electricians on Time .. Motor Attendants.. Time ..| 115 Wiremen .. Time 3 17 Others .. Time ..} 16 dechunics— Foremen .» Time Assistant Foremen . Time Turners .. Time Assistant Turners .. Time Pattern Makers .. Time Blacksmiths .. Time Blacksmith Strikers Time Tinsmiths .. Time Aggistant Tingmiths, Time Masons .» Time Apprentices +. Time Moulders .. Time Assistant Moulders. Time Painters .. Time .. Others” .. Time .. 27°0 25°6 266 264 234 26-7 25-7 24-1 264 26-7 256 258 24-3 25'6 246 26°2 25-9 o5°5 25-90 28°4 26° 7 26° 0 256 263 Average monthly earnings Rs. a. Db. 114 7 8 3815 7 35 8 0 | 30 12 10 3118 4 133 13 7 41 8 8 56 8 7 20 2 3 190 14 2 8 7 5 7214 7 41 0 9 8 710 66 7 6 28 6 7 64 14 3 36 6 2 53 790 1710 1 7814 7 58 3 4 41 9 4 37 1 1 average daily narnings Rs. a. Dp. {i 310 lL 8 ¢, 1 5 4 129 1 5 9 5 0 4 lL 910 2 5b 56 11 8 9 4 36 6 213 2 111 0 81 8 210 6 114 18 2 I 610 21 0 012 1 212 4 2310 110 0 | 16 6 | Number working fult time 11 15 83 78 15 B45 1) 11 10 3 85 8 10 20 38 10 ar Ny 8% 12 1R Average monthly sarnings of full time workers Rs. a. P. 4 7 8 4211 6 36 3 2 31 75 43 9 9 139 2 6 4111 1 60 9 3 20 9 8 192 8 9 9 010 841 4% 3 7 80 1 2 74 6 1 29 2 3 70 14 11 3714 2 56 6 7 214 7 8012 0 60 2 2 44 14 10 3014 7 Ramosees and Sepoy Depurtinent and Odd Hands— Jamadars .. Time .. Sepoys . Time : Office Sepoys Time .. Gate-keepers Time ..! Water-men - Time Bambawalas . Time Cartmen oo Time | Ticketboys .. Time .. | Hoistmen .. Time .. '3 138 53 “4 0D 3 39 21 | 258 26-2 261 264 26:2 26'9 26:3 268°3 26'R 3814 3 2512 3 26 2 0 45 7 0 23 8 4 39 9 1 30 3 3 34 5 9 32 13 8 L 8 7 015 9 100 11 7 014 4 1 77 lL 2 5 1 41 1 38 72 36 3563 ‘4 29 ‘y 8 } i8 {7 t. 6 4 26 0 6 27 9 0 £7 6 4 23 12-0 40 8 9 8114 6 315 0 3% 8 1 sl i¥, oh Department and occupation 3? TABLE No. X—contd. Total aumber of workers Average number | of days worked Average monthly rarnings Rs. a. p. Average daily 1a Irnings Rs. a. Pp. ee “3 dpm ¢ A y, Numbey working full time fora Plein FOLIAGE: ronthly BN Lab time workers Rs. a. DP. ~ “ Sr * Miscellaneous occupations com- mon to all Departments Mukadais ..Time .. Nawghanies ..Time ..i Carpenters ..Time ,. Assistant carpenters. .Time .. Fitters .. Time .. Agsistant fitters Time .. Dilers Time .. Mochies ..Time .. Coolies ..Time ,.| 1,738 Sweepers .. Time .. 143 327 175 tl 367 71 500 100 26-2 25-7 26°0 24," 5 25° 6 25-9 25°6 260 24-6 26-0 45 111 318 2 nie 29 15 11 7510 1 a 1 5 29 9 4 29 4 9 24 7 2 21 15 © 13 s | 2 75 110 1 215 4 1 9 4 i 2 6 12 0 015 11 | 0183 6 111 6 89 201 Lo1 17 214 39 277 62 797 102 7 811 33 3 5 67 8 2 41 91 8311 4 41 4 2 31 3 8 30 5 3 26 13 7 99 11 8 B—NOMEN. izing and waste room— Waikins .. Time... Pickers .. Time ..| Others .. Time ..! 7 515 18 | Blow Room Roving and openers Carding Room— Lap carriers . Time .. Card tenters Time ..| Can carriers . Time . Fly coolies . Time ..: Others - .. Time ..| 2 58 61 19 16 | Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving frames— Siubbing tenters .. Time ..| Doffers .. Time | Dthers .. Time ..! 489 | 18 | Ring Spinning— Mrs .. Time =] 636 arwallas .., Time .. 131 Doffers .. Time 1 1,083 | Others ..mime..| 110 | 26° 7 19 5 0 1310 © 1210 0 | 251 | 94-7 26H 19 6 O 27-0 22 1 0 2014 8 17 4 2 1512 2 13 5 2 | 25°5 24°92 | 26°5 | 280 i 27:0 25:7 | 25 2 9 18 4 4 16 6 4 25° 0 24:4 | 23 010 25:1 | 22 5 1 25-6 | 18 5 3 | 95:3 1 16 10 2 011 7 id 08 2 8 284 | 12 J11 © 013 1 013 2 | 011 5 14 0 9 6 | 12 0 711 14 01411 ! 011 5 | 010 2 L 226 | 10 015 2 014 3 011 5 010 6 | 944 | 63 20 3 0 14 15 9 1310 8 20 5 2 22 1 0 2112 2 19 4 4 15 9 6 13 6 © 25 2 9 19 4.5 17 8 7 25 8 2 24 1 1 19 5 0 17 3 1 0 B 36—7 VI TABLE No. X—concld. Average of o days workers worked | Department and occupation Average monthly sarnings J Average Average Fler monthly daily Toh € earnings of sarnings | 0 | full time workers Rs. a. DP. Rs. a. op. Rs. a. D Vinding— Naiking .. Time .. 34 Time ..| 22 Grey winders r {Piece ..| 2,387 Time .. 12 Colour winders .. Piece ..; 1,103 , Time | 143 Pirn winders .. Piece .. 729 Time .. 11 Cheese winders .. [Piece ..| 226 | «. Time .. 24 26-5 46 5 1 17 6 8 1612 6 16 9 3 20 7 4 1911 2 20 3 4 22 9 9 17 7 4 16 6 1 112 © 21 47 2 0 1912 9 21 5 0 17 0 0 2713 4 23 8 4 25610 3 256 4 6 21 6 7 | 16 8 5 25:0 22°8 26-3 22:0 2374 23°7 24-2 227 261 011 2 011 9 010 1 014 11 013 6 013 8 015 0 012 4 010 1 11 597 7 161 43 217 6 59 15 Others Reeling — (Time ..| 22 1 Pioce we 1 Time i 3 A ..] 1,908 Reelers .. Piece & Time ,.| 135 Others .. Time ] 30 | Warping— Creelérs Doubling— Siders «» Time .. Bleaching— Washers -. Time .. Yloth Folding, Baling and Winishing— Hand folders .. Time .. Others .. Time .. Engine and Boiler Depurtment— Coal coolies .. Time .. Miscellaneous occupations comnion to ull Departmenizs— Coolies .. Time : 198 | 249 Sweepers .. Time ..i 672 2K-0 26:2 4411 1 270 50 1 3 230 11 6 8 22:3 15 3 4 18°6 | 16 511 241 14 2 5 111 3 113 8 0 711 01011 014 1 00 5 18 47 10 4 50 1 3 13 8 0 | 19 5 6 22 3 1 i5 8 8 2 386 25 18 14 6 7 0 9 5 1512 0 17 0 5 012 1 20 6 3 14 10 10 0 oO 2 15 2 3 1611 3 13 5 8 010 3 0 910 B 17 4 4 17 8 8 1811 0 O11 92 18 11 0 1412 6 | 0 9g 1815 5 © 0 8 « 2 881 16 8&8 8 14 15 & 0 TABLE No, XI AVERAGE EARNINGS IN 16 REPRESENTATIVE COTTON MILLS IN AHMEDABAD CITY IN TWO HAPTAS PREDOMINANTLY OVER MAY 1926, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATIONS A, Men Department and occupation izing and Waste Room— Jobbers and Mukadams Nawghanieeg and coolies Machine Tenters Blow Room—— Head Jobbers .. Agszistant Jobbers Feeders pe Opener Attendants Inter Attendants Finisher Attendants Willow Attendants Machine Attendants Jarding Roowm— Head Jobbers .. Assistant Jobbers Grinders .- Strippers Lap Carriers Card Tenters Fly coolies Others Drawing Frames-— Tobbers oe Drawing Tenters Time . Time . Time & Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time [ime Time Time Time Time Time Time . Time {me “1 Pies STubbing, Intermediate and Roving Framas— Head Jobbers .. wer «. Time Assistant Jobbers ve .. Time Dofter Jobbers .. -- Time Slubbing Frame Tenters (one side) Piece Stabbing Frame Tenters (2sides) . Piece Inter Frame Tenters “ .. Time . Inter Frame Tenters (enc side) «» Piece .. Inter Frame Tenters (two sides) .. Piece - Total wamber of workers 12 23 18 15 19 13 1 30 ‘} " 10 78 36 130 19 BR I5 20 37 34 2 112 117 Average daily earnings Rs. 8. Pp. 12 7 014 7 018 © 2 6 6b 110 6 013 2 013 8 013 9 014 2 013 7 018 10 210 1 11211 1 2 4 014 3 014 1 013 8 012 10 012 © 110 6 1 4 2 1 1 2 310 3 114 10 1 4 7 30 6 9 4 7 101 1 2 0 Possible earnings for a month of 27 working davs RB. a. p. 31 5 9 24 99 23 3 3 64 13 3 44 11 6 22 3 6 23 1 0 ‘23 3 3 2314 6 22 14 9 28 5 8 71 0 3 48 12 9 3015 0 24 0 9 2312 3 23 1 0 2110 6 992 3 8 4411 6 34 0 6 20 1 9 98 4 9 52 0 6 3411 9 32 1.0 38 6 3 3411 9 28 8 9 2 a 0 MO R 36—Ta 0 TABLE No. XI—contd. Department and occupation Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frames— contd. Roving Trame Tenters (two sides) .e Time and Yicce. Roller Coverers « » Doffers we Others .e Ring Spinning— Head Jobbers .. Assistant Jobbers Dofter Jobbers Banders .e Siders . Siders (twosides) Dofferg . Others . Winding— Head Jobbers «. Agsistant Jobbers Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time { Piece { Time . Pieec Time Time Time firey Winders .. Colour Winders Pirn Winders .. Cheese Winders Others Reeling— Jobbers ime Ti Reelers {ome Piece Time Others ¥ arping— Head Jobbers os Assistant Jobbers Time Time Time (oe eo Time so Time Warpers Creelers oe Others ve ae x oo | Total number of workers 20) 26 183 9 f! 7 19 5 584 20 503 ‘RT a8 D Ww 3 Average daily earnings Re, a. wn 1 0 4 199 ow 7 | 012 10 310 3 1 9 ¢ 1 4 8 tL 27 015 2 1 610 010 7 012 8 226 Lg 7 012 1 01410 091 12 3 015 3 010 2 012 4 5 4 013 2 015 0 013 10 29 9 15 5 26 7 217 010 7 010 6 Possible zarnings for a month of 27 working davs Rs. a. Pp. 27 9 0 $3 7 8 1713.9 21 10 6 98 ¢ 9 4212 0 3414 0 31 5 9 25 9 6 33 8 6 1713 9 21 6 0 58 1 3 it 709 20 6 38 25 0 6 15 5 3 30 12 ¢ 25 11 9 17 2 6 20 18 0 3% 0 0 22 3 6 25 5 0 23 5 6 07 3 2 0 3 B36 9 3% 10 9 1713 9 1711 6 10] TABLE No. XI-—conid. Department and occupation Doubling— TJobbers Doublers Sizing— Head Jobbers -. Agaistant Jobbers Front Sizers .. Back Sizers . Beam Carriers .. Size Mixers Others Drawing In— TJobhers Drawers Heald and Reed Repairers Heald Fasteners Others . WY eaving— Head Jobbers .. Line Jobbers .- Fancy Jobbers .. ection Jobbhers Apprentices -- Beam Carriers .. Humidifier Attendants Others we Veavers— Two-Loom . Two-loom (Irregular) Threc-Loom +. Three-Loom (irregular) Your-Loom . Four-Loom (Irregular) Calendering— ] Head Jobbers .. oe Assistant Jobbers ve Time Time Time Time Lime Time Time Time Time Time { Time 1 Piece Time { Time , Piece Time { Time Piece jece [ime Fime Time Time Time Time Piece Piece Piece Piece Piece Piece Time .. . Time ve ‘Total number of workers > 35 q 6 ho Y 36 ) 1 4 0 82 52 1 > 39 20 - 229 148 74 3 01 27 5 1 Average daily earnings Rs. a. op. * 37 015 5 214 5 1 8 7 118 7 015 9 012 0 129 015 5 L 0 8 0 9 8 113 1 1 111 012 10 113 i 01111 515 7 G 8 4 315 8 114 6 113 3 1 2 35 1 0 8 12 9 013 10 113 5 | 182 | 266 | 114 8 3 6 4 | 214 9 | 2 6 4 1 8 0 Possible varnings for a month of 27 working days Rs. a. p. 38 0 9 26 0 3 8503 1 7 9 1914 9 26 9 8 2 4 0 3110 38 26 0 3 28 2 0 16 5 0 40 1 3 30 3 9 2110 ¢ 19 1 3 20 1 9 161 4 9 176 1 0 106 11 9 51 7 © 49 5 9 31 1 3 2718 6 3110 3 23 5 6 1910 3 4012 6 64 15 6 5112 © 9111 0 7814 3 6411 0 37 2 1} TABLE No. XI—contd. Department and occupation Calendering—contd. Back Calender men Front Calender men Time Time . Time . Dthers - Dyeing— jobbers Dyers Varn Bundling and Boling Time Time Scalemen Knotters P Pressers - Bundle Wrappers Baling Pressmen Roth Folding, Baling and Finishing— Time Time Time Time . Time Jobber . Pinishers front Folders Back Folders Bundlers Stampers +. Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Time Balers Others . Tagine and Boiler— Sarangs . Boiler Attendants Tnoine Drivers .. Time Time . Time Time { Piece Time Time Time Rope Splicere Firemen “oal Coolies Othery wlectrieai— Ulectriciang . Motor Attendants Wiremen . Uechanics— Foremen vor Iurners Time ime Time Time a . Time .. Total number of workers Q pg 4 x 2 3 128 14 76 19 18 NM a 12 15 - 9 9 Possible v earnings for earnings i working davs Rs. a. p. © Re. oa. 1, 014 5 014 0 0 14 11 24 5 3 2310 0 25 2 9 «70 014 2 40 1 3 2314 6 1 010 018 7 112 014 0 1D 28 6 8 2 ¢ 9 2815 6 2310 0 2015 & 786 112 1 015 9 015 1 0138 8 116 1 39 012 4 3910 6 47 6 3 26 9.3 26 7 3 2x 10 20 6 3 38 6 8 2013 0 1 510 8 6 2 111 1 196 1 810 3613 6 9 6 8 4511 3 4214 3 4114 6 3815 2 27 11° 3 81 9 8 171 1 0 5 9 a 2 9 0 2 7T 6 69'23 0 66 10 © 5214 0 115 4 210 4 AR i 98 7 0 5 1 © 103 TABLE No. XI—conid. Department and occupation Hechanics—contd. Assistant Turners Time Pattern Makers Blacksmiths .. Rincksmith Strikers Tingmithe po \gsistant Tinsmiths Masons oe Apprentices we Mounlders .e Assistant Moulders Others . Ramosees and Sepoy Department and Odi Hands— Jamadars Jepoys Dtfice Sepoyf Water men Cart Drivers Rate-keepers Lamp Fitters - Others . Viscellaneous Occupations Commun to all Departments — Mukadams . Fitters . Assistant Fitters Carpenters . Assistant Carpenters Mochies .e Dilers Yawghanies Coolics Sweepers fime Time Total number of workers a8 2 23 14 23 253 14 3 13 13 13 17 127 5 7 12 51 333 38 102 268 Average daily carnines Rs. a. p. 1 a 4 215 11 2 5 3 1210 22 0 vy 7 25 4 06 4 9 1 mo 1 3 4 012 0 012 5 05 3 014 4 017 05 6 013 4 1 4 8 210 1 16 6 2 8 2 1 410 19 7 127 014 8 014 1 n1i13 8 Possible sarnings for a month of 27 working davs Rs. a. p. 34 5 0 013 9 62 13 4 3112 6 57 6 0 36 6 9 63 0 0 1011 0 5% 5 9 33 14 3 39 8 OO 3210 0 20 4 0 20 15 3 513 9 24 3 0 26 4 9 9 4 6 22 8 0 3414 0 1 0 3 3715 6 69 7 6 35 2 6 43 2 9 31 6 9 24 12 0 2312 3 992 5 | B. Women Mixing and Waste room— Machine Tenters . +. Time oe Waate Pickers «eo ve -. Time .e Aan 012 9 n | § 21 8 38 14 8 8 4 TABLE No. XI—contd. Department and occupation Total number of workers Average daily earnings Possible earnings for ¢ month of 27 working davs Rs, a. vn. | Riu a. p B. Women-—contd. Blow Room— Feeders .e Opener Attendants Willow Attendants Machine Attendant: Carding Room— Fly Coolies Can Minders Drawing Prames— Drawing Tenters Stubbing, Intermediale and Roving Frames— Slubbing Frame Tenters (one side) .. Piece . Inter Frame Tenters (one side) .. Piece . inter Frame Tenters (two sides) «+ Piece . Roving Frame Tenters (two sides) .. Time and Piece, .. Time ve Ring Spinnine- Siders Doffers Others Pinding— Naikins Grev Winders .- Time Time Time «Time Piece Time {ome . Time Time Loe « Time Colour Winders Pirn Winders .. Cheese Winders Others = - “o RD 680 497 4Q 134 8 71 9 010 7 012 5 012 6 012 6 013 6 019 © 15 8 L 41 016 1 Nn 15 10 015 10 010 4 015 1 010 5 0 0 9 015 5 011 9 0 8 6 014 6 013 4 0 o11 102 n 9 9 1713 9 20 15 3 21 1 6 21 1 6 22 12 © 21 R] 3 26 7 0 33 14 3 25 7 3 26 11 6 26 11 6 17 7 © 25 7 3 17 9 3 13 7 6 26 0 3 1913 3 14 5 6 2 7 & 22 8 0 1611 © 27 4 © 12's Reeling— Reelers Others Doubling— Daublers Time { Piece Time { Picce .. Time 2) Da 9 9 7 014 5 0 911 aga £10 015 A 18 2 9 24 5 3 1611 9 14 14 6 98 © a 105 TABLE No, XI—concld. Department and occupation Calendering— Others oe Engine and Boiler— Coal Coolies .. .« Time Ramosees and Sepoys Department and Odd Hands— Water Women .. ve .. Time Gate-kecpers . ww -. Time Others ad «» Time Wiscellaneous Occupations Common to all Departments— Coolies . .« Time Sweepers . +. Time Total rumber of workers 3 A 7 1 Average daily earnings Re. a. p. 0 90 1 011 5 0 75 011 1 06 10 11 0 9 9 0 9 2 Possible sarnings for a month of 27 working days Rs. 8. Pp. 15 6 38 19 4 3 12 8 3 1811 38 18 6 9 16 7 38 18 7 4 C. Children Stubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frames— Doffers . Ring Spinning— Doflers . - «Time Drawing-in— Drawing Bove .. Time 1% Y 4 3) a " 5 6 [ 3 9g 4 #8 0 4 F {218 9 06 TABLE No. XII AVERAGE EARNINGS IN TWO REPRESENTATIVE CorroN MiLLs IN SHorLAPUR CITY x JoLy 1926 Classified by Occupations : A. Men Department and occupation Wiring and Waste Room— Mukadams eo Time .. Nawghanies «Time .. Blow Room— Head Jobbers .. Time . Assistant Johbers .. Time . Feeders .. Time .. Openers .. Time . Inter Attendants .. Time .. Finishers .. Time .. Willowmen .. Time ..| Bondamen .. Time ..! Others .. Time .. Zarding Room— Head Jobbers .. Time .. Assistant Jobbers .. Time .. Grinders .. Time .. Strippers .. Time ..' Grinders and Time .. Strippers. Lap Carriers +. Time .. Can Carriers .. Time ..| Fly Gatherers .. Time .. | Others o- Time .. Drawing di Head Jobbers .. Piece .. { Time .. Assistant Jobbers -. Piece .. Time ..| Tenters .e Piece .. Total Averade No.of | dave workers wokad | Average monthly carnings Rs. a. Pp. oar! 21 5 1 "ne 19 4 2 27°01 121 9 7 25°81 39 210 244! 18 211 24°81 17 5 1 239! 18 2 5 222! 1613 8 24°81 16 2 6 25°21 1313 11° 96's 18 2 7 16 2 4 LQ : 2 2 255 24° 6 20°8 22°5 055 | 7611 5 44 12 : 15 8 1 8 8 8 18 &§ 7 y 8 26 i4 31 260! 18 0 1] 2379! 1413 9] i 146 ol 24°51 18 8 11 13 27°0 1 28°0 | 252 | 11415 1 31 8 90 55 5 13 3 Ry “| 244 60! 93g 14 8 © 18 2 8 Average daily rarnings Rs. a. 71. 0 13 10 012 5 i 81 . 8 4 010 7 011 2 012 2 012 2 010 5 0 810 011. Q 3 0 2 113 1 011 11 013 2 011 6 011 1 0 911 010 5 011 11 - 1 L 511 JA] 0 9 5 012 4 No. wor k- ing full time Average raonthly earnings of full-time workers Rs. a. p. 1 Q 20 8 6 2 3 8 5 121 9 7 4310 © 1712 9 1812 9 21 0 0 22 0 6 15 6 1 1412 1 17 1 1 1 2 “Wo 0 7 2010 8 19 6 8 Z 3 10 7 15 2 18 8 7 1810 3 18 2 7 18 4 8B 114 15 1 64 12 10 i 18 IR | 15 6 4 20 11 8 io? TABLE No. XII—contd. Denartment and occupation Slubbing, Intermediate and) Roving— Head Jobbers .. Piece .. Assistant Jobbers .. Piece ..! Slubbing Tenters .. Piece .. bo tee vo Tenters. Piece ..| i Time .. Roving Tenters .. ; Piece -.. Doffers .. Time .. Others .. Time .. Ring Spinning-—— Time .. Head Jobbers K 4 Piece .. Time .. Assistant Jobbers . . Piece .. Time ..| Doffer Jobberr .. Picce ..| Banders .. Time .. liders « Time .. Tarwallas «o Time .. Doffers .. Time .. Dthers. . Time .. Vinding— Jobbers Pirn Winders Others . Time .. + Time .. mime Ll Reeling——. Jobbers Reelers . Time ..| , Time ..| Varping— Warpers Mreelers .« Piece .. Co Time .. Sizing— Front Sizers .. Time .. Back Sizers «» Time . ! Others os Time .. Total Ayers No. of ; days workers worked Average monthly | parnings | Bs. a. 7D. 2 225 | 21°56 ! 23'5 | 180 | 247! 229 | 234 | 24°1 | 04a | 56 4 3 38 3 5 19 8 3 13156 3 1011 7 1813 1 | 16 9 0 12 wl 14 8 10 2 213 39 20 30 38 a 25°0 |! 26°0 26°0 26°0 24°8 24° 7 24'6 23'9 | 23'5 23'2 24°1 124 5 1! 8512 0! 7513 6 80 14 | 5111 11! 40 10 4 27 2 7 17 0 71 13 8 0! 1110 10 | 13 15 11 24 3 5 182 120 163 16 25°0 22° 3 290 22 12 1, 1014 5 | 12 13 1 8 260 | 23:0 | 28 0 11 wig 3 | 252 | 206 | 45 2 4 12 6 6| il 37 0 1! ars 211 1 a0 190 Average daily EATrNINgS Rs. a. I. 2 8 0 112 5 013 3 012 5 012 9 013 .| 011 ‘| 0 8 4 0 9 6 115 7 34 9 211 Ks 2 5 6 2 1 4 110 & 118 011 5 09 2 08 1 0 90 3 014 7 0.710 0 811 014 2 6 9 0 112 8 0 0 8K L989 9 1 0 8 0 8&8 4 No. vork- ing full Lite Average monthly earnings of full-time workers Rs. a. 1. 67 1 6 23 011 12 21 16 10 21 1 1 121 1912 2 s0! 142 8 ol 1513 8 8 12 0 78 3 1 60 14 3 3713 1 4015 0 3 2 6 0 20' 1910 9 48 1512 1 sel 131011 12! 1514 6 18 | i4 0 1 SEB 6 14 1 2712 1 i08 TABLE No. XII—contd. Department and occupation Drawing-In— Tobbers .. Time .. Drawers .. Piece .. Reachers Piece .. Heald and Reed Time .. Repairers. ¥ eaving-— Head Jobbers .. Piece .. \axiotant Jobbers Piece .. Veavers— One Loom . Piece ..| Twn Loom .. Piece | Four Loom .. Piece ..| Dyeing— Head Jobbers .. Time .. Assistant Jobbers .. Time .. Extractor Atten- Time . dants. Varn Bundling and Baling— Jobbers .. Time . Scalemen .» Time .. Enotters : Lo o Piece .. Time .. Pressers . { Picte - Bundle Wrappers J Ts | Picce ..: Others .. Time ..' Noth Folding, Baling and Finishing— Head Jobbers «oe Time .. Assistant Jobbers .. Time .. Front Folders vo Time .. Back Folders .. Time .. dand Foldere Time .. Bundlers Time .. Stampers «. Time .. Scalemen .. Time .. Others +o Time . k Average Norof * No-of ais wh days workers! oi. a Average monthly aarnings Rs. a. DP. 25°0| 3714 1 22:6 | 2015 4 21°61 1514 3 | azal 15 3 5 3 29 25°0 | ane i 87 610 37 15 3 26 214 22°11 20 011 22'5] 36 3 7 26'0] 80 0 3 093 Q 27°0 | i 21°0 3 1 1 20 1 1 18 1 8 3 ”- 97:0] 4012 1 | 20) 1408 7 22°6| 1614 3 23 | 24 610 2770 | 22 8 9 265] 2812 10 27°01 18 710 26°5 | 1412 1 2631 19 6 7 9] 3 2 9 2770 24° | 24°6 | 25°8" 22:1. 25°2 24°0 23°0 Fh 62 7 1 22 3 1 18 310 1713 8 4 6 3 16 3 5 wiz 1 17 2 1 1412 1 | 1 5 Bb 6 B 2 2 al Average daily earnings Rs. a. Dp. 1 8 3 1 5 2 011 9 010 7 8 711 111 5 014 6 19 9 8 6 9 2 0 8 113 013 9 1 8 2 011 1 012 0 01411 013 4 11 5 410 11 6 811 Hl. 0 2 5 0 01410 01116 011 1 010 5 010 4 011 10 oun 6 11 10 No. } work- ing full time 1 1 (} 1 231 2 3 2 L 2 6 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 2 3 0 Average monthly earnings of full-time workers Re. a. p. 37 9 1 19 9 1 17 6 1 106 6 10 45 13 11 23 5 3 43 6 6 80 0 8 5 1 1 29 1 1 23 18 1 40 12 1 1810 1 2115 9 2412 1 22 8 9 29 3 1 18 710 if 15 5 1 18 3 1 62 7 1 20 6 35 19 4 7 17 5 1 1711 1 100 TABLE No. XII—conid. Department and occupation Total No. of workers Average No. of days worked sgverage monthly pATIINGS Engine and Boiler— Sarangs o Engine Drivers .. Rs. a. 27°01 Bl 4 | 27°0! 100 4 7! 270] 5410 1 | 25°61 8110 0 | 27°01 2015 1 | Time ..| Time .. Time ) Time .. Time J 2 Splicers Firemen 1 1 Others Blectrieal— Electricians Wiremen Mechanics— Foremen .. Time .. Turners .« Time J Pattern Makers .. Time -..| Blacksmiths .. Time ..! Blacksmith Strikers Time ..!' Tinsmiths .. Time ..| Moulders .. Time .. \ssistant Moulders Time .. Masons «. Time ..| Apprentices .. Time J Others + Time | Ramosees and Sepoys Department and Odd Hands— Jamadars .. Time n Sepoys .. Time nN Dffice Sepoys «Time .. Watermen . Time .. Cartmen wo Time .. Ticket Boys .. Time .. Wiscellancous occupations common to all departments— Mukadams .. Time .. 6 20! 191 9 Carpenters .. Time - wl egssl 4213 8! Assistant Carpenters Time I. 7 247 26 38 9° Fitters .. Time ..| 6 2a7! 5912 7 Assistant Fitters .. Time -.| i ea1l 29 1 8 Dilérs .. Time -. 8 23s! e012 3! Mochies .. Time .. 9 wol 19 9 5 floolies .. Time .. il vo) 1811 9 Sweopers .. Time .. 10 267 17 13 11 27'0 | 270 71 71° 37 8 7 Average daily 2arnings Re. a. p. 114 4 311 5 2 0 4 1 3 ol 012 5 210 4 1 Aa 3 5 411 18 2 2 310 200 015 8 111 2 2 3 9: 010 4 15 6 011 ol 1 1 4 1 410 011 0 010 9 012 7 011 : 012 8 012 3! 110 11! tT 0 4 26 9 138 3 01311 012 1 011 d 010 8 No. work- ing full Lime Average monthly earnings of full-time workers Re. a. p. I 51 41 100 4 7 54 10 1 32 4 5 2015 1 L ) 3 1 | nT 1 37 8 7 > l 0 143 4 1 40 12 1 25 2 1 bE 8 4 2 45 5 1 20 2 0 28 7 5 1 & a 6! 35 2 1 s3! 19 2 1 11) 18 3 4 1b 21 41 4 19 4 7 3 91 5 © 3 a2 20 9 2 53 3 7 7911 7 43 7 1 24 14 2 20 2 1 19 411 1810 3 2 2 0 5 109 8 110 FABLE No. XII—concld. B. Women Department and occupation 7 Average Total = No.of | Tou vorkers | worked Average monthly sarnings Rs. a. p. Micing and Waste Room— Waste Pickers .» Time .. Others «Time .. Carding Roon— Can Carriers .. Time .. Drawing Frame— 26 25°01 26g | 78 9 183 1 61 2 25°0 14 0 8 (Time . x \ Piece $3 25°01 1312 1 26°01 1812 1 Tenters 3 Ring Spinning— Siders Time .. Parwallas Time .. Doffers .. Time - Winding— Naikins «. Time .. rey Winders «+» Piece .. Colour Winders .. Piece .. Time .. 1 2370 16 4 2 194] 10 711] ars! 10 09 7) 9 17 3 149 111 6 267 15 5 5 23°81 0 3 6 we) 98 3 257 | 815 7 Others Reeling— Vaikins Time .. Time .. {oe . Jthers ++ Time .. Weaving (Qeneraly— Others «+» Time .. Hiscellaneous— Coolies vo 'Pime .. 11 Sweepers ©. Time .. 61 | 25°81 1714 7 24°7] 13 910 241] 10 1 8: 2374 711 4 230 | 76 1 244 010 257 9 3 8 Average daily aarnings Rs. a. p. 0 410 | 0 8 1 D010 38 0 810, 011 71 011 0] 0 8 ’ 0 710 0 9 2 0 6 2 0 8 6 | 0 5 7 01 1 0 810 06 9 0 5 3! ND 5 © 0 6 7 0 5 9 NO. vork- ing full time 10 i { ) 2 44 26 1 a 86 6 | 2g | Average monthly earnings of full-time workers Rs, a. p. 713 8 13 1 6 16 5 1 1911 7 9 8 7 15 56 1 13 7 1 16 14 7 i 5 1 11 010 10 9 9 11 7 11 1011 11 0 0 7 0. Children Devartment and occupation STubhing Intermediate and Roving— Doffers vo Time ..| Ring Spinning— -« Time . A Total No. of Nvorkers LVETRZ( No. of days worked Average monthly rarnings Rs. a, p. | 241 23°81 514 11 | 168! 227] 5 go « Average daily sarnings | Rs, a, p. 0 4 0 0 4 0. No. Average works monthly ing earnings full | of full-time time workers Rs. a. p. [i] 614 1 A 612 Oo TABLES—contd. TABLE Table showing the Frequency of Monthly Earnings in 19 representative MALE Number of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits mits of monthly earnings Mixing and ate | Blow-room Jarding | room Slubbing, Drawing Intermediate] frame and Roving frame Below Rs. 10 .. 3s, 10 and below Rs. 11 .. 3 » 2 12 .. 2 # » 13. 3 ) 14 .. 16 . 18 .. 20 .. 2... 2¢ | 26 28. . n | nl 57 9 11 11 2 +9 L110 219 160 152 .65 205 260 343 282 258 224 +40 61 «7 13 20 ? » V » 5 9 0 7 28 193 2790 97 5 229 268 168 139 a ] 4 3 53 59 13 i29 159 92 36 30 Nn ar 10 4 4 8 [1: J Ho .. Bo. en ) 0 rr ij ‘Boalt ) 3 ’ » v 5 Fe 80 fi y ’ ¢ 100 wo 1s, nL) 2h, 19 C30, L , lo no 10 , 150 and above 4 3 10 » vom 1 1 1 L s i L Ta iin 848 | 2.842 5 seen tees 3 lotal a8 | 883 1.318 No. XIII Dotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926—by Departments DPERATIVES shown ip the first column in the following Departments Ring Mule ! 5 spinning ginning | Winding | Reelidg Warping Doubling Sizing | Drawing in 227 23 Ly 4 39 El 184 176 956 388 ,240 L704 4484 179 30 6 34 19 2" 31 26 11 I) 3 1) 9 33 24s: 5 0 35 30 1 wy £2 ' 3 19 39 30 $4 2 3 19 20 72 1 LJ 37 '4 33 30 26 49 16 31 35 38 76 13 82 Q 38 31 10 24 L9 16 0 PA 34 29 29 26 2, 20 28 36 29 18 20 4 9 > 48 33 6 * 18 6 3 -_ 0 n 4 3 2 2 9 8 2 3 bank en 1 eee say Pm 2 = EE <b Wik 9 831 | 391 4692 s64 ' 200 | 583 | 820 MO BR 36—8 TABLE Number of operatives earning monthly waees within the limits Limits of monthly earnings Weaving | . — i Calender- | ’ | ing General | Weavers Dveing . Yarn- Bleaching | burl Below Rs. 10° . | Re. 10 and below Rs, 11 .. 12 ] 12 el | a 3 30° 2. A 16 3 | 0 .. 4 x 23 0 38 20 2 36 207 209 128 362 '54 3 086 196 1,098 2,204 L178 £60 155 ~~ a 3 0... 2 .. 4 . 6 .. 8. 30° .. Boo. 50... _ 0 .. Hoan 12 0 3 1 1} ad} YA » wi Fe. . 9 Lo 00. L100 a L110. L110, S120 i L120 So 1800. 14 L130 140 LL 33 L100 150 .. 36 150 and above . 105 Total . J 897 4q i 11.758 an 105 345 No. XIII—contd. shown in the first column in the following Departments—confd. Cloth- ‘olding Engine and hoiler Blectrical Mechanics Ramosees | and, | 3epoys L nN 22 39 97 300 320 211 120 37 {) 8 105 175 105 61 52 34 52 IR 10 11 3 2 o> 9 3 22 34 NM YG 0 1,482 | 272 166 427 717 MO RB 36—8a Miscel- laneous 4 2 19 7 eg A 39 198 457 503 379 310 343 234 130 43 31 5 3 8 9 34 53 36 30 38 3/78 All Depart- ments Percentage to total 531 114 110 134 201 384 732 1,632 1,875 3,156 3,903 3,254 2,194 1,729 1,386 1,282 .,039 1,016 1,080 1,211 209 1,374 1,252 2,669 £,541 €99 488 202 274 159 180 1°30 0°30 0°20 0°35 0°52 1°00 rot 498 4°89 3°23 10°18 8°49 5°72 1°51 361 334 271 265 2:76 3°16 341 3°58 3°27 603 4°02 1°82 1°27 0°76 0°72 0°42 0°49 0°40 0-21 0°49 0°58 0°52 0°31 0°13 0°40 > 5. Tl £1 153 38,349 | 100° GO AT { TABLE Table showing the Frequency of Monthly Earnings in 19 representative FEMALE Number of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits Limits of monthly earnings’ Mixing and vaste | | Carding Blow-room| room Slubbing, ntermediate and roving frame Ring sninning Winding Below Rs. 10 .. xs. 10and below Re. 11. » a 1 owl , 13 i , la | 6 .. & we 0 iB 0 He 69 192 162 0 12 9 8 89 134 547 1,087 491 207 240 203 32 603 135 138 140 3d #4 351 171 28 69 358 43 126 .36 379 23 )d ‘RR 0 0 36 6 2 § 0 2 1 2 0 "Fr 30 AR 0 “pr . 3 .. 85 . 90 ny: 95 . 100 ho. 110 - a =, 119 5 19. 130 17. 0 , 160 .. 150 and above 30 Bl 3 Totai ..| 540 | 8 155 | 508 | a1e0 | apm No. XIV . Dotton Mills in Bombay City in July 1926— By Departments DPERATIVES shown in the first column in the following Departments Reeling ! Warping Doubling | Bleaching Su Engine and boiler Miscel- laneous All Depart- ments Percentage to total 363 34 18 108 a 310 22 7b 22 1] 1,099 256 326 435 264 1,376 1,639 2,058 1,319 886 707 185 186 80 5 9°10 2°12 2°70 4°02 799 11740 13°58 17°05 10°93 7°17 3°86 4°02 1°54 0°74 0°70 0°28 0°22 0°12 0°09 0°08 0°06 0°05 0°02 0°11 1°02 no1 0°01 70% 8 108 1] L77 318 250 58 205 “10 21 3 1 0 0-01 . Lo g70 | 12.072 | 100°00 2,007 | 15 | on 2€0 Limits of monthly earnings Below Rs. 10 .. Rs. 10and below Rs. 11 .. 11 ve ” 2 .. iz, 5 18 LL 13 .- as 14 .. 18 .. 18 .. 20 .. 22 .. 24 Lf 26 .. 28 .. 30 .. 32 .. 34 .. 36 .. , 38 .. . 40 .. 42. , 44 46 .. , 48 .. , 50 of » 65 .. 60 .. 3 85 .-. 2s 70... lu ’ 7, 5 » 80, 80 ’ EE 4 85 ee £5 i" 3 2 .. fu, ao 95 er, 5 1000 .. 100 2 2 110 110 a ss 120, 120 ’ 5 130 20, ys, 140, 0, ps 1500 LL 50 and above . Total .. TABLE t'able showing the Frequency of Monthly Earnings in ALL OPERATIVES Vurnzber of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits Mixing and | Blow waste TOOMm sarding room Drawing frame Slubbing, Inter- mediate vd roving frame LO 61 12 6 al 39 94 65 a 3 46 91 ‘14 53 86 205 160 43 182 258 124 40 31 R 6 4 7 195 279 7 3 n "“% 00 AL 252 278 168 .39 27 27 a 2 5 bs a 53 59 118 129 L569 92 35 30 0 4 2 "ey 1 3 3 10 “1 1 1 op 848 k : 2 ed 1 ROR R801 1 1,473 °° 3.850 No. XV 19 representative Cotion Mills in Bombay City in July 1926 /MEN AND WOMEN) shown in the first column in the following Departments Ring spinning | Mule spinning Winding | Reeling Warping | Doubling | Sizing | Drawing in 277 59 33 4 628 140 42 140 189 48s | 573 | 499 551 501 381 262 146 115 95 363 78 108 130 178 318 251 159 211 167 96 ‘3 "3 kid 1.66 318 923 2,043 1,379 1,447 1,944 {,687 |31 140 76 34 19 4 31 36 1 28 33 06 1 2 38 0 5 60 "1 3 51 26 nw 35 38" 34 20 29 2% 5 20 8 56 29 18 7 9 'R 22 $1 3) 9 Wy % 28 57 28 24 33 30 25 a 46 2 9 16 30 a2 Rr 2 35 “3 2 a 8 2 | Pr i8 31 LO 00 33 21 9 36 1 LO. LR] 3 10 "7 3 12 ‘5 4 «8 8 “7 .Q g L7 iu S 3 i 3 I Pred we y 1 9 0 12,012 | 631 5,012 ' 2159 | 579 \ 207 IRD 820 J TABLE Number of opera tives earning monthly wages within the limits No. XV—contd. Lown in the first column in the following Departments—contd. df Limits of monthly earnings Weaving | {alender- soit mst ous sot Yi Dyeing General Weavers | Below Rs. 10 .. 2s. 10 and below Rs. 11 . . 1%. 3. 13 i J IR 8 20 4; 6 yy 0 3 8 20 2 Hu i36 207 209 128 62 "54 J13 .,086 .,196 008 2,204 ,173 160 265 136 14 J "Cy 4 4 7 » : 5 3 30 55 ., [UN 65 Lf 0... 75, 0. BL. 90. ..) “0 £ 'y 12 10 RY 35 I J 24 75 «t 25 J 0n ’ » , y ot) 2 AR 95 2 wo AT 100 49 nw iid ew 110 1 gp MT 120 ’ » 130 .. 130 ’ 5 140, 140 » 150 150 and above . Er 1 # 4 - 1 2 - 1 Total ..[ 897 1 11,738 = 948 | 105 Bleaching | all 2 © 11a 345 , | i cloth- Engineand; po ooo10ar oc | Ranosees folding boiler | Ilectrical | Mechanics | and sepoys Miscel- | All Depart laneous ments ‘} 1,630 370 436 619 1,165. 1,760 1,371 3,600 3,104 1,022 1,610 1,739 2,380 1,819 1,471 1,313 1,066 1,021 1,071 1,021 1,317 1,380 1,254 2,672 1,544 700 489 204 274 160 89 1 54 i5 + 26 1s 10 2s . 1 P11 | 1 | 151 : 2 7153 nT 4446 | 50421 4 7 00 120 11 20 Ww 0 1 2 or 5 ~ + {3 1.502 | 273 1 66 127 Percentage to totul 3°23 0°73 0°87 123 2:31 349 470 732 634 798 914 7°42 172 361 2°92 2°60 2°11 2'05 2°12 2°42 2°61 2°74 249 5°30 3°06 139 0°97 0°58 0°54 0°32 0°38 0°31 0°16 0°37 0°44 040 0°23 0°19 0°30 | 100700 a I — A —— TABLE Table showing the Frequency of Daily Earnings in 16 representative MALE Number of operatives earning daily wages Limits of daily earnings f Annas) Mixing and | Waste Boom Blow Room Carding Room Drawing Traniaes Slubbing, Inter and Roving YTrames Below 6 5 and below 7 7 and below 8 3 and below 9 J and below 10 .0 and below 11 +1 and below 12 12 and below 13 13 and below 14 14 and below 15 15 and below 16 16 and below 17 L7 and below 18 18 and below 19 19 and below 20 20 and below 21 21 and below 22 22 and below 23 23 and below 24 24 and below 25 25 and below 26 26 and below 27 27 and below 28 28 and below 29 29 and below 30 30 and below 31 31 and below 32 32 and below 33 33 and below 34 34 and below 35 wre 35 and below 36 .. ‘vn 36 and below 37 .. eae 37 and below 38 .. ol — 38 and below 39 .. .] » oie 39 and below 40 .. cl ee 40 and below 41 ,... Cen {J XH 19 15 6 2 8 5 62 a 343 21 58 () 1 10 ” 8 cons | Q 2 0 2 No. XVI Ahmedabad Cotton Mills in two haplas predominanily over May 1926 OPERATIVES within the limits shown in the first column in the following departments Ring A. | : | : | : cs | Drawing SRRIAE | Winding ' Reeling ' Warping | Doubling | Sizing in aR |] 21 29 508 750 01 Weaving . General | Weavers 3 2 "3 96 137 167 245 278 282 527 269 316 280 275 257 221 201 L189 145 '26 96 79 74 83 ) Limits of daily earnings { Annas) Mixing and “aste Room Blow Roonlt TABLE Number of operatives earning daily wages Carding Room Drawing Frames Slubbing, Inter and Roving Frames No. XVI—contd. within the Hmits shown in the first column in the following departments ing o \ ‘ : - Drawing ix | Winding | Reeling | Warping | Doubling | Sizing | in Weaving General | Weavers A — ——— t1 and below 42 12 and below 43 £3 and below 44 t4 and below 456 t5 and below 46 16 and below 47 t7 and below 48 18 and below 49 £9 and below 50 50 and below 51 51 and below 52 32 and below 53 53 and below 54 34 and below 55 55 and below 56 36 and below 57 57 and below 58 »8 and below 59 39 and below 60 30 and below 61 81 and below 62 5 62 and below 63 .. 33 and below 64 .. 34 and above Lo Total ..| © Bg “ —— 212 L I 1 1 1 2 1 vee 338 | 260 | 1.119 > 511 217 20 ) 175 67 207 349 27 99 21 14 10 10 Li LQ a | 9 116 13 CR ——— —— mi | 187 371 | 4,582 Limits of daily carnings ‘Anmas) Below 6 5 and below 7 ! and below 8 3 and below 9 3 and below 10 i0 and below 11 11 and below 12 12 and below 13 13 and below 14 L4 and below 15 15 and below 16 16 and below 17 17 and below 18 +8 and below 19 19 and below 20 20 and below 21 21 and below 22 22 and below 23 23 and below 24 24 and below 25 25 and below 26 26 and below 27 27 and below 28 28 and below 29 29 and below 30 30 and below 81 31 and below 32 32 and helow 33 33 and below 34 34 and below 35 35 and below 36 36 and below 37 37 and below 38 38 and below 39 39 and below 40 10 and below 41 +1 and below 42 $2 and below 43 3 and below 44 a TABLE Number of operatives earning daily wages , Yarn Bund- Calendering | Dveing | ling and Baling Cloth Fold- ing, Paling and finishing 2 0 0 ‘fn 1 9 15 1 Ten ! * Cum [2] No. XVI—contd. vithin the limits shown in the first column in the fol.owing departments 1. | | Miscellaneous Tingine and Seiten SA, Ramosees | Occupations Boiler | toctrical | Mechanics | and Sepoys | common to all Tepartments py 3 2 0 A 0 29 30 £5 +2 7 |: 153 91 36 38 79 133 33 2 21 13 4 2 ’ J 1 LO a 5 5 12 L3 iy 3 0 » 6 4 3 3 rien 3 3 ? of 0 'otal 4 5 0 4 L09 84 318 374 669 1,266 1,371 464 375 351 342 388 269 286 322 361 382 370 331 375 356 323 297 248 241 208 168 177 127 .10 a 112 61 67 | 3 ’ercentage to total +11 “05 03 33 86 3-16 2°50 2°04 3°26 ? 95 0°78 3-65 2°95 2:76 2:69 3-06 3:11 2:25 2:53 2°76 2°61 2:91 2:60 2°95 2°80 2°54 2°83 1-95 1-89 1-64 1-32 1-39 100 +86 72 *88 48 “45 “30 28 Limits of daily earnings (Annas) 14 and below 45 [33 and below 46 16 and below 47 47 and below 48 18 and below 49 19 and below 50 50 and below 51 51 and below 52 52 and below 53 53 and below 54 54 and below 65 56 and below 56 36 and below 57 37 and below 58 58 and below 59 39 and below 60 30 and below 61 51 and below 62] 32 and below 63 53 and below 64 4 and above Total TABLE Number of operatives earning daily wages Calendering Dyeing Yarn Bund ling and Baling Cloth Fold- ing, Baling and Finishing hwy eee see aoe 21 12% R 201 No. XVI-concld. within the limits shown in the first column in the following departments Eagine and | Electrical { Mechanics Ramosees and Sepoys Miscellaneous Occupations common to all Departments 0 1 L eg 2 2337 2 ye 1 5 190 9 170 12 1 17R Total | Percentage to total 4b 26 +35 +20 27 *13 “18 +32 +14 17 “13 13 10 “13 ‘13 9 15 18 11 12 17 G9 1°95 34 '6 0 41 18 22 17 16 | 13 17 17 2 19 20 14 15 21 11 1460 12.719 } 100° 00 A MER PT FTI — wo R36 TABLE T'able showing the Frequency of Daily Earnings in sixicen FEMALE Number of operatives earning daily wages mits of daily earnings Annas) Mixing nd Waste | Room Blow Room Carding Room Drawing | Frames Slubbing, Inter and Roving Frames Ring Spinning Below Annas 6 3 and below 7 7 and below 8 8 and below 9 3 and below 10 .0 and below 11 L1 and below 12 2 and below 13 .3 and below 14 14 and below 15 15 and below 16 L6 and below 17 L7 and below 18 18 and below 19 19 and below 20 20 and below 21 21 and below 22 22 and below 23 23 and below 24 24 and below 25 25 and below. 26 26 and below 27 27 and below 28 28 and below 29 29 and below 30 and above YR 7) 34. ao 70 25 25 20 5B i» eb Fotal 1 150 | rod 38 280) | 1 99a No. XVII representative Ahmedabad Cotton Mills in two haptas predominantly over May 1926 OPERATIVES vithin the limits shown in the first column in the following departments . Miscel- 2 9 laneous . ingine AMOIEes | OCCUPa- Doubling i | and | and tions com. 8 Boiler | Sepoys ‘mon to all Depart- ments Winding | Reeling Total Percentage to total . 20 0°66 43 | 1-43 83 2-75 208 | 6-90 227 7°53 809 | 26°82 180 | 5°30 uo | aoe 146 | 4°84 387 | 12°83 a6 | ies 136 4°51 61 202 33 09 28 2°03 2% 176 18 ¥ 60 2 240 0°30 2-23 510 0-17 30 £5 "3 38 32 35 63 51 £1 £2 19 a 31 37 7 > Ly 24 2 f R 0°03 0:10 3°30 3 437 |! 23 ———————————— 29 158 | 3,016 | ee 100° 00 A B36 ther 33 . ~imits of daily earnings {Annas) Below 6 o 3 and below 7 .. I and below & .. 3 and below 9 ) and below 10 10 and below 11 11 and below 12 12 and below 13 13 and below 14 4 and below 15. 15 and below 16 16 and below 17 .7 and below 18 .8 and below 19 19 and below 20 10 and below 21 21 and below 22 22 and below 23 28 and below 24 24 and below 25 15 and below 26 28 and below 27 #7 and below 28 28 and below 29 79 and below 30 30 and below 31 31 and below 32 }2 and below 33 33 and below 34 34 and below 35 15 and below 36 16 and below 37 i7 and below 38 18 and below 39 39 and below 40 .. 10 and below 41 .. TABLE lable showing the Frequency of Daily Earnings in sixteen ADULT ¥ _ of operatives earning daily wages Mixing and | VYaste Room Blow Room Carding Room Drawing Frames Slubbing, nter and Roving Frames 17 25 5 HB 1 ed L 2 i7 04 1 35 8 w i8 20 16 7 3 10 19 80 37 37 IR » Z 03 111 181 148 -30 8 36 2 10 0 2 V5 rn he | No. XVIII representative Ahmedabad Cotton Mills in two hapta predominantly over May 1926 OPERATIVES within the limits shown in the first column in the following departments Ring | ing | : Yoinning Winding Reeling ‘Warping Doubling | Sizing Weaving Drawing in General | Weavers 9 33 49 90 75 09 109 100 71 59 29 96 3 4 58 008 57 127 124 | 883 | 1,079 | 156 | 44 | 27 5 "1 af 4 Q 52 14 “Q 7 Ya 0 19 32 50 78 QQ 17 96 37 167 245 273 282 327 269 316 280 275 257 221 201 189 145 125 96 79 74 NR 135 Limits of daily earnings “Annag) tl and below 42 £2 and below 43 13 and below 44 t4 and below 46 ts and below 46 46 and below 47 17 and below 48 18 il below 49 19 and below 50 30 and below 51 51 and below 52 32 and below 53 53 and below 54 5¢ and below 55 55 and below 56 36 and below 57 37 and below 58 58 and below 59 59 and below 60 30 and below 61 51 and below 62 52 and below 63 .. 33 and below 64 .. LA 34 and above Metal TABLE Number of operatives earning daily wages R Slubbing, Mixing and | Blow | Carding Drawing | Inter and Vaste Room Room Room Frames Roving Frames 1 : gu 2 b 208 240 87 IO my > —— 1.8378 No. XVIII—contd. vithin the limits shown in the first column in the following departments ; . y wis 0 Drawing Ring | winging ,| Reeling ! Warping | Doubling | Sizing | DTAVE spinning . General | Weavers 1 Weaving 39 27 22 J 4 0 0 j po 176 |! | Eww ! 90 | 207 | 187 9 116 13 371 | 4,582 3,737 262 507 Limits of daily earnings Le (Annas) 3elow 6 Le 6 and below 7 - ' and below 8 3 and below 9 3 and below 10 10 and below 11 1 and below 12 i2 and below 13 -3 and below 14 -4 and below 15 -5 and below 16 8 and below 17 ~7 and below 18 .8 and below 19 19 and below 20 40 and below 21 21 and below 22 22 and below 23 23 and below 24 24 and below 25 25 and below 26 26 and below 27 27 and below 28 28 and below 29 29 and below 30 30 and below 31 31 and below 32 32 and below 33 33 and below 34 34 and below 35 35 and below 36 36 and below 37 37 and below 38 J8 and below 39 i9 and below 40 :0 and below 41 tl and below 42 2 and below 43 3 and below 44 TABLE Number of operatives earning daily wages Calendering | Dveing Yarn Bundl~ ; Cloth Fold- ing and ing, Baling Baling" and finishing 3 0 1 © No. XVIII—contd. within the limits shown in the first column in the following departments i i Ramosees Engine and | loctrical | Mechanic | J Boiler E or Sepoys Miceellaneocus 13 £6 5 27 34 30 5 24 6 QU 13 1563 9% 8 38 79 33 23 J 14 L5 5 2 1 3 % 9 2 2 0 5 1 + 0 % 10 1 on 3 a5 Cots | Percentage Potal to total 0-22 0°81 0-60 1-60 2-14 10-12 3-04 3-32 5°18 10°51 11-48 3-81 2-77 2-44 2°35 2-61 1-82 1:89 2-10 2-28 2-13 2°38 2:10 2-39 2-28 2°06 1-80 71-60 1-54 1-38 1-07 1:12 0°81 0°70 0°58 0:71 0-39 0-36 0°31 49 94 251 336 1,593 478 523 $15 1,652 1,807 800 436 384 870 411 287 208 381 $58 335 375 | 331 | 376 359 324 208 252 200 168 177 128 10 oi 112 61 57 | Limits of daily earnings {Annas} 14 and below 45 t5 and below 46 46 and below 47 17 and below 48 18 and below 49 19 and beldw 50 50 and below 51 51 and below 52 52 and below 53 53 and below 54 54 and below 55 55 and below 56 56 and below 57 57 and below 58 38 and below 59 59 and below 60 30 and below 61 51 and below 62 62 and below 63 63 and below 64 in 4 and above . Total Jalendering 149 TABLE Number of operatives earning daily wages Dyeing ‘arn Bundl- | Cloth Fold- ing and ing, Baling Baling and finishing 1 yn 21 901 No. XVIII—concld. 13f within the limits shown in the first column in the following departments Engi ER in and | Blectrical Mechanics Ramosees and Sepoys Miscellaneous 1 Percentage Taal | FECES rn 15 26 5 16 20 fn 18 22 17 16 13 17 17 12 19 20 4 0°29 0-17 0-22 0:10 0-13 0:26 0-11 0-14 0-11 0-10 0-08 0-11 0°11 0-08 0-12 0°13 0-09 0-10 0°13 0°07 1°01 a 21 11 159 12 1.336 | ‘15,735 | 100° 00 1R1 100 266 Sno prs hd Ed EY ETE A Ca TABLE No. XIX Table showing Frequency of Daily Earnings in sixteen Representative Cotion Mills in Akmedabad City in two haptas predominantly over May 1926— By Departments CHILDREN Number of operatives earning daily wages within the limits shown in the first column in the following departments Limits of Daily Barnings Annas) Below t and below 5 and below 5 and below 7 and below 8 2 and above Total Slubbing 146 146 Ring | Spinning 8 488 501 Drawing Total in Wrcentage to total 10 R 1:22 08:02 0°15 0-61 Ba 4 10 657 | 100° 00 TABLES—contd. Wale Operatives “imits of Monthly earnings Below Bs. 7 18. 7 and below Rs. 8 88. 8 and below Rs. 9 38. 9 and below Rs. 10 %s. 10 and below Rs. 12 Rs. 12 and below Rs. 14 Rs. 14 and below Rs. 18 Rs. 16 and below Rs. 18 28.18 and below Re, 20 Rs. 20 and below Rs. 22 38. 22 and below Rs, 24 38. 24 and below Rs. 26 Rs. 26 and below Rs. 28 Rs. 28 and below Rs. 30 Rs. 30 and below Rs. 32 Rs. 32 and below Rs. 84 Bs. 84 and below Rs. 36 Rs. 36 and below Rs. 38 Rs. 38 and below Ra, 40 Rs. 40 and below Rs. 42 3s. 42 and below Rs. 44 Bs. 44 and below Rs. 46 Rs. 46 and below Rs. 48 Rs. 48 and below Rs. 50 Rs. 50 and below Rs. 55 2s. 55 and below Rs. 60 3s. 60 and below Rs. 65 38. 65 and below Rs. 70 8, 70 and below Rs. 75 34. 75 and below Rs. 80 Rg. 80 and below Rs. 85 3s. 85 and helow Re. 90 1s. 90 and below Rs. 95 is. 85 and below Re. 100 18.100 and below Rs, 110 15.110 and below Rs. 120 28, 120 and below Rs. 130 18, 130 and below Rs. 140 Rs. 140 and below Ra, 150 Rs. 150 and above Total .. TABLE [ABLE sHOWING FREQUENCY oF MoNTHLY FARNIRGS Number of operatives earning monthly wages, within the limits Mixing and xing 2 | Blow Room | Carding + Drawing Frames Slubbing Inter and Roving frames 1 + 3 0 1 5 7.4 12 36 19 Hy 39 33 12 32 1 L 1 1 % tg | 120 | 107 |! i 262 jo. XX N TWO REPRESENTATIVE GOTTON MILLS IN SHOLAPUR IN JULY 1926 By Departments shown in the first column in the following departicents IT Winding Reeling I Warping { os Sizing | Drawing in 7 on 4 4 138 176 142 180 81 ” 2 2 1 L L 1 3 i 1 PR. ia 338 LO 19 fo A ERE, TABLE Number of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits Limits of monthly earnings Weaving reed] General Dyeing Yam oth bundling Tolding and baling Weavers |! Below Bs. 7 Rs. 7 and below Rs. 8 Rs. 8 and below Rs. © Rs. 9 and below Re. 10 Rs. 10 and below Rs. 12 Rs. 12 and below Rs. 14 Bs. 14 and below Rs. 16 Rs. 16 and below Bs, 18 Rs. 18 and below Rs. 20 Rs. 20 and below Rs. 22 Rs. 22 and below Rs. 24 Rs. 24 and below Rs. 26 Rs. 26 af below Bs. 28 Rg. 28 and below Rs. 30 Rs. 30 and below Rs. 82 Rs. 32 and below Re. 34 Rs. 34 and below Rs. 36 Rs. 36 and below Rs. 38 Rs. 38 and below Rs. 40 Rs. 40 and below Rs. 42 Rs. 42 and below Rs. 44 Rs. 44 and below Rs. 46 3s. 46 and below Rs, 48 as. 48 and below Ts. 50 Rs. 50 and below Rs. 55 #s. 55 and below Rs. 60 Rs. 60 and below Rs. 65 Rs. 65 and below Res. 70 Rs. 70 and below Bs, 75 Rs. 75 and below Rs. 80 Rs. 80 and below Rs. 85 Rs. 85 and below Bs. 90 R= 90 and below Rs, 95 52 2 % 16 22 ] 1 9 Feo ene ry 8 1 Se asus eens 08 121 08 75 36 1 . 1 " Rs. 95 and below Ks. 100 Rs. 100 and below Re, 110 8.110 and below Rs. 120 Rs. 120 and below Rs. 130 Rs. 130 and below Rs, 140 Rs. 140 and helow Rs. 150 Rs. 150 and above .. Total ..| 1,509 | vos } 36 2D No. XX —contd. shown in the first eolumn in the folowing departments dugine and | goctrical | Mechanics Trailer Ramaosees | horn] | Miscellaneons 1 | cee | 4 9 > 5 2 3 5 16 37 14 28 26 3 y 1 ' } > 1 a 1 p—— el Te | a 38 | 65 387 yA pe L 16 3 MO R 36-—10 | Percentage to Total to total 67 23 25 4°45 081 0°66 0°85 2°92 752 10°72 11°33 16°17 8°16 8°70 2°53 2°21 146 1°86 1°97 2°87 308 8°54 308 2:39 2°10 136 0°82 1°49 DR 0°34 0°05 0°08 0°11 0°19 0°26 0°16 32 10 283 403 426 608 307 139 95 83 3B 0 4 108 118 133 116 30 79 1 iL 36 25 3 0°05 0°11 0°05 0°03 0°08 0°03 3,761 | 100700 A —— + Wemale Operatives Limits of monthly Earnings Below Rs. 7 .. Rs. 7 and below Rs. 8 .. Rs. 8 and below Rs. 9 .. Ra. 9 and below Rs. 10 . Rs. 10 and below Rs. 12 .. Rs. 12 and below Rs. 14 .. Rs. 14 and below Rs. 16 .. . Rs. 16 and below Bs. 18 .. - | Rs, 18 and below Rs. 20 .. of Rs. 20 and above . - Total ..! TABLE FABLE SHOWING FREQUENCY OF MONTHLY EARNINGS Number of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits Mixing and | Carding Waste Room Drawing Frames Rin; i 18 10 6 cena a 1 a0 2 qT No. XXI IN TWO REPRBSENTATIVE COTTON MILLS IN SHOLAPUR IN JULY 1926 shown in the first column in the following departments Winding Reeling Weaving \ Miscellaneous 249 30 20) 76 23 11 - | 2 280 - 75) By Departments otal Percentage to total 01 46 123 129 269 98 32 11 g ©1128 5°68 15°18 15°93 13°21 12°10 3°95 1°36 1°11 0°25 9 810 100° 00 Mo B 36-——10a TABLE [FABLE 8sHOWIXRG FREQUENCY oF MONTHLY EARNINGS Adult Number of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits Limits of monthly Earnings Mixing and | 5 | Waste Blow Room Carding Room Drawing Frames Slubbing Inter and Roving Frames Below Rs. 7 Rs. 7 and below Rs. 8 Ra. 8 and below Rs. 9 Rs. 9 and below Bs. 10 Rs. 10 and below Rs. 12 Re. 12 and below Rs. 14 Rs. 14 and below Rs, 16 Rs. 16 and below Rs. 18 Rs. 18 and below Rs. 20 Rs. 20 and below Rs. 22 Rs. 22 and below Re. 24 Rs. 24 and below Rs, 26 Rs. 26 and below Rs. 28 Rs. 28 and below Rs. 30 Ra. 30 and below Rs. 32 Rs. 32 and below Rs. 84 Rs. 34 and below Rs. 36 Rs. 36 and below Rs. 38 Rs. 38 and below Rs. 40 Rg. 40 and below Rs. 42 Rs. 42 and below Rs. 44 Rs. 44 and below Rs. 46 Rs. 46 and below Rs. 48 Re. 48 and below Rs. 50 Rs, 60 and below Rs. 65 Xs. 56 and below Rs. 60 Rs. 60 and below Rs. 66 Rs. 65 and below Bs. 70 Rs. 70 and below Rs. 75 Re. 75 and helow Rs. 80 wv tH 11 3 | % 13 34 16 oe 19 30 ! 1 1 L Rs. 80 and below Rs. 85 1s. 85 and below Rs. 90 28. 90 and below Rs. 95 '8. 85 and below Rs. 100 :8. 100 and below Re. 110 2s. 110 and below Rs. 120 Rs. 120 and below Re. 130 Re. 130 and below Ras. 140 Rs. 140 and below Ra. 160 Ra 150 and ahove .. ee ae “ees | 1 S—— Total ..| Ie 2 "el ie oo nn SE 124 Hae 109 No. XXII N TWO REPRESENTATIVE CorrToN Minis IN SHOLAPUR IN JULY 1926 Operatives. shown in the first column in the following departments. Ring Winding Sninnine Reeling | rs Warping Sizing +3 | 1 27 3 40 83 183 40 i5 A | a t4 Dh 00 37 25 52 80 144 84 32 + 3 > cae aah n sae 1 wa aren yess i | 1 1 R7H 208 12 387 19) Drawing in ness cane 26 nN Limits of Monthly Earnings Below Rs. 7 Rs. 7 and below Rs. 8 Rs. 8 and below Rs. 9 Rs. 9 and below Rs. 10 Rs. 10 and below Bs. 12 Rs.12 and below Rs. 14 Rs. 14 and below Rs. 16 Rs. 16 and below Rs. 18 Rs. 18 and below Rs. 20 Rs. 20 and below Rs. 22 Rs.22 and below Rs. 24 Rs, 24 and below Rs. 26 Rs. 26 and below Rs. 28 Rs. 28 and below Rs. 30 Rs. 30 and below Rs. 32 Rs. 82 and below Rs. 34 Rs. 34 and below Rs. 36 Rs. 36 and below Rs. 38 Rs. 38 and below Rs. 40 Rs. 40 and below Rs. 42 Rs. 42 and below Rs. 44 Rs. 44 and below Rs. 46 Rs. 46 and below Rs. 48 Rs. 48 and below Rs. 50 Rs. 50 and below Rs. 55 Rs. 55 and below Rs. 60 Rs. 60 and below Rs. 65 Rs. 85 and below Rs. 70 Rs. 70 and below Rs, 76 Rs. 76 and below Rs. 80 Rs, 80 and below Rs. 85 Ra. R5 and below Rs. 90 Rs, 90 and below Rs, 95 Rs. 95 and belowRs. 100 Rs. 100 and below Rs. 110 Rs, 110 and below Rs. 120 Rs. 120 and below Bs. 180 Rg. 130 and below Rs. 140 Rs. 140 and below Rs. 150 Rs. 150 and above .- Total .. TABLE Number of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits Weaving Weavers | General Dyeing Yarn Bundling] Cloth and Baling Folding 28 2 | 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 Fa 9 16 22 R 2 3 1 ‘4 1 0 ry - 8 1 08 21 08 75 36 0 2% 29 1 eane aene ana saea ‘:o. + TT es BR Ll Ta oo rT ———— 56 9 1,500 36 No. XXII-—contd. shown in the first column in the following departments Engine and Electrical | Mechanics | pamosees | Miscellaneous »es | wens sees | tree 1 cena 1 1 2 20 16 2 10 aN 46 59 114 Tq 248 3 a 2 | 1 2 eran seas vers sens seen saan reas save eae ee vas rees Lene sas sess sees ase cree hh seen ~es ae reso sea cens 1 3 29 R/_E 4590 Total Poreguiige to 258 69 148 161 879 381 485 437 817 309 139 96 | 83 [1 70 74 108 116 133 i16 90 79 51 21 5°65 1°51 3°24 3°52 8:20 8°34 9°52 9°56 13°50 6:76 3°04 2:08 1°82 1°20 1°58 1°62 2°36 2°54 2°01 2°54 197 1°73 112 0°68 1-23 0°65 0'28 0°04 0°07 0°08 0°16 0°22 0°13 0-04 0°08 0-02 0°02 0° No | l 1 56 25 13 ¢ 4571 | 10000 frm 152 TABLE No. XVYIiY Table showing Frequency of Monthly Barings of Half-timers in two representative Ootton Milla wn Sholapwr in July 1926 Number of operatives earning monthly wages within the limits shown in the first coluran in the following departments Iimits of monthly Earninos Bulow Rs. 3 £3. 3 and below Rs. 4 Re. 4 and below Bs. 5 Rs. 5 and below Re. 6 Rs. 6 and below Bs. 7 Re. 7 and below Rs. 8 Re. 8 and above Total I oR TE CL TT TR DEN SL a ST YG) Em hm ra Slubbing, ntermediate and Roving Frame 94 Ring Spinning 20) a TAR mm ir rap Total 162 10 10 136 199 Percentage to total 16° 7 2°08 5°21 6'21 70° 8% | 10000 UTA TCM TY: 154 TABLE No. XXIV Table showing Bonus paid fo Male Operatives in nineteen representative Cotton Mills in Bommban City during July 1926 Total | number of employees Department Mixing and Waste Room Blow Room “ (larding Room % Drawine Frame 218 883 1.318 848 Slubbing, Intermediate and! Roving. Ring Spinning Mule Spinning Winding Warping Doubling Sizing Drawing-in Weaving—General .. Calendering Pr Dyeing a Bleaching Pr Varn Bundling and Baling Cloth-Folding we . Engine and Boiler .. _ Ramosees and Sepovs - 9 240 8,872 31 21 364 200 583 £20 207 248 05 04 345 | 1,482 272 717 2.578 |! Miscellaneous occupabions com- mon to all departments. Total ..| 95036 | J or | Jumber |opoga i workers : nuinber covered : 7 1 getting ay bonus DONTS achieines CL Yercent: age of those sotiing bonus to those covered Average amount of honus per operative getting the bonis Aggregate amount of haonus Rs, a. p.! Rs. a. p. 7911 0 113 0 718 10 3 1 9°38 83 0 3 1 9 5 938 3 9 110 0 20R2 2 8 1 14 8 35 44 87° 7 541 | 639 644 0 (192 455 538 B77 1 6820 a4°1 84°92 80° 6 {0H 7,170 6.319 | 254 a2 88'1 779 33'3 8,307 12 6 48 1 6 800 16 8 0 58 2 0 4312 0 137 11 3 37 8 0 4 0 0 94 3 0 3 3 0 750 13 5 6 e371 84011 ; 83's! 122 9 0 665! 187 18 od'a! "00 4 9 1 5 3 112 3 4 0 0 1 60 1 011 0 14 11 17 2 2 5 6 310 8 211 1 2 8 3 4 6 6 2 4 7 116 8 112 1 110 6 120 8 $1 145 72 146 26 13 41 12 145 LOG" 0 47 95 16 12 35 14 8574 56°0 4 234 | 74 161 | 1 7ag | 3 149 62 107} AD 4 | 14.149 | 1009 | 774 li64ss 4 8 1 8 1 EE 154 TABLE No. XXV Table showing Bonus paid to Female Operatives in nineteen representative Cotton Mills wn Bombay City during July 1926 Total Number number [of workers of | covered :mployees by bonus chemes Department Total umber tetting bonus Mixing and Waste .. .. Jarding Room - jlubbing, Intermediate, and, Roving. Ring Spinning we Winding . . Reeling .. Cloth folding -. Miscellaneous occupations com] mon to all departments. 340 32 110 119 2.575 | 864 172 14 08 30 106 413 2,627 571 167 | 12 130 155 508 3,140 | t.601 | 2,007 20 70 Total . ] 12.021 1.402 | 3086 | Percent- age of those getting onus to those povered Aggregate amount of bonus Rs. a. p. 2715 © 121 10 © 464 10 © 2,836 12 6 946 6 0 326 0 0 014 © 6s 0 0 93'8 96° 4 98°6 98° 1 66°1 | 971! 85°17 495 | 88°11 4.837 4 ol Average amount of bonus ver operative getting the honus Rs. a. p. 014 11 I 2 4 120 111 110 6 115 2 014 6 012 11 1 8 7% 1565 TABLE No. XXVI [able showing Bonus paid to Adult Operatives in nineteen representative Cotton Millsin Bombay City {uring July 1926 "Patal number of employees Number ¢ workers covered by bonus schemes Total aumber getting bonus Percent- age of those getting onus to those savered Department wggregate amount nf bonus Rs, a. 1 76°31 10710 © W1| 71810 : 3670 | 974 10 3 we 938 3 9 $3°6 | 3,546 14 0 90°8 111,233 9 0) el 448 1 6 | 954 6 0 91 | 825 0 0 20°3 6 8 0 100°0 | 158 2 © 85°35 4312 0 66°L| 18711 8 ws 37 8 0 92°3 4 0 0 s5'al 04 3 0 560 35 3 0 | 13 3 6 64'9, 351 9 0 75) 122 9 o 665 | 18713 6 Dray 07 4 Mixing and Waste Room Blow Room on Carding Room pa we Drawing Frame . i Intermediate and Ring Spinning you Mule Spinning Winding Reeling Warping Doubling Sizing Drawing-in Weaving—General .. Calendering i, Dyeing . Bleaching we Yarn Bundling and Baling Cloth folding we .. Engine and Boiler .. * Ramosees and Sepoys $d Miscellaneous occupations com- mon to all departments. 858 391 1.473. | 848 3,350 | 9.012 97 541 455 749 644 | 644 577 1 2,442 2,042 | 9,745 | 8,846 | 326. 254 | 870 | 5731 172 167 41 12 145 | 145 72 47 146 9 36 16 13 12 al ss 25 | 14 t 3 248 161 | 74 62 161 107" 2049 A544 4 831 5,012 2.159 579 207 383 120 397 8 105 114 345 L502 278 717 | 4.4468 ‘Total ..| 38.070 | —— 14.805 | 70921201 8 el Average amount of “onus per operative getting the bonus Rs. a. p. 1 7 3 19 3 1 8 3 110 0 111 9 1 4 4 112 3 110 8 115 2 160 1 011 01411 172 2 5 6 310 8 211 1 2 8 3 4 6 6 2 211 115 8 112 1 coma 1 610 156 TABLE No. XXVil Table showing Bonus paid to Mule Operatives in sixteen representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad in two haptas predominantly over Muay 1926 Total Number on . |of workers ai eT covered by bonus employees J oinag Percent ' ro of Total ~ me number | os re thi | getting setting , bonus to bonus | those covered Department Aggregate amount of bonus Rs. a. p.l Mixing and Waste .. Blow Room Carding Room 533 29 "s) 34 87°92 54 4 0 339 8 0 483 3 of 219 193 PAY 192 2749 99° 5 aL qQ7°92 Slubbing, Intermediate and Roving Frame. Ring Spinning 3% Winding . Reeling Warping Doubling Drawing Frame 260 247 1,119 928 244 029 | 08° 8 503 11 6) 1,316 4 ol 3,204 14 6 109 8 © 4913 0 6 0 0 108 1 0 1 0 ol 6,98 8 Ol 3 0 J za 10 gq QO 4 2,511 2,360 217 114 70 36 L75 2 67 86 371 2,326 | 103 | 36 | 2 64 1 1 582 | 4,330 | 3 | a4 98° 6 90° 4 100°0 100°0 97°0 1000 94°65 1000 19°@ | Weaving—General .- Weavers .e Cloth«folding “ow 1,582 201 1.178 | Viigeellaneous occupations ; Total ..| 11.444! 9106! 8568] 011 13.104 5 9 ATR mim Average amount of bonus per operative getting the bonus Ra. a. p. 1 9 6 112 4 111 9 i 910 1 610 1 6 8 110 6 2 300 1 9 9 Loo IL 910 300 9 4 1 8 8 157 TABLE No. XXVIIT Table showing Bonus paid to female operatives in 16 Representative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad in two havtas predominantly over May 1926 Departraent Mixing and Waste .. Blow Room win | garding Room . Drawing-Frames - | Slubbing, Inter- mediate, and Roving. Ring Spinning pe Winding .. .. Reeling .. Pn Doubling al Miscellaneous Occupa-] tions. Total ..| Total amber of employees umber of workers covered by bonus sehenies Total niwher getting bonus Percentage of those getting bonus to these epvered Aggregate anount of honus Rs. a. p. 60 3 © 60 1 9 700 4711 0 261 11 6 130 37 105 37 68 37 64°8 ° 100 | 100 | 4 C4 35 OES 38 259 35 254 100 ! 80-6 1,226 | 645 137 23 Rg 1,189 ¢ 293 243 | 23 | 149 | 1,177 264 226 23 FT 990 | 901 | 930 100°0 1,540 15 3 239 © 6 328 5 0 39 0 4 ng 10 6 B45 og | os! 2165 | 93°11 2.66310 6! Average - amount of bonus per operative getting the honis "Rs. a. p. 0 14 2 1 10 0 112 0 1 510 0 on 1 411 0-14 6 1 73 111 2 1 0 4 1 3 RK “TR RCE, OP ORNL MALEATE 158 TABLE No. XXIX Table showing Bonus paid to Adult operatives in 16 Representative Cotton Mills wm -Abmedabad in two havtas predominantly over Mau 1926 Department Total aumber of emuploveeas Mixing and Waste Room, Blow Room . | Carding Room a | Drawing Frame ol Slubbing, Tater- mediate, and Roving. Ring Spinning re Winding .. Win Reeling ... .e Warping . Doubling ie Weaving, General .. Weavers .. po Cloth-folding we Miscellaneous ~~ Occu-| pations, 208 249 337 298 1,378 3,737 862 507 175 a0 | 371 1,582 201 1.336 Total ..| 14.421 | Number of workers covered by bonus ichemes 144 230 291 282 1,182 3,549 | 407 279 2 80 i 4 K82 203 11.432 | Total number getting bonus Percentage of those getting bonus to those covered Aggregate umount of bonus Rs. a. p. 114 7 0 | | 309 9 9 | 490 3 0! 441 8 © 1,577 15 6 102 | O'R 229 | 283 | 279 | 1.175 | 99-6 | 97-3 98-9 06-4 8,503 | 367 | 262 4,835 13 9 348 8 6 378 2 0 6 00 97-81 142 1 0 1000 | 100 04-5 | 6,986 6 0 100°0 | 3 0 o Hk | 183 7 3 2 87 i 4 330 112 10.733 | a3+0 15.858 0 3 Average amount, of bonus per operative zetting the bonus Rs. a. p. 1 111 1 1111 111 9 1 9 4 1 5 8 1 61 015 2 171 3 00 110 2 I 00 i010 3 00 | a 1 1 7 8B {69 TABLE No. XXX Table showing Bonus paid to Children in 16 Represeniative Cotton Mills in Ahmedabad in two haptas predominantly over May 1926 Total number of emnlovees Number of workers covered by bonus schemes Total aumber zetting bonus Percentage of those Zetting bonus | to those coverad Average Aggregate | amount of amount of bonus per bonus operative get- tine the bonus Department 3lubbing, Interme- diate, and Roving. i Ring Spinning in Rs. a. p. 6814 9 991 7 0 Rs. a. DP. 0 81 0 9 2 146 138 389 137 99°3 501 286 092 Total A ear | s27 | 528 | 992 | 200 5 9 | 0 811 TABLE No. XXXI Table showing Bonus paidio Male Operatives in two Representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926 Total aumber of emplovees Number of Total Percentage workers number _ Of those | covered getting Setfing bonus oy bonus | bonus | UO those hoes covered Department Slubbing, Interme- diate, and Roving. .! 262 56 740 Ring Spinning - Reeling oe Drawing-in vn Weaving (weavers) .. Dyeing .. Yarn Bundling and Baling pol \iscellaneous oecupa- tions common to all departments .e 838 2 b4 632 96°4 854 100-0 | 81-8 | 76 750 i 1 18 43 26 1,500 | 22 563 2 9 28 16-2 387 216 16+G | 3,060 | 1,610 Total .. 203 48°6 Aggregate amount of bonus Rs. a. Pp. 79 210 015 810 210 1 0 0 148 510 712 6 712 6 656 12 8 1.922 7 9 Average amount of bonus per operative get- Hine the bonus Re. a. p. 1 78 1.7 2 210 0 99 3 6 4 1 4 9 1 +4 . 4 9 1 8 4 160) TABLE No. XXXII Table showing Ronus paid to Female Operatives in two Representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926 Total aumber of smplovees Number of workers covered yy bonus achenes Department Total rumher setting bonus Ring Spinping 2, Winding | Reeling | 37 37 260 32 246 280 260 304. 280 i Total ..| 700 | 677 65% EC Percentage of those | zefting bonus; to those | sovered Agoregate amonat of bonus Average amount of bom per Jperative get- ine the bonus Bs. a. p. | 37 911 140 8 0 851 2 © Rs. 2. p. 1 210 09 2 2 810 865 94-6 100-0 97:2 |! 1.029 311 1 9 0 EECA AMERY SNR AT MN NA i mn TABLE No. XXXIII Table showing Bonus paid to Adult Operatives in two Representative Cotion 3 ills in Sholapur City during July 1926 umber of yorkers oovered Hy bonus hemes. Percent Total + 28€ of atmber | those getting getting bonus |, bonus to those nave red Depurtmoent Total number of cminlovees, Aggregate nount of honus Average amount of onus per operative setting He Bane Rs. a. p. 7a 92 10 Rs. a. p. i 7T 8 Slubbing, Intermediate, and] Roving. Ring Spinning we “s Winding .. we Reeling .. Drawing-in i Weaving—Weavers .. Dycing .. Varn Bundling and Baline 262 +6 4 Oi" 4 875 367 306 | 26 | 500 | 3 777 260 | 381 | | 563 664 246 381 | 18! 43 85°51 058 2 9 26 140 5 0 1000! 83 8 0 81°81 11 0 0 76! 143 510 Bol 712 8 1672 712 6 19° 0 RE 19 2 70 0 9 2 2 310 0 2 9 3 5 4 t 9 49 C409 3 B Miscellaneous occupations com man to all departments. 36 120 | 1& 8 16 15» Total ] 5.080 2.908 14a} 626 2251 11 8 | 1 & 8 TO PAI Af She arr tr ER 161 TABLE No. XXXIV Table showing Bonus paid to Children in two Representative Cotton Mills in Sholapur City during July 1926 Department Total number of] mployees Slubbing, Tatermediate and| Roving. Ring Spinning ’ ‘ J FE | | Total ..| 102 ‘umber of workers covered oy bonus wechemoes. { (38 142 Total umber setting bonus Jercent- age of those retting bonus o those overed Aggregate amount of | bonus, 1 Rs. a. p. 29 8 4 2. 1000) 168 100°0 | 194 13 2 192 1 1000! 224 0 @ Average amount of bonus per operative getting he bonus. Rs. a.p. 1 8 & L127 1 2 8 0 R 36-—11 APPENDICES BH APPENDIX A List of Miles selected for the 1926 Cotton Wage Census Names of Mills Names of Agents or Owners and | their office addresses Bombay City and Island Bradbury Mills Ltd. we New Great Eastern Spinning & Weaving® Co., Ltd. Swan Mills Ltd .. we fazulbboy Mills Ltd. Hindoostan Spinning & Weaving Mills Co., Td. Messrs. Currimbhoy Ebrahim & Sons Ltd. Agents, 12/14, Outram Road, Fort, Bombay. Aessrs. W, H. Brady & Co., Ltd., Secretaries wd Agents, Royal Insurance Buildings. :2/14, Church Gate Street, Fort, Bombay. lessrs. James Finlay &_ Co., Ltd., Agents, Jhartered Bank Buildings, Fort, Bombay. fessrs. Currimbhoy Ebrahim & Sons ILtd., Agents, 12/14, Outram Road, Fort, Bombay. Aessrs. Thackersey Mooljee & Co., Agents, Secretaries and Treasurers, 16, Apollo Street, Fort, Bombay. ‘essrs. Goculdas Madhavijee Sons & Co, Agents, Foras Road, Bombay No. 8.. Messrs, KE. D. Sassoon & Co., Ltd., Agents, 5, Dougall Road, Ballard Estate, Fort, Bombay. vlessrs. Thackersey Mooljee Sons & Co, \gents, Secretaries and Treasurers, 16, Apollo Street, Fort, Bombay. fessrs. D. M. Petit Sons & Co., Agents, 359, Hornby Road, Fort, Bombay. Tessrs. Waljee Shamji & Co., Secretaries, Treasurers and Agents, 4, Dalal Street, Fort, 3ombay. . lessrs. Hormusji Ardeshir & Son, Agents, ‘ommissariat Building, Hornby Road. Fort, 3ombay. {essrs, Tata Sons Itd., Agents, Bombay Jouse, 24, Bruce Road, Fort, Bombay. Tessrs. C. N, Wadia & Co., Agents, Gresham Building, Bsplanade Road, Fort, Bombay. fessrs. David Sassoon & Co., Ltd., Secretaries, I'reasurers and Agents. 3. Forbes Street. Fort, Bombay. . esses, Currimbhoy Ebrahim & Sons Ltd., \gents, 12/14, Outram Road, Fort, Bombay. lessrs. Vussunjee Munjee & Co., Agents, .ba, Elphinstone Circle, Fort, Bombay. fessrs. Tata Sons Ltd., Agents Bombay House, 24, Bruce Road, Fort, Bombay. fessrs. Turner Morrison & Co., Ltd., Manag- ing Agents, 16 Bank Street, Fort, Bombay. Vafatla! Gagalbhai Esq., Liquidator, Rustom Building, 29, Church Gate Street, Kort, Bombay. Ahmedabad City Madhowji Dharamsi Manufacturing Co., Ltd. BE. PD. Sassoon and Alexandra Mills .. Vestern India Spinning and Manufac- turing Co., Ltd. Manockjee Petit Manufacturing Ce., Ltd. fam Manufacturing Co.. Ltd. Jamshed Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Jwadeshi Mills Co., Ltd., No. 1 Jentury Spinning and Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Zenith Mill). Union Mills Ltd. Mathradas Mills Ltd. New Kaiser-i-Hind Spinning & Weaving Co., Ltd. Tata Mills Ltd. . Flobe Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Standard Mille Co.. Ltd, .. Gujarat Ginning and Manufacturing Co. Messrs. Jammabhai Mansukhbhai, Agents, Ltd. Post Box No. 49, Ahmedabad. Motilal Hirabhai Spinning, Weaving Messrs. Motilal Hirabhai & Sons, Agents, and Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Outside Prem Gate, Ahmedabad. ‘ Silver Cotton Mills Co., Ltd. .. Messrs. Gopalbhai Balabhai & Co., Secretaries, Treasurers and Agents, Outside Raipur Gate, ‘vhmedabad. | 66 APPENDIX A-~—contd, Names of Mills Names of Agents or Owners and their office addresses 4 hmedabad City—contd. Alunedabud Sarangpur Mills Co., Ltd. .. JYity of Ahmedabad Spinning and Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ¥ryodaya Spinning and Weaving Co, Ltd. Shorrock Spinning and Manufacturing Co., Ttd. . ” Rajnagar Spinning, Weaving and Manu- facturing Co., Ltd. Rajpur Mills Co., Ltd. .. wh Asoka Mills Lid. Messrs, Himatlal Motilal & Co., Agents, Out- side Raipur Gate, Abmedabad. Wesers. Chandulal Karsandas & Co., ltd. Secretaries, Treasurers and Agents, Kankaria Road, Ahmedabad. Wessrs. Mangaldas and Balabhai & Co., Agents. Asarva Road, Ahmedabad. lessrs. Mafatlal Chandulal & Co., Agents, Asarva Road, Railwaypura Post, Ahmedabad. fr. Mangaldas Girdhardas Parekh, Secretary, I'reasurer and Agent, Railwaypura Post, Samp Road, Ahmedabad. Vlessrs. Patel & Co., Agents, Gomtipur Road, Railwaypurs Post, Ahmedabad. Wlessrs. Lalbhai Dalpatbhai & Co., Agents. Pankore’s Naka, Ahmedabad. Wessrs Marsden Bros., & Co., Lid., Agents, Gomtipur, Ahmedabad. fesars. Chimanlal Maneklal & Co., Secretaries, Creasurers and Agents, Gomtipur Road, thmedabad. fegsrs. Dhirajlal Khusaldas & Bros., Agents, Rewadi Bazar, Latiff Buildings, Railwaypura Post, Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad New Textile Mills Co., Ltd. Messrs. Naranlal Jivanlal & Co., Secretaries, [reasurers and Agents, Post Box No. 30. Ahmedabad. Viessrs. Tata Sons Ltd.,, Agents, Bombay House, 24, Bruce Road, Fort, Bombay. Tessrs. Runchhodlal Chhotalal & Co.. Agents, Jhahapur. Ahmedabad. Marsden Spinning and Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Ahmedabad Shri Ramkrishna Mills Co.. td. Timabhai Manufacturing Co., Ltd. . Ahmedabad Advance Mills Ltd. 2 \hmedabad Spinning and Weaving Co.. rtd. Sholapur City Sholapur Spinning and Weaving Clo., Messrs. Morarjee Goculdas & Co., Agents, Ltd. (one section of the Mills). Sudama House, Sprott Road. Ballard lstate, Fort, Bombay. Lakhshmi Cotton Manufacturing Co.. The Bombay Co., Ltd., Secretaries, Treasurers Ltd. and Agents, 9, Wallace Street. Fort, Bombay. APPENDIX B 167 Wage Movements in Recent Years and Attempts ai Standardization In Bombay, the first joint action taken by the Bombay Millowners’ Association was in january 1918 when a dearness allowance of 15 per cent. was granted to all workers in all Bombay mills irrespective of the fact whether the operatives worked on time or pisce -ates of wages. The 15 per cent. granted on the lst January 1918 was increased to 36 per cent. on st January 1919. The next increase granted on the 1st February 1920 was 20 per cent. extra to male workers on time rates and to female workers both on time and piece rates, and 40 per cent. extra to male operatives on piece rates—the total percentages ymounting to 55 and 75 respectively. On the lst November 1920 the 55 per cent. was increased to 70 per cent. and the 75 per cent. to 80 per cent. There have been no changes ‘n these percentages since the year 1921. The percentage dearness allowances have been maintained right through as a separate item on the muster. In July 1925 the Bombay Millowners’ Association notified all operatives in the Bombay mills that the wages of all workpeople in the mills affiliated to the Association would be ~educed by 11} per cent. with effect from the 1st September 1925 owing to the high prices ~uling for cotton, increased cost of production due to the high rates of wages, Japanese sompetition, unprecedented accumulations of cloth and yarn due to the demand not keeping pace with production and to the maintenance of the excise duty of 3} per cent. on cotton manufactures. Negotiations to bring about a settlement of this dispute between the millowners and the representatives of labour proved abortive and over 30,000 opera- tives in fifteen mills went out on strike on the 15th September. By the 2nd October there was a complete stoppage of work in all the mills in the City and by the 6th October the strike had extended to the two mills in Kurla. The only point on which there appeared general unanimity was the necessity for the immediate suspension of the axcise duty and the Government of Bombay made representations to the Government of India to this effect. At the end of November the Viceroy suspended, by a special Ordin- ance, the collection of the excise duty with effect from the 1st December 1925. In view of the repeated assurances given by the Bombay Millowners’ Association that the old rates of wages would be restored in the event of the excise duty being removed the strike virtually ended as soon as the Ordinance was published. One of the reasons of the general strike in the cotton mill industry in the Bombay Jity of the year 1928, which started on the 16th April and lasted till the 6th October, was alleged reductions in wage rates in various mills in Bombay City. One of the seventeen demands submitted by the Joint Strike Committed, which was in charge »f the conduct of this strike, to the Millowners’ Association was that © the present practi- ses resorted to by some millowners which result in the reduction of wages shall be stopped, and reductions and altered conditions already effected since 1925 shall be restored *. One of the conditions of the settlement of the strike which was arrived at on the 4th October 1928 was that pending the report of the Committee of Enquiry that was to be set up, the rates and wages of March 1927 should be paid. with a few exceptions in particular mills. In Ahmedabad, disputes in connexion with wage rates are referred to a Permanent Arbitration Board, consisting of Seth Mangaldas and Mr. M. K. Gandhi, which was appointed by a Resolution adopted by the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association on the tth April 1920. Failing an agreement, a dispute is referred by the arbitrators to a Sirpanch or Umpire. The system of arbitration in the matter of wage disputes had, however, been brought into effect in the Ahmedabad mill industry three years earlier. Prior t0 1917 no concerted action was taken by the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association with regard to granting percentage increases and each mill did as it pleased. The differences in the rates between mill and mill, although wide, were not very abnormal. From December 1917 to 1921, the Managing Committee of the Millowners’ Association or the Arbitrators or Umpires chosen from time to time awarded increments to different departments in different proportions. The Warpers obtained an increase of 25 per cent. in their rates in 1917. The Weavers were awarded an increase of 35 per cent. in 1918, and spinners were given gn increase of 85 per cent. in March 1919 when the weavers also obtained a further increase. In the beginning of the year 1920 the Association decided apon an increase of 62% per cent. in wages to workers in the Sizing, Calendering and Engineering Departments. The same increment was granted to mill Mochis (leather workers) and the pay of some workers in the Cloth Folding Department was fixed after giving a similar increase. About the same time increases from 60 to 624 per cent. over the wages of July 1917 were granted to blacksmiths, to the workers in the Yarn Bundling Department and to some workers in the Cloth Department. In the same year the hours of work for spinners were reduced from 12 to 10 in consequence of a strike, and a further increase of about 40 per cent. was granted to them. In order to keep other workers ~omtented an inerease of 40 per cent. was eranted to Winders and workers in the Frame 18K Department, 33} per cent. to Weavers, Warpers and Drawers, and 25 per cent. to Bobbin Carriers, Lorrymen, Oilmen, workers in the Blow and Card Rooms and other low-paid sime workers. In 1921 the Arbitrators recommended that Blow Room and Card Room workers should be granted an increase of 40 per cent. in place of the 25 per cent. of the previous year. In the same yoar an increase of about 15 per cent, was granted to spinners n account of the high level of house rents and the dearness of food-grains. In June 1923 wages in the Ahmedabad mills were reduced by an all round cut of 15-625 per cent. mainly on account of depression in trade. No general changes were made in rates between 1923 and 1929 but slight changes have been effected in piece rates for certain sorts in particular mills but these changes have not affected the general level of rates to any appreciable extent. Early in the year 1929, the Textile Labour Union at Ahmedabad requested the Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association to restore the Wage Cut affected in 1923. The matter was referred to the permanent Arbitration Board congisting of Seth Mangaldas as the representative of the Millowners® Association and Mr. M. K. Gandhi as the representative of the Labour Union. On the Board failing to arrive at an agreement the matter was referred to a Sir Panck. Dewan Bahadur Krishnalal Mohanlal Thaveri, retired Chief Judge of the Small Causes Court, Bombay, was appointed the Umpire. Dewan Bahadur Jhaveri gave his award on the 4th December 1929 recommending an increase of five per cent. for weavers and of eight per cent. for spinners with effect: from the 1st January 1930. The Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association, at a meeting held on the 7th December passed a Resolution agreeing to accept the Umpire’s Award and to grant these increases with effect from the date recommended. In the case of the Sholapur mills the increases granted in cash wages by individual mills hetween the years 1918 and 1920 were consolidated with the rates prevailing in 1914 and she first increases given as dearness allowances were paid in kind. In the Laxmi and the Vishnu Mills, full time adult operatives were given in January 1918 the right to purchase 12 seers of grain per month for Re. 1-10-9. Children or half-timers were allowed to purchase six seers. From February 1619 onwards full-time workers who had not lost more than four days in a month were allowed to purchase 20 seers of grain at a flat rate of Rs. 2 giving them an advantage which varied between Re. 1-5-8 and Rs. 4-15-4 per head per month according to the fluctuations of prices in the Grain market. Children were allowed to purchase ten seers for a rupee with a corresponding advantage. . The first ncreases in basic rates in the same mills were granted during the year 1918. These varied in different departments. The next increases in cash rates were granted early in the year 1920. The rates for Mixing Coolies were increased by 15 per cent., for Blow Room Ope- ners by 30 per cent., fr Card Strippers by 20 per cent., and for Frame Tenters by about 10 per cent. In the Ring Department Piecers were given an increase of 11 per cent., doffers, who got no increase in 1918, 15 per cent., and Tarwallas (Followers) 10 per cent. Among women workers, Reelers got an increase of 12} per cent. and winders about 10 per cent. Front and Back Sizers were granted 20 and about 11 per cent. respectively. The rates tor two-loom weavers were so adjusted as to give them an increase of about 20 per cent. Workers in other Departments were also granted proportionate increases, but the highest ‘nereases, amounting to about 40 per cent. were granted to Drawers in the Drawing- In Department and to Reachers. Both the increases in the cash rates granted in 1918 and in 1920 were consolidated with the rates prevailing in 1914. The first dearness illowance to be given in cash, and as a percentage on the basic rates, was granted in March 1920. Time workers received 15 per cent. and piece workers 30 per cent. In November of the same year the allowance for * fixed *” workers wags increased to 30 per tent. and for piece workers to 35 per cent. There has heen no change in these parcent- ages since 1920. In the Sholapur Spinning and Weaving Mills, which employs over 7,000 workers, the Grain Allowance was first granted in February 1918. The scales of the grain concession from time to time were as follows —_ February and March 1918 (Jowari only for those whose basic wage was Rs. 13 and below) i April 1918 to January 1919 (Jowari and Dal) .. February 1919 to July 1922 (Jowari and Dal) .. August 1922 onwards Seers of Grain Sholapur Mea- sure. One seer of Jowari equi- valent to 143 sola’) per month Neers 12 16 22 29 Amount that the vorkers have to pay to the mills for the grain per month Rs. a. p. 2 00 3 00 3 00 2 8 0 169 From April 1918 the concession of purchasing dal also was given to all adult operatives. Children or half-timers got half the concession and Jobbers were granted grain worth one rupee more. The scales for deductions are irrespective of market prices. The mills reported that a general rise in basic wages was given in April 1920 after the strike of that year. Hours of work were at the same time reduced from 12 to 10. As in the case of the Laxmi and the Vishnu Mills, the Sholapur Spinning and Weaving Mills also commen- ced giving a High Prices Allowance as a separate percentage on basic rates from February 1920. All fixed wage earners and Reelers and Winders (i.e., female operatives working on a piece-rate basis), were granted an allowance of 15 per cent. and male piece-workers an allowance of 30 per cent. respectively. There have been no changes in the scales of the Dearness Allowances since November 1920. It will have been observed that there were ‘hree separate increases in wages in the mills in Sholapur during the year 1920: (1) substantial increases in basic rates, (2) the first grant of a Dearness Allowance as a per- centage on the earnings accruing from the consolidated basic rates, and (3) the doubling of this allowance in the case of all time workers and female operatives and an increase of five per cent. in the allowance for male piece workers. The Indian Tariff Board (Cotton Textile Industry Enquiry) appointed by the Government of India in the year 1926 to investigate, infer alia, the condition of the Cotton Textile Industry in India and to make recommendations, found that ““ by far the greatest lifficulty in the case of manufacture from which Bombay suffers in comparison with Ahmedabad and other upcountry centres is in its high cost of labour and that the only alternative to a reduction in wages in the Bombay mill industry is increased labour effi- ~iency, and it is in this direction that the true line of advance lies ”. The report also suggested the adoption of a system of standardised wages for the same slags of work as between mill and mill. Such a standardisation would help to strengthen the position of the industry. The Millowners’ Association took up the question and drew up a scheme which provided that all operatives except weavers would get at least the same average wages that they had been getting provided they worked with reasonable sfficiency but there should be a cut of 7} per cent. in the present average wage of weavers. The standardisation scheme followed in the main the uniform lists in Lancashire. The Bombay Strike Enquiry Committee appointed after the strike of 1928 went in detail into this scheme and made numerous recommendations regarding it. The Millowners® Association proposed to bring a detailed Standardisation Scheme into operation with effect from lst October 1929 after discussing these recommendations with the representatives of labour. In view of the fact, however, that the joint discussions on the Committee’s Report broke down on the 24th April 1929 in consequence of the refusal of the Millowners’ Association to agree to the reinstatement of 6,060 hands displaced as a result of the three strikes in the Wadia group of mills in Bombay, and also in view of the progress of the general strike in the Bombay cotton mills on this question which lasted from 26th April to 17th September, it was not possible for the Association to bring the scheme into operation with effect from the date proposed. At the moment cf writing no information is available as to the date from which the Association now proposes to standardise wages in the Bombav mills. Mo B 36—12 170 APPENDIX C Deductions for spoilt material handed over to workers The Labour Office of the Government of Bombay at the instance of the Government >f India conducted in the year 1926 an extensive enquiry into * Deductions from Wages yr Payments in respect of Fines’ and published theresults in the formof a special Report in 1928. The Enquiry covered allthe various industrial establishments, including cotton textile mills in Bombay City, Ahmedabad and other centres of the Presidency. One of the questions on which information was called for was in respect of the nature and extent of deductions for spoilt or damaged material handed over to workers. It was found that this practice was very rare in factories and establishments outside the Textile Industry. The system of handing over to workers articles spoilt or damaged through their negligence and of making deductions from their wages on account of such articles was reported to be prevalent in 31 out of 76 cotton mills in Bombay City, 40 out of 49 reporting mills in Ahmedabad and 13 out of 19 mills in the rest of the Presi- lency. In most cases, the deduction was made at the price at which the article would have been sold had it not been spoilt or damaged. This method of calculation of the deduction was reported to have been adopted in 22 mills in Bombay City, 33 in Ahmedabad and 8in other centres of the Presidency. The statistics for the total amount of deductions made during the first ten months of the year 1926 and the number of instances in which the deductions were effected were furnished by 24 mills in Bombay City, 18 in Ahmedabad and 4 in other centres of the Presidency. Deductions amounting to Rs. 80,959-15-7 in 17,5613 instances were reported by the 24 Bombay mills. In other words the average amount of deductions per month amounted to Rs. 8,096 and the incidence to Rs. 4-10-0 per instance. Similarly, the eighteen Ahmedabad mills employing an average of 4,986 weavers stated that the totalamount of deductions was Rs. 74,800-9-10 and the number of instances 31,956. The average deduction per month was Rs. 7,480 and the incidence worked out at Rs. 2-5-5 per instance. Seven mills which gave only the amounts of these deductions and not the numbers of instances in which they were made, reported that for a total number of 2,626 weavers employed the deductions for spoilt cloth amounted to Rg. 47,674-2-0 or an average of Rs. 4,767 per month. If the two sets of figures are totalled it is found that an amount of Rs. 1,22,475 was deducted in ten months in respect of 7,612 workers or at an average of Rs. 1-9-9 per head per month. In the case of the four mills in the other centres of the Presidency a sum of Rs. 4,565-11-11 was recovered in 1,512 instances. The rate of the deductions was at Rs. 3-0-3 per instance and Rs. 456-0-0 per month. No figures were available with regard to the incidence of the deductions per worker for the workers on whom it vas imposed. With regard to the effects of this practice, it is urged that the employees who are riven the spoilt material have no difficulty in selling it and that in cases where they are not able to sell it they use the cloth themselves. The evidence of the workers shemselves goes to show that, in many cases, they experience the greatest difficulty in disposing of the material that has been thrust upon them and this is especially the case ag regards the kinds of cloth for which there is no local demand. The weaver with limited resources is very often anxious to realise the value of the damaged cloth as soon ws possible and is therefore forced to sell it for whatever price he can get. In most cases bhe price fetched is considerably less than the actual *‘ cut * effected from the weaver’s wages. In many cases the worker is forced to retain cloth for which he cannot obtain 2 satisfactory price, although he does not ordinarily require it for his own use. Some- times, however, the worker is able to dispose of the damaged material at a price equal to or more than the amount deducted from his wages and thereby he escapes punishment altogether. Referring to this question the Indian Tariff Board (Cotton Textile Industry Eng uiry) in paragraph 64 of their Report (1927) stated as follows :— “It is the practice in many mills to compel a weaver to take over cloth spoilt by defective workmanship the full value of such cloth being recovered from him and credited to the mill. The weaver has then to dispose of the cloth as best he can. This practice was justified by Managing Agents on the ground that disciplinary measures are necessary to maintain efficiency and quality. There are many mills which do not adopt the system but merely impose a fine for defective workmanship and ye are convinced that it is desirable in the interests of the mills themselves that it should be abolished as the advantage which the mills derive from it is entirely incommensurate with the soreness it causes.” 171 The Bombay Strike Enquiry Committee, 1928-29, discussing a new Standing Order proposed by the Millowners on the subject observed that ‘ there can be no doubt that the practice is liable to considerable abuse, and it has often given rise to industrial unrest. The weaver constantly feels that he has been unjustly penalised for damage caused ‘rom reasons which were beyond his control, and asserts that his protests are not heeded. There may be no real attempt to determine whether pieces of cloth have been spoilt owing to the worker’s negligence, or onaccount of defective machinery, bad raw material or carelessness in some other department ; and there is a natural tendency for employers to decide such cases in their favour. The worker may not be able to dispose of the spoilt or damaged material except at a considerable loss, and the incidence of the fine thus inflicted on him may be very heavy. No doubt there may be some cases where weavers benefit by getting slightly damaged cloth, which they can keep for their own use or dispose of at a profit ; but we think that the objections to the practice outweigh its utility 7’. The Committee, on the other hand, held that “it would be clearly unrea- sonable for the employer not to have power to recover compensation for damage caused by the negligence of a weaver, by fine or deduction from his wages”. In conclusion, Shey tentatively suggested the addition of a rule on the following lines to the Standing Orders proposed by the Bombay Millowners’ Association :— “ The Company shall not be entitled to debit a weaver’s wages with the cost of sloth damaged by his negligence, unless he elects to take it over on those terms. Otherwise the Company may deduct from his wages an amount corresponding to she estimated loss caused to it by such negligence, provided that, if the proposed deduction exceeds the sum of Rs. or the weaver disputes the damage being due to his negligence, the deduction shall not be made by an officer of the Company lower in rank than an Assistant Weaving Master. If the latter officer directs a deduc- tion of Ra. or over, and the weaver disputes his liability to pay the same, there shall be a joint examination of the damaged cloth by such officer of the Company as the Manager appoints and a representative of the weavers, who may be either an smployee of the Company or an official of a registered Trade Union. If they agree in their decision, the Manager shall accept their decision. - If they disagree, and there is no independent person to whom the Manager and the weavers’ representative agree to refer the dispute, the Manager shall decide what amount (if any) shall be deducted from the weaver’s wages.” We have referred to the matter at some length here in order to show the impossibility of taking into account this peculiar form of wage deduction in arriving at the average of a weaver’s earnings. It is impossible to estimate the money value of the ¢ fine > which may, moreover, in a few cases, where the type of cloth handed over is readily saleable, actually involve a profit and not a loss. 172 APPENDIX D Table showing the average monthly earnings of Mill clerks Department and occupation i. BOMBAY Mill or Factory Clerks— Head clerks ce General clerks— Ist class ‘h 2nd class .. 3rd class oe Head time-keepers .. Agsistant time-keepers Head store-keepers .. Godown-keepers . Cotton clerks .. Waste clerks . Sizing clerks .- Weaving clerks i Folding clerks os Other mill clerks .. Junior technical assistants Total number returned | ? 4 2¢ 02 4 26 45 64 49 326 RE Average monthly earnings Rs. a. p. 217 0 1 67 9 7 84 13 © 43 13 b 127 0 10 66 9 7 158 6 7 68 0 0 87 15 7 68 5 1 64 11 7 6413 1 65 13 2 56 15 10 36 3 7 '. AHMEDARAD Mill or Factory Clerks— Head clerks . Jeneral clerks— Ist class Pe 2nd class .. 3rd class 5 . Head time-keepers .. te Asgistant time-keepers 3s Head store-keepers .. .. Godown and Warehouse clerks .. Cotton clerks £3 i. Waste clerks ve £4 Sizing clerks is I, | Weaving clerks . .. ther mill clerks , Ee 109 ] i v 2 50 24 210 133 0 5 133 6 & 54 311 29 14 10 64 7 6 34 2 5 66 8 7 3711 9 44 10 5 28 10 2 45 8 9 3812 0 33 11 8 BOMBAY : PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS. oo ab 206309103775 ic g— i 3 i» o ry 3 an The following table shows the average daily earnings in the four occupations in each of the nineteen mills covered by the Enquiry nbay City together with the averaces for the centre 1 ww th 1é { er Weavers—P#* {Two Loom) (Mean) Average Daily Earnings in Julv 1926 for Siders—T+ (Men) Warpers—P* {end Grey winders. P* (Women) > Cy \ re. { ~ If jo © = Oo NC Lr Rs. a. 7p. 115 9 11410 115 7 L112 10 110 9 1 9 i 113 4 21 2 112 10 113 2 21 6 112 0 I 9 4 1 911 112 4 115 2 112 o 2 0 4 113 & Rs. a. p. 1 05 015 8 015 9 015 8 107 1 0 5 015 0 014 3 014 3 015 11 10 5 1 0 5 015 7 1 0 3 I 0 8 015 10 1 0 2 015 10 1 211 Rs. a. p. 2 738 112 7 2 3 8 2 5 6 110 3 2 0 6 2 2 4 214 0 112 11 2 9 1 2 2 3 115 3 112 0 112 3 2 1 8 210 3 2,010 9 8 7 JQ Rs. a. p. 015 5 0 11 10 09 7 013 1 013 4 012 5 011 o 0 9:1 012 3 010 4 010 7 0 910 0 8 3 0 9 8 015 3 010 8 012 5 011 6 O12 11 .) a z I J “vy £3 1 13 I 0 2 1 ¢ 011 a _— oemmrss na. * P=Means on Piece Rates. T T=Means on Time Rates. CE —-—- As will be seen from this table the earnings of Weavers vary on Rs. 1-9-1 and Rs. 2-1-6 per day, those of Siders between annas nd Rs. 1-2-11 per day, those of Warpers between Rs. 1-10-3 and 14-0 per day and those of female Grey Winders between annas 8-3 amas 15-b per day. R 36—3a i‘ , L