COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA Department of Labor and Industry PETER GLICK, Secretary SPECIAL BULLETIN January, 1930 NUMBER 25 THE ORGANIZATION and OPERATION of the DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY SECRETARY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY PETER GLICK, Secretary SPECIAL BULLETIN NUMBER TWENTY-FIVE THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY ITS ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION 2A 2 Nw io 1 eon HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 1930 CONTENTS Foreword .... Administrative Code .... Bureaus: Executive .. Inspection ... Workmen’s Compensation ......... .. Rehabilitation ..... Employment ... Industrial Standards ........ Industrial Relations ..... Statisties ......... Women and Children .... .... Bedding and Upholstery Accounting ....... Boards: Industrial Board ..... Workmen's Compensation Board .. State Workmen's Insurance Fund Publications of the Department of Labor and Industry ........ Directory of Offices ........ Page 3 5-8 9 11-12 13-18 19-24 25-28 29-33 35-37 39-43 45-48 49 51 53-55 57-60 61-64 65-66 67-68 FOREWORD The purpose of this bulletin is to explain the present organization and operation of the Department of Labor and Industry, Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, ereated in 1913 to serve the labor and indus- trial interests of the Commonwealth and to enforce the laws relating to the safety, health, and well-being of employes. The Secretary of Labor and Industry believes that a comprehensive knowledge of the powers and duties of the Department by the public will be generally beneficial from the standpoint of service and efficiency in solving prob- lems of importance to those directly concerned, and of interest to the welfare of the Commonwealth. The Secretary, appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate, is the head of the Department of Labor and Industry. He 11so serves in the following capacities: Chairman of the State Work- men’s Insurance Board; chairman of the Industrial Board; ex-officio member of the Workmen's Compensation Board, and the State Welfare Commission. The Department organization includes: The Executive Bureau, the Bureaus of Inspection, Workmen’s Compensation, Rehabilitation, Em- ployment, Industrial Standards, Industrial Relations, Statisties, Women and Children, Bedding and Upholstery, and Accounting. In this bul- letin the work of the several bureaus is described in detail, as are also the powers and duties of the Industrial Board, Workmen’s Compen- sation Board, and the State Workmen 's Insurance Fund. The successful administration of the Department of Labor and In- Justry requires the cooperation of all individuals and associations af- fected. By the publication of this bulletin it is believed such eooper- ation can be enlisted. The Department has received remarkable assist- ance from those affected by the discharge of its duties, for which the Yecretary here wishes to express grateful acknowledgment. The text of the laws administered by this Department are not con- tained in this bulletin, but are published separately in bulletins which may be obtained by application to the Department of Labor and In- Justry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The regulations of the Department adopted in conformity with these laws also are published separately and may be similarly obtained. It is hoped that the publication of this bulletin may prove interesting and helpful to the general publie. PETER GLICK, Secretary of Labor and Industry ARTICLE XXII ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA Effective June 1, 1929 POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY, ITS DEPARTMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND ADVISORY BOARDS AND DEPARTMENTAL ~D™ INIS- TRATIVE OFFICERS Section 2201. Powers and Duties in General.—The Department of [.abor and Industry shall, subject to any inconsistent provisions in this wet contained, continue to exercise the powers and perform the duties by law vested in and imposed upon the said department, the several former bureaus and divisions thereof, and the Industrial Board abol- ished by the Administrative Code of one thousand nine hundred and twenty-three. Section 2202. Inspection and Administration.—The Department of Labor and Industry shall have the power, and its duty shall be: (a) To inspect, during reasonable hours, and as often as practicable, svery room, building, or place within this Commonwealth where and when any labor is being performed, which is affected by the provisions of any law of this Commonwealth, and all buildings in which public assemblies are held, and for this purpose to enter any such room. build- ing or place: (b) To receive and examine plans for all buildings more than two stories high, and all places of assembly outside of cities of the first and second classes, and second class A, and to approve the same, as mav now or hereafter be provided by law; (¢) To receive and check plans for elevator installations outside of “ities of the first and second classes, and to issue permits for the eree- tion and repair of elevators, as may now or hereafter be provided by law « (d) To file reports of inspection of elevators, received from in spectors employed by the department, or from inspectors holding certi- Geates of competency issued by the department; (e) To inspect boilers, and to receive and check reports of inspee- tion of boilers, made by inspectors holding certificates of competency issued by the department; (f) To issue licenses, after examination, to motion picture projec- tionists and apprentices, as may now or hereafter be provided by law; (g) To receive reports of industrial accidents to persons, and to direct the investigation of such accidents, and prescribe means for the prevention of similar accidents; (h) To issue orders for removing or safe-guarding against hazards that may cause accidents to employes, as may now or hereafter be pro- vided by law. Section 2203. Investigations.—The Department of Labor and Indus- try shall have the power to make investigations and surveys upon any subject within the jurisdiction of the department, either upon its own Initiative or upon the request of the Industrial Board. Section 2204. Statistiecs.—The Department of Labor and Industry shall have the power to collect, compile, and transmit to the Depart- ment of Property and Supplies for publication, statistics relating to labor and industry, to organizations of employes, and to organizations of employers. Section 2205. Rules and Regulations.—Subjeet to approval by the Industrial Board, the Department of Iiabor and Industry shall have the power to make rules and regulations for carrying into effect the laws regulating the labor of persons within this Commonwealth, and the construction, ventilation, and equipment of the rooms, buildings, or places where such labor is performed, or where public assemblies are held, and to enforce all such rules and regulations. Promptly upon the approval of such rules and regulations by the Industrial Board, the department shall make public announcement of their adoption, and shall transmit them to the Department of Property and Supplies to be by it published in such quantity as to enable the Department of Labor and Industry to supply copies of the same to persons applying therefor. Section 2206. Mediation and Arbitration.—The Department of Labor and Industry shall have the power, and its duty shall be, when- ever a difference arises between an employer and his employes with regard to wages, hours, or conditions of employment, to send a repre- sentative of the department promptly to the locality in which such difference exists, and endeavor by mediation to effect an amicable settle- ment of the controversy. If such settlement cannot be effected, and the dispute is submitted for arbitration, the department, in the event of the failure of representatives of employer and employes to name an im- partial person to act as chairman of the board of arbitration, shall, if requested by the parties to the dispute, seleet such person to act as such chairman. Section 2207. Women and Children.—The Department. of Labor and Industry shall have the power, and its duty shall be: (a) To make studies and investigations of the special problems eon- nected with the labor of women and children: (b) To create the necessary organization, and to appoint an ade- quate number of inspectors, to enforce the laws and rules and regula- tions of the department relating to the work of women and children. Section 2208. Workmen’s Compensation.—The Department of Labor and Industry shall have the power, and its dutv shall be : (a) To administer and enforce the laws of this Commonwealth, as now existing or hereafter enacted, relating to workmen’s compensation: Provided, however, That the Workmen's Compensation Board and the Workmen’s Compensation Referees shall perform their respective duties independently of the Secretary of Labor and Industry, or any other official of the department, except that all clerical, stenographic and other assistance required by the Workmen's Compensation Board and the several Workmen’s Compensation Referees shall be appointed by the department as provided in this act; (b) To receive and classify reports of all accidents; to receive and approve or disapprove agreements, supplemental agreements, receipts, final receipts, and other papers in workmen’s compensation eases, which have heretofore been subject to approval by the ‘Workmen's Compen- sation Board, and to notify the parties of its approval or disapproval within thirty days after receipt of such agreements, supplemental agree- ments. receipts, final receipts, or other papers, as provided by law; (e) To follow up all cases in which workmen’s compensation agree- ments shall have been filed, and see that such agreements are fulfilled 1 accordance with the provisions thereof and the laws of this Common. wealth ; (4) To advise injured workmen of their rights under the work: men’s compensation laws; (e) From time to time, to divide the State into such number of workmen’s compensation districts as it may, with the approval of the Executive Board, deem advisable for the proper administration of the workmen’s compensation laws; ‘£} To receive and refer to the Workmen’s Compensation Board aims in contested cases, and mail decisions of the Workmen’s Compen- sation Board, and of Workmen’s Compensation Referees! in all con- tested cases. to claimants and defendants; (g) To render to the Workmen’s Compensation Board any reason able assistance requested by the board in the conduct of its work; (h) Except in cases in which the Commonwealth’s liability there- for is covered by insurance, to prepare and issue to the Auditor General certificates or requisitions for the payment of workmen 's compensation to injured employes of the Commonwealth. Section 2209. Rehabilitation.—The Department of Labor and In- dustry shall have the power: (a) To render aid to persons injured in industrial pursuits, to ar- range for medical treatment for such persons, and procure artificial limbs and appliances to enable them to engage in remunerative oc- cupations: (b) To make surveys to ascertain the number and condition of physically handicapped persons within the Commonwealth; (¢) To cooperate with the Department of Public Instruction in arranging for training courses in the public schools, or other education- al institutions, for persons injured in industrial pursuits, and to ar- range for such courses in industrial or agricultural establishments; (d) To such extent as the department shall have funds available for the purpose, to provide maintenance for such injured persons during such training in such amounts as may be provided by law. Section 2210. Employment and Unemployment.—The Department of Labor and Industry shall have the power: (a) To endeavor to bring together employers seeking employes and applicants for employment; (b) To supervise all public and private employment agencies: (ec) To report on the extent of unemployment, the remedy therefor, and the means for the prevention thereof; (d) To establish employment offices or labor exchanges at con- venient places throughout the Commonwealth : (e) To promote the intelligent distribution of labor and, when neces- sary, to assist in securing transportation for employes desiring to 20 to places where work is available. Section 2211. State Workmen’s Insurance Board.—Subjcet to any inconsistent provisions in this act contained, the State Workmen’s In- surance Board shall continue to exercise the powers and perform the luties by law vested in and imposed upon the said board. Section 2212. Workmen’s Compensation Board.—Subject to any in- sonsistent provisions in this act contained, the Workmen’s Compensa- tion Board shall continue to exercise the powers and perform the duties by law vested in and imposed upon the said board. Section 2213. Workmen’s Compensation Referees.—Subject to any :nconsistent provisions in this aet contained, each Workmen's Compen- sation Referee shall have the power, and his duty shall be, to hear such claims for compensation as shall be assigned to him by the Workmen's Compensation Board, and to perform such other duties as shall be re- quired of him by the Workmen’s Compensation Board, or imposed apon him by law. Section 2214. Industrial Board. —The Industrial Board created by this act shall have the power, and its duty shall be: (a) To meet at least once each month for the purpose of consider- ing such matters as are brought before it or the Secretary of Labor and Industry shall request: (b) To hold hearings with reference to the application by the department of the laws affecting labor, upon appeal either of employes or employers or of the publie, and. after such hearings. to make recom- mendations to the department: (e) To approve or disapprove the rules and regulations established by the Department of Labor and Industry, and to make suggestions to the department for the formulation of such rules and regulations : (d) To consider, study, and investigate the conduct of the work of the Department of Labor and Industry. For this purpose, the board shall have access at any time to all books, papers. documents, and records pertaining to or belonging to the department, and may require oral or written information from any officer or employe thereof, EXECUTIVE BUREAU The departmental service was approved as an Executive Bureau, July 21, 1927, and administers general departmental procedure. It prepares bills to be presented to the General Assembly for enact- ment, and studies legislation introduced. The files and records section has charge of all filing of general correspondence of the Department, which now totals more than 300,000 names and is increasing at the rate of 500 each month. The duplicating section includes all photographing, mimeographing, and multigraphing, and has charge of a general mailing list of 23,725 names; and a special mailing list of 27,185 to whom are sent depart mental documents of interest to particular groups. This section prints registration numbers on the ad- hesive stamps for the Bureau of Bedding and Up- holstery, totaling more than 4,000,000 per annum. The editorial section issues a regular monthly bulletin, ‘‘Labor and Industry; and special bulle- tins from time to time; edits the decisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Board and the decisions of the courts in workmen’s compensation cases, annually, as well as all industrial standards pub- tished by the Department. This section furnishes to newspapers throughout the Commonwealth information con- cerning the Department’s activities which is con- sidered of interest and importance to the public; and also examines and distributes all newspaper olippings pertaining to the Department. The Executive Bureau has jurisdiction over the Department library ; keeps the personnel records of about 750 employes, and has charge of the requisi- tioning of all supplies and equipment for the entire Department and its branch offices. Lincoin C. Carson Director of Publleity BUREAU OF INSPECTION The Bureau of Inspection is the Department’s agency for enforcement of laws and regulations per- -aining to safety and to health. In its application of industrial safety it has kept pace with the modern educational trend until today no function of the Bureau is so important as its service as a highly trained consulting safety organization. In that ;apacity its expert services are available to every industrial group and to every individual concern, and to every individual worker. The Work of the Bureau of Inspection is performed through an organization which includes a field force of one hundred inspectors and twenty section chiefs and supervisors acting under a Bureau di- rector. General factory inspectors constitute the largest single body. Their activities are directed by supervisors from nine divisional offices so located that the supervising office of any division is as accessible as possible to all parts of its division. Elevator, boiler, building, and quarry inspections are made by es- pecially trained field men operating under section shiefs, who are located in the central office of the Bu- reau in Harrisburg. The general field force includes female inspectors located where their services are of most advantage for the application of those laws and regulations applying especially to female work- ers. There is a section especially devoted to the in- terests of women and minors in industry. Reduction of accidents and maintenance of health are the important services for industry which the Bureau of Inspection is charged to perform. The providing of mechanical safeguards and of such physical conditions as will advance sanitation are given to the Bureau to enforce through law. The same applies to special restrictions set about the employment of women and of minors, Inspectors are trained to note departures from these requirements and have them corrected. Ample police power is given to inspectors, but the bulk of industrial accidents being due only indirectly or not at all to causes which can be corrected mechanically, the Bureau of Inspection must go far beyond an exercise of police powers to realize its goal. Today the State factory inspector, while continuing the enforce- ment of mechanical safeguarding, devotes even more attention to en- listing the cooperation of industry in safety work through the forma- tion of plant safety committees, or through the assignment of a dis- tinet responsibility for safety to the persons in supervisory positions in factories of whatever size. It is the aim of the Bureau of Inspection that every factory inspector shall be a competent safety engineer, pre- pared by his training to apply the sum of all safety knowledge ac- cumulated in the Department to whatever problems he encounters. When desired by industry, shop meetings are addressed by representa- tives of the Bureau as a further means of imparting safety education. Bverv industrial accident of any consequence is investigated by T. J. Gould Assistant Director. 12 inspectors of the Bureau. In these investigations every effort is made to discover underlying or contributory causes and to determine the best means of avoiding a repetition of the accident. This information is available to the Bureau of Industrial Standards, and to the Indus- trial Board, for guidance in developing new safety regulations or for revising existing ones. The breadth of regulation of employment assigned by law to the Bureau of Inspection goes considerably beyond the factory. Where- ever labor is employed in Pennsylvania, excepting on the farm or in domestic service it comes within the scope of laws enforced by this Bureau, regulating conditions of work for all, and hours of employ- ment for women and for minors. All places of employment are visited systematically by Bureau inspectors. Elevator and boiler inspections are special activities of the Bureau. Each is conducted by a staff of specialists. Boiler inspection is con- Jucted everywhere in the Commonwealth excepting in Philadelphia, Scranton, and Erie; elevator inspection everywhere excepting in Phila- delphia, Scranton, and Pittsburgh. The communities excepted have their own boiler and elevator inspectors. Inspections are made periodi- cally and no boiler or elevator may be operated unless there is con- spicuously posted a certificate indicating that inspection has been made within the period of time fixed by law. Installations of elevators and boilers must be made in accordance with regulations. Before any elevator is installed, plans and application for permit must be sub- mitted to the Chief of the Elevator Section. Perhaps the most important service rendered by the Bureau of In- spection, aside from its main function of promoting industrial safety, is its enforcement of the Fire and Panic Act of Pennsylvania. This Act requires the construction and maintenance of almost all buildings, other than private dwellings, in such manner that there may be safe agress in any emergency. It applies everywhere in the Commonwealth except in first, second, and 2-A class cities. For the purpose of ad- ministering this law, a Building Section, headed by competent engi- neers, is maintained in the Bureau, and the general factory inspection force is augmented by a field staff of building specialists. Plans for the erection and remodeling of all buildings over which the Depart- ment is given jurisdiction by the Fire and Panic Act must be sub- mitted to the Buildings Section of the Bureau of Inspection for ap- proval before work is begun. The seal of the Department of Labor and Industry is not attached to such plans unless they indicate that avery requirement of law and regulation for safe egress is to be pro- vided. Inspectors are charged with noting such existing buildings as have insufficient stairways and exits, and with ordering the erection of additional stairways or fire escapes. Every building project for which plans are approved is inspected on completion and final approval given. Theatre requirements are especially exacting because of the frequent assemblages in these places. In connection with theatre safety the Bureau enforces a Motion Picture Act which throws definite safe- yuards about the use of motion picture projectors. All motion picture operators must undergo examinations and be licensed by the Bureau. The Buildings Section conducts this special activity and, besides, is responsible for administering Emergency Lighting Regulations, where- by an emergency source of illumination is required in all places where ‘he public is assembled after darkness. BUREAU OF WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION The Bureau of Workmen's Compensation is a clearing house for the workmen’s compensation system. The function of the Bureau is to administer the law pertaining to the reporting of industrial accidents, and in conjunction with the Workmen's Compensation Board, to administer the law requir- ing the paying of compensation to employes injured in the course of their employment, as well as pay- ment of medical, surgical, and hospital expenses, medicines, and supplies during the first thirty days after disability begins. al industrial accidents resulting in a disability of two days or more must be reported to the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. The law fixes a penalty of $100.00 for failure to report accidents of this character within 30 days after disability begins. When acci- dent reports are received by the Bureau the cases are followed up for the purpose of securing for injured employes the benefits of the Workmen’s Compensation Law. An employer may reject the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Law but in so doing a specific agreement in writing must be entered into between the employer and smploye at the time of hiring. Notice of the re- jection must be filed with the Bureau -at Harris- burg, Pennsylvania. When the employer rejects the Compensation Act he becomes liable under Com- mon Law with all his defenses removed, with the exception of cases of intoxication on the part of the employe, or the employe’s reckless indifference to danger. An employer automatically comes under the provisions of the law, when it is not rejected, and must cover his liability for the payment of compensation by either insuring with the State Workmen's Insurance Fund, a stock or mutual insurance company, or apply to the Bureau for the privilege of carrying his own insurance. If the last course is followed, the employer must prove to the satisfaction of the Bureau his financial ability to carry his own insurance before this privilege is granted. The Bureau may at any time require an employer, oper- ating as a self-insurer, to furnish bonds or other securities to guaran- tee the payment of his outstanding compensation liability. The law carries a penalty for failure to comply with the compulsory insurance provisions and the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation is charged with the enforcement of this Section of the Act. BENEFITS MADE KNOWN TO EMPLOYES When accident reports are received, the cases are followed up to jetermine whether injured employes are securing the benefits provided by the Compensation Law. In disputed cases, the injured employe is informed of his rights under the law and in many cases is as- sisted in filing the proper petition, so that his case may be heard by a referee. Adjusters connected with the Bureau frequently represent the claimants at the hearings before the referees and the Workmen’s Compensation Board. Fatal cases are investigated by the Bureau's adjusters to determine if there are any dependents who are entitled to the payment of compensation. The Bureau also notifies Consular Officers representing foreign countries, but who are located in this sountry, in case of fatal accidents to any of their subjects in order that they may determine if there are any non-resident alien de- pendents who may be entitled to payments of compensation. All petitions are filed with the Bureau at Harrisburg and the cases are then referred to the referee for the district in which the accident securred, or where the claimant resides, or to the Workmen’s Com- pensation Board. When cases are disposed of by the referees, copies of the decisions are mailed by the Bureau to the claimant and the defendant in every case. If an appeal from the decision of the referee is taken by either side, the case is referred to the Workmen's Compensation Board. All petitions for lump sum payments are referred to and disposed of bv the Board. CASES ADJUSTED BY VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS In approximately 96 per cent of the cases in which compensation is paid the payments are made voluntarily by agreement executed by the injured employe and employer, or insurance carrier. These agreements are carefully checked by the Bureau before being ap- proved in order to determine whether the injured person is securing the full benefit of the law. In every fatal case the amount of com- pensation payable to dependents is calculated by the Bureau before agreements are approved, thus fully protecting the interests of all parties concerned. Cases in which disputes arise while compensa- tion is being paid or where payments are arbitrarily discontinued are frequently investigated by the adjusters connected with the Bureau and assistance given in adjusting these cases. Receipts covering all compensation payments are filed with the Bureau and a final receipt is required when disability terminates and compen- sation payments cease. The final receipt must give the date when disability terminated, the total amount paid and the wage at which the injured person returned to work. This information is required in order that the Bureau may determine if the injured person has received the full amount of compensation payable and whether there is any liability on the part of the employer for the payment of com- pensation for partial disability because of any loss in earning power due to the accident. All applications for lump sum payments are investigated to determine the merits of such claims. Assistance is also frequently given in securing the appointment of guardians in sases where compensation is payable to minor dependents. An employe injured in the course of employment should notify the employer or person in charge immediately after the accident. The employer is required to furnish reasonable medical, surgical and hospital services, medicines and supplies during the first 30 days after disability begins. If the employer upon application made by 15 ‘he injured person, fails or refuses to furnish such services, the smploye may procure them and shall receive from the employer the reasonable cost thereof, within the meaning of the Compensation Law. The maximum amount allowed for medical and surgical ex- penses, medicines and supplies covering the first 30 days of disability is $100.00. In addition to this service the employer is also required to furnish hospital services. VETHOD OF PAYMENT AND FILING CLAIMS In all cases where compensation is payable because of an injury sustained during the course of employment, agreements for the pay- ment of eompensation must be filed with the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation for approval upon forms preseribed for this purpose by the Workmen’s Compensation Board. Agreements for the pay- ment of compensation do not become binding until approved. Upon the approval of an agreement notices of such approval are mailed to both parties interested giving the date when compensation pay- ments begin and the weekly compensation rate. Tn cases where compensation has been paid under the terms of an agreement properly executed and approved or upon award by a Referee or the Workmen’s Compensation Board, the case can be re- opened because of the recurrence of disability due tq the original accident upon the filing of the proper petition within the period preseribed by the Act. In disputed cases a claim petition must be filed by the claimant within one year from the date of the accident or by the dependents in a fatal case within one year from the date of death due to an accident. otherwise the claim is forever barred. SYNOPSIS OF COMPENSATION LAW Following is a synopsis of some of the important provisions of ‘he Pennsylvania Workmen's Compensation Law: APPLIES TO ALL ACCIDENTS: Tn Pennsylvania in “course of employment” causing disability for more than 7 days—or death in 200 weeks. (Mxcept when intentionally self inflicted or caused by a third person for personal reasons). EMPLOYEES EXCEPTED: Domestic Servants, Agricultural Workers, Home Workers and Casual Workers not employed in employer's regular business. COMPULSORY: On State, County, City, Borough, Township, School “or any other govern- mental authority created by the laws of this Commonwealth.” OPTIONAL: With all other employers and all employes. INSURANCE: Every employer electing to come under Article III, must insure to cover liability to his employes and may do so in The State Insurance Fund A stock Company A mutual Company, or Socure exemption from insuring his liability if permitted by the Bureau. WAGES: Mean the money rate at which the services rendered is recompensed under ba oontract for hiring in force at the time of the accident. Not including B yratuities nor amounts deducted by employer under contract of hiring for abor furnished or paid for by the employer and necessary for the perform- wnce of such contract by the employe; but shall include board and lodging received from the employer, such board to be rated at $.50 per day, and nsoard and lodging at $1.00 per day for the purpose of eomputing wages. OCCUPATIONS: a) Seasonal. b) Continuous. AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGE: {n seasonal occupation determined by taking 1/50 of the total wages employe has earned from all occupations during year, immediately preceding acci- dent. Such period of & year may be extended to a longer period for the purpose of fair ascertainment of average weekly earnings. Average weekly wage in continuous employment determined by multiplying average daily wage by 54, 6, 64, or 7, according to the number of days customarily worked by the employe. AVERAGE DAILY WAGE: Divide the total earnings of the employe for as much of the six months im- mediately preceding the accident as the employe worked for the same em- ployer by the number of working days in the period, which are to be determined by deducting from the total number of calendar days, Sundays, Saturday half holidays, and days when the employe was Fyne from work- ing through no fault of his own. The amendment of 1919 provides that where the employe has been in the employ of the employer less than ome full week, and by reason of the shortness of time, it is impracticable to as- sertain the average weekly wage, there shall be taken the average weekly amount which during the six months previous to the injury, has been earned ay other persons employed by the same employer under similar contracts >f hiring, or if there are no persons so employed, by other persons em- osloyed by other employers, under similar contracts of hiring under similar conditions. NO COMPENSATION: Allowed for first seven days, but employer must furnish reasonable medical serv- ices during the first thirty days after disability begins at a cost not to exceed $100.00 and in addition to the above services, medicines and supplies, hospital treatment, services and supplies shall be furnished by the employer for the said period of thirty days. The cost for such hospital treatment, services and supplies shall not in any case exceed the prevailing charge in the hospital for like services to other individuals. NON-FATAL INJURIES: Rate is 65% average weekly wages.—Time to run varies with disability.—Total amount not to exceed $6,500.00 Compensation not to be over $15.00 nor less than $7.00 per week, unless wages are less than $7.00 per week, then full wages are to be paid. ta) Total disability—659% wages to end of total disability, not to exceed 500 weeks nor $6,500.00. fd) Partial disability—659% loss in earing power (difference between wages before and after accident) to end of partial disability, not to exceed 300 weeks. ‘e¢) Serious and permanent disfigurement of head and face—659, wages not to exceed 150 weeks. —0L wages for 175 weeks for loss of hand. wages for 215 weeks for loss of arm or leg. -¢ wages for 150 weeks for loss of foot. wages for 125 weeks for loss of eye. wages for £0 weeks for loss of thumb. wages for } weeks for loss of first finger. wages for 9 weeks for loss of second finger. --9% wages for 20 weeks for loss of third finger. —% wages for 15 weeks for loss of fourth finger. Loss of first phalanx of thumb or any finger, equiva- lent to loss of one-half of thumb or finger. Loss of more than one phalanx of thumb, or any finger equivalent to loss of entire thumb or finger, Loss of use of any member equivalent to loss of member. NOTE :—Loss of any such members, not constituting total disability, the sum of periods for each, Loss of both eyes, hands, arms, feet or legs equals total disability. FATAL INJURIES: Rate varies with number of dependents—Wages (for computation) not over £24.00 nor under $12.00 per week. 'd) Permanent injuries 7 Compensation therefore cannot be over $15.00, por under $2.10 per week. Time to run 300 weeks (*). Compensation not paid to widow, unless living with, or actually depending upon ber deceased husband at time of his death. Reasonable expense of burial not to exceed $150.00 which shall be paid by the employer or insurer directly to the undertaker. (a) If there be neither widow nor dependent widower and (*). ior 2 children survive, 33 9% wages to children for 300 weeks. Max. § 7.50 t children survive, 44 9, wages to children for 300 weeks. Max. $10.00 children survive, 5 9, wages to children for 300 weeks, Max. $12.50 children survive, 6239, wages to children for 300 weeks. Max. $14.00 children survive, 85 9 wages to children for 300 weeks. Max. $15.00 3 3 or more (b) If a widow or widower survive and 0 children 44 % wages to widow or widower for 300 weeks. Max. 30% | child 55 07, wages to widow or widower for 300 weeks. Max. $12.50 2 children 6237, wages to widow or widower for 300 weeks, Max. $14.00 2 children or more 65 wages to widow or widower for 300 weeks. Max. $15.00 (¢) If there be neither "widow, vidower nor children, entitled to compensation | and parents survive, 259% wages to par- ants or survivor, for 300 weeks if depend- ent to any extent up- sn deceased employe, Max. $5.00 If the tather or mother be totally dependent, then 459% for 300 weeks, Max. $10.00. (*) Compensation must be paid to all children until they reach the age of 16. 1f this requires more than 300 weeks, then the compensation for time in axcess of 300 weeks shall be as follows: 1 child 1739, wages until! 16 years of age. Max. , 3.75 2 children 2719, wages until 1-7 years of age. Max. $ 8.25 ’ children 3810, wages until 1 years of age. Max. § 8.75 children 50 9, wages until .vu years of age. Max. $11.25 5 children 55 9, wages until 16 years of age. Max. $12.50 8 or more children 60 9, wages until 16 years of age. Max. $13.75 widow, widower, and brothers and sisters, ac- (d) If their be neither hides me pn) tually dependent, survive. TYE OLLOIE. 1 brother or sister 159% wages to brother or sister for 300 weeks, . or until 16 years of age. 2 brothers or sisters 209, wages to them for 300 weeks, or until ; 16 years of age. 3 or more brothers or sisters 25% wages to them for 300 weeks, or until 16 vears of age. (e) Non-residents of U. §.—Widows and children receive 2/3 of amounts pro: vided for residents. Widowers, parents, brothers and sisters not entitled to compensation. (f) Re-marriage of Widow.—Upon the re-marriage of any widow other than a non-resident alien widow, the employer shall pay to such widow compensation in regular installments during 1/3 of the period during which compensation then remains pavable to her. ACTIVITIES OF COMPENSATION BUREAU An important function of the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation s the enforcement of the compulsory insurance provision of the Com- pensation Law covered under Section 305 of the Aet as amended by the General Assembly in 1929. The law now provides that any employer who fails to comply with the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon convietion thereof, for every such failure, shall be sentenced to pay a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, and eosts of prosecution, or imprisonment for a period of not more than six months, or both, at the discretion of the court. Every day’s violation shall constitute a separate offense. Special efforts are being made to enforce this provision of the law. In addition to administering the Workmen’s Compensation Law, the Bureau also cooperates with the Bureau of Rehabilitation by furnishing that Bureau with notices of all serious accidents in order that proper contacts may be made in an effort to rehabilitate injured employes. Information is also furnished the Bureau of Inspection, covering the number, severity, and frequency of accidents reported to the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation by employers in order to pro- mote the campaign for reducing accidents in this Commonwealth. Some idea of the work of the Bureau can be formed from the fact that since the Workmen’s Compensation Law became effective on January 1, 1916, up to October 1, 1929, 2,454,666 accidents resulting in a time loss of two days or more were reported to the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation. Of the number of accidents reported, 32,428 cases resulted fatally. The total compensation liability cover- ing the same period was $162,402,527. This amount was subdivided as follows: fatal cases, $76,310,303; permanent disability cases. $34,- 351,765; and temporary disability cases, $51,740,459. Every fatal case reported to the Bureau is investigated in order to determine whether there are any dependents entitled to compen- sation payments, under the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensa- tion Law. Thousands of cases are also adjusted by adjusters con- nected with the Bureau thereby avoiding the necessity of carrying these cases before the referees. In cases where there is doubt as to whether an employe is entitled to the payment of compensation, the employe is notified of his right ander the Workmen’s Compensation Law and is furnished with the proper blank to file a claim within the statutory period provided by the Act, which is one year after date of accident in a disability ease. or one year after date of death in a fatal case. Permanent injury cases, especially cases of amputation, are care- fully checked and in many instances investigations are made to de- termine whether the injured emplove is receiving full benefits of the Compensation Law. When a case is closed by the filing of a final receipt an audit is made to determine whether the full amount of compensation has been paid or whether there is any liability on the part of the employer or insurance carrier for the pavment of compensation for partial 1isability, Workmen's compensation has a fixed place in our business and industrial activities and no employer of labor ean be regarded as operating safely or successfully unless the provisions of the Compen. sation Law are fully met. BUREAU OF REHABILITATION The Bureau of Rehabilitation was ereated for the purpose of rehabilitating, or rendering, physically handicapped persons fit to engage in remunerative oceupations. Pennsylvania, as a Commonwealth, recognized in 1919 the necessity for restoring to useful productive activity and self-supporting efforts, so far as pos- sible, the vietims of the thousands of accidents oe- curring annually in its industries. That realization followed the efforts of all nations, engaged in the great war, to ac- complish similar results for the battle and disease victims of national hostilities. The wounded and disabled eivilians in industry exceed, in any great industrial community, over a period of years, the numbers from such community disabled in armed conflict. That condition is particularly true of Pennsylvania with its coal mines, great iron and steel mills, and extensive transportation lines. ““Rehabilitation’’ was chosen as the title of the bureau created in the Department of Labor and Industry during the legislative session of 1919, following the enactment, in 1915, of workmen’s compensation legislation, for the benefit of industrial accident victims. The Bureau of Rehabilitation was not ereated to dole charity or relief payments to disabled persons; it was not intended to attempt to restore to occupational activity, aged or helpless persons requiring sustodial care, blind or deaf persons under the care of any State or semi-State institutions, epilepties, feeble-minded persons, or any per- son not susceptible, physically and mentally to occupational rehabilita- tion. Consequently, the legislative intent of the Act was plain. The Bureau of Rehabilitation is to confine its efforts toward restoring to useful occupations persons physically handicapped, whose handicaps, however, are not so severe as to render them incapable of performing suitable, if specialized, tasks. The purpose of the legislation, although evidently humanitarian, was primarily economic. It was to coordinate under State auspices the many similar efforts toward rehabilitation by individual disabled persons, relief organizations, employers and employes. An Act of Congress, which became effective June 2, 1920, by ap- proval of the President, recognized rehabilitation as a national issue, and granted Federal aid to the States in total amount of $1,000,000 a year, such portion going to each State as the population of such State compared with the total population of the whole country, with the further proviso that the States must formally accept such Federal funds and expend for the same purpose an amount equal to that ex- pended from Federal funds. Pennsylvania accepted the Federal co- operation by legislation in 1921. WHAT CAN THE BUREAU OF REHABILITATION DO? William S. Crozier Director The legislation in Pennsylvania, for the restoration of its disabled »itizens to useful activity, empowers the Bureau of Rehabilitation of the Department of Labor and Industry: 10 MN To offer its services to disabled persons in order that they may register with the Bureau and take advantage of its benefits. To arrange for therapeutic treatment for disabled persons, although it may not from its funds pay for such treatment, but merely arrange for it, in State aided or State controlled hospitals, when the disabled persons are absolutely unable to pay for such treatment. To provide from its funds artificial appliances, as arms, legs, hands, feet or body braces when such appliances are necessary from a voca- tional or occupational standpoint for a disabled person to return to suitable employment, and only when such disabled person is a vietim of an industrali employment accident in Pennsylvania, and unable to pay for such appliances. To arrange for training for a disabled person in virtually any in- dustrial establishment or training institution equipped to give proper training, and to pay for such training the amount necessary in each individual case, but in no single case more than $15.00 a week. Charged with such duties in a Commonwealth of approximately 9,000,000 population with more than 1,000 separate municipalities, with mines and mills, and hazardous employments, causing permanent disabilities to a thousand workers a year, and with the possibility of expending $75,000 to $80,000 a year for all purposes throughout the entire State, it is obvious that the Bureau must, of necessity, have all local cooperation possible. The Bureau of Rehabilitation, consequently, considers as its first aim the returning of a disabled person to suitable remunerative em- ployment, at the earliest possible moment after convalescence, taking into account all latent capabilities of the disabled person for ambitious training, for occupational advance, together with the personal condi- tions of age, educational basis, manual dexterity, domestic responsi- bilities, economic status, residence location, adjacent available employ- ment opportunities, and all other similar factors affecting each case. Rehabilitation is consequently the application of common sense prin- ciples in each individual case, which must be thoroughly investigated in the home community. Rehabilitation cannot be considered as an abstract problem ; each case must be separately considered. HOW CAN THE CITIZEN AID DISABLED PERSONS? Citizens of Pennsylvania, having knowledge of disabled persons, unemployed but who, they believe, can be fitted for, and returned to suitable employment tasks should send the names and addresses of such disabled persons to the Bureau of Rehabilitation, Department of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The efforts of the Bureau of Rehabilitation will be to return disabled persons so reported, to suitable employment. The persons so reported must be considered as susceptible to rehabilitation, or of being capable of returning to some form of work. They must be of the legal employ- able age in Pennsylvania,—over fourteen years of age if having com- pleted the sixth grade in school, or over sixteen years of age if not having completed the sixth grade in school. When the name and address of a disabled person is received at the Bureau of Rehabilitation at Harrisburg, a registration form, with sxplanatory letter, is sent by mail to such disabled person with the request that the questions on the registration form be properly an- swered and the form returned to the Bureau at Harrisburg in a re- turn addressed envelope which is sent with the questionnaire or regis- ‘pation form. A citizen referring the name of a disabled person to the Bureau of Rehabilitation can, a few days later, be of aid to the disabled person in filling out the registration form and seeing that it is returned to Harrisburg,. The reason why such registration form is sent by mail is primarily sconomic and in the interests of conserving the Bureau’s funds that they may be of maximum benefit to the greatest possible number of disabled persons. The return of such registration forms by mail, properly filled out, brings full preliminary information from any sec- tion of the State at an operating cost of approximately ten or fifteen cents per case, although if the Bureau sent one of its representatives to interview each disabled person reported, to obtain such preliminary information, the cest would be, on an average at least, five or tem Jollars per case. The sending of registration forms by mail was begun in a tentative way, but it has been continued because it was found to be successful, as well as economical. Approximately 20 per cent of the total number of registrations received at the Bureau of Rehabilitation are from persons who cannot read or write the English language, and approximately 4 per cent are from persons having defective vision in both eyes. In every such case, friends or relatives, undoubtedly filled out the registration form for the disabled person, and aided the Bureau in the conservation of its funds. ORIGIN OF CASES Disabled persons in Pennsylvania are reported to the central office of the Bureau of Rehabilitation, Harrisburg, from a number of sources. Many disabled persons, unable to obtain suitable employment, through their own efforts, write directly to the Bureau, or their friends write for them. Employers, officials and members of labor organizations, sompensation insurance carriers, hospitals, physicians, soeial agencies, educational institutions and field representatives of the Department of Labor and Industry are constantly referring names and addresses of disabled persons to the Bureau. The majority of references come, however, from the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation which is also a branch of the Department of Labor and Industry. Reports of all industrial accidents in Penn- sylvania, resulting in injuries to workers, are received at the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation and whenever such reports indicate in- juries of a severity that will probably prevent the vietim from return- ing to the former employment, indicated on the accident report, in- formation is transcribed, in the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation, to a definite form for transmission to the Bureau of Rehabilitation. Information regarding persons disabled in industrial accidents in Pennsylvania is consequently received daily at the Bureau of Re- habilitation. Registration forms are sent from the Bureau of Rehabili- sation at Harrisburg to all disabled persons reported from all sources. When a registration form, filled in by a disabled person, is received at the Bureau at Harrisburg, a duplicate copy of that registration form is made and sent to the branch office of the Bureau having juris- diction of the district in which the registered disabled person resides. The central office and branch office districts with the counties included in each such district are as follows; DO Harrisburg District,—Counties: Adams, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Ful- fon, Junints, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lycoming, Mifflin, Perry, Snyder, Tioga, Union, ork. Altoona District,—Counties: Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Centre, Clinton, Hunting- don, Indiana, Somerset. DuBois District.—Counties: Armstrong, Cameron, Clarion, Clearfield, Crawford, Elk, Erie, Forest, Jefferson, McKean, Potter, Venango, Warren. 1 Phileas Distriet,—Counties: Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, Phila- elphia. Pittsburgh District,—Counties: Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Greene, Lawrence, Mercer, Washington, Westmoreland. Pottsville District,—Counties: Berks, Carbon, Lehigh, Northampton, Northum- berland, Schuylkill, Wilkes-Barre District,—Counties: Bradford, Columbia, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Monroe, Montour, Pike, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Wayne, Wyoming. PLANNING FOR REHABILITATION When a duplicate registration form presenting the case of a dis- abled person is received in a district branch office of the Bureau, that form, giving complete preliminary information, is the original as- signment to the adjuster. A call is made for a general review of the case and formulation of a plan for the return of the disabled regis- trant to a proper occupation. Among the factors that must then be considered by the adjuster in the field are the following,— Physical condition of the disabled person; employment prospects that could be filled by such disabled person; mental attitude and basic education ; economic status of the registrant. In making such investigation, the adjuster working on the case must discuss it locally, not only with the disabled person and the family and friends of the disabled person, but also with prospective employers and frequently with representatives of educational institutions, hos- pital executives, physicians, social relief agencies and any other in- dividuals or organizations whose cooperation will be of value in the case. The disabled person may be of the younger age groups with good basic education, required to enter employment for self-support but without other dependents. For such cases, the adjuster may work out a training program. The training is always provided in existing educational institutions, trade schools or industrial plants. There are numbers of cases where heavy domestic responsibilities, absence of basie education, lack of manual dexterity or residence isola- tion preclude the possibility of ambitious training and require the adjuster to work out, usually with an employer, a suitable task in em- ployment which the disabled registrant can perform as well as an able- bodied person can perform such particular task. PROVIDING NECESSARY ARTIFICIAL APPLIANCES An adjuster of the Bureau may determine, by an investigation, that a disabled registrant, with amputation of leg or arm or other disability, must be provided with an artificial appliance as arm, leg or brace to be fit to return to any type of employment. The Bureau 23 may be of financial assistance in providing such appliances but only when it is shown that the disabled person is unable to pay for such appliances. Limited funds of the Bureau, considered, with the extent of the field to be covered, render it almost impossible for the Bureau to purchase all appliances required by eligible disabled per- sons. The providing of such necessary artificial appliances is not included in the workmen’s compensation award in Pennsylvania. Con- sequently, when an adjuster discovers a case that needs help in ob- taining an appliance, that adjuster immediately inquires regarding possibility of financial assistance for such purchase from other sources and usually with the employing company in which the disability occurred. Many of the larger industrial establishments of Pennsyl- vania are, as a definite policy, providing such necessary appliances to their employes disabled by accidents while at work. Such action is a sound personnel policy on the part of the employing company and is further of inestimable help to the Bureau of Rehabilitation in conserving its funds and making them of maximum benefit to the greatest number of persons. Finally, after all financial phases surrounding the case of a dis abled person, needing assistance in obtaining an artificial appliance, are investigated by an adjuster and it is determined that the Bureau should pay a portion or the whole cost of such appliance, the ad- juster so recommends to the central office of the Bureau on a definite recommendation form presenting financial facts showing, in eompli- ance with the law, that the disabled person is unable to pay for such appliance. The central office of the Bureau of Rehabilitation will not con- sider a recommendation from -an adjuster to provide a necessary artificial appliance for a registrant unless there is also received a statement in writing from a physician or surgeon that such appli- ance is necessary and that the registrant is in physical condition for the application of such appliance. The providing of the appli- ance by the Bureau is in all cases contingent upon the approval of the Secretary of Labor and Industry. FINANCIAL PHASES OF TRAINING The Bureau of Rehabilitation may aid financially in providing training courses for disabled registrants when such training is a logical lead to definite and suitable employment. Such training has ranged from courses in law, engineering, com- merce and finance, and similar preparation in colleges for later pro- fessional work by disabled persons, to correspondence courses in poultry raising from the School of Agriculture of the Pennsylvania State College and to training in trade schools. On a definite form of the Bureau, the adjuster recommends the character of training for the disabled person and also submits a detailed estimate of the weekly expenses of the disabled person during such training with an accurate statement of the weekly income of such disabled per- son during training. The exact amount by which the estimated weekly expense exceeds the weekly income represents the payment to be made from the Bureau of Rehabilitation during the training period. Such payment may not, under the law, in any case exceed $15.00 per week. Such training payments by the Bureau must be 24 approved by the Secretary of Labor and Industry and by the Gover- nor, according to the law. Training may continue during a period of twenty weeks and if an extension beyond that period is necessary, definite approval for such extension must be given by the Secretary of Labor and Industry. Workmen’s Compensation when awarded for a definite permanent disability may be commuted, or ordered by the Workmen’s Com- pensation Board to be paid in lump sum, in whole or part, if such lump sum payment be deemed by the Compensation Board to be to the best interest of the beneficiary, Such lump sum payments for disabled persons frequently have a direct bearing upon their ultimate rehabilitation. This ig partieu- larly true if the lump sum payment be to obtain a small farm for the raising of truck, poultry or orchard products or be for the pur- pose of establishing the disabled berson in a commercial enterprise. Consequently, the Bureau of Rehabilitation in Pennsylvania cooper- ates with the Workmen's Compensation Board and investigates the conditions on which such petitions are based in each case in order that the Board may determine, as a result of such investigation, whether the lump sum payment is to the best future interest of the disabled person. An important consideration in connection with lump sum payment is that the regular weekly payments cease when lump sum payment is made, or are reduced in amount, and every pre- caution should be taken to make certain that lump sum payment will not subsequently work hardship upon the disabled person. REHABILITATION PAYS DIVIDENDS Disabled persons register with the Bureau of Rehabilitation be- cause they are unemployed and have been unable to obtain employ- ment through their own efforts. The average wage at which disabled persons have been returned to suitable employment by the Bureau is approximately $100 per month,~—81,200 a year. The total average cost of rehabilitating a disabled person in Pennsylvania is approxi- mately $160. If an average disabled person is placed in suitable employment by the Bureau at a wage of approximately $1,200 a year and con- tines in that employment for even five succeeding years, the economic return can be based on the production represented by a payroll of $6,000. That result has been accomplished by an individual ex- penditure of approximately $160. That estimate is also entirely on the productive side and does not. include the benefits aceruing by the elimination of charity nor the effect on the general morale of the disabled persons. The Bureau of Rehabilitation is primarily a bureau of service. Its purpose is to return physically disabled persons to suitable em. ployment. During the first five years of the Bureau’s operation, approximately 6,500 such disabled persons were reported to the Bureau and listed on its records from every county in the State. The Bureau of Rehabilitation has limited funds and staff and in order to operate successfully, for any disabled person and in any com- munity, it must have the eooperation of the eitizens of that community including employers, employes, physicians, educators and all public and private agencies that can be of assistance in returning disabled persons to suitable work BUREAU OF EMPLOYMENT The Bureau of Employment operates in the De- partment of Labor and Industry for the purpose of finding employment for the unemployed and of furnishing working persons to employers. During the calendar year, 1928, it found permanent em- ployment for 25,436 men and for 10,696 women, making a total of 36,132 persons; 20,411 men and women were placed into employment as common laborers, domestic workers and day workers; 15,721 persons were placed into employment on farms, in the building trades, in the machinery and metal industries, in mines and quarries, in transportation companies, and in clerical, sales, executive, technieal, and professional positions. The earnings of these persons who received employment through the Bureau of Employment ranged from a wage of 35 cents an hour to a salary of $7,500 a year. The Bureau of Employment cooperates with the United States Em- ployment Service, United States Department of Labor; and with the Young Men’s Christian Associations in Lancaster, McKeesport, New Castle, Oil City, and Williamsport, where part-time Cooperative State Employment offices are conducted and where the Associations furnish office space, light, heat, and janitor service. In these Cooperative State Employment Offices the office hours are from 8 A. M. to 12 noon. In all other offices the hours are from 8 A. M. to 5 P. M. every day except Saturady when they are from 8 A. M. to 12 M. Each State Employment Office (including the Altoona Cooperative State Employment Office) has a section for men and a section for women. In the men’s section efforts are made to find unskilled labor, semi-skilled labor, skilled labor, farm labor, clerical, sales, technical, professional, and executive employment for the unemployed. In the women’s section efforts are made to find domestic, unskilled labor, skilled labor, clerical, sales, technieal, professional, and executive em- ployment for the unemployed. In each office the interviews are conducted by examiners who have had wide experience in various lines of industrial and commercial work. Frequently their interviews and examinations are supplemented by the services of representatives of employers who may temporarily be stationed in the State Employment Offices. Before referring ap- plicants to positions, other than common labor and domestic work, the examiners request definite specifications and specific instructions from the employers as to the exact kind of employes desired. In making the references the examiners are, therefore, guided in their work by these specific instructions and definite specifications. Furthermore, the examiners and field representatives from time to time visit the indus- trial plants and commercial establishments in their district and at- tempt to learn by observation and by interviews with foremen, super- intendents, and employment managers the specific qualifications of cer- tain semi-skilled. skilled, technical, and trained workers so that they Dy Jl may be guided by this information in their examination and place- ment work. Each State Employment Office makes a special effort to recruit farm labor for the farms in its district. In a number of the State Employment Offices one day of each week has been set aside as a farm labor day, selected according to the customs of the locality, on which day farmers seeking help and farm workers seeking employment can meet at the State Employment Offices for interviews and for the mak- ing of working agreements. In this effort to furnish labor to the farmer, the State Employment Offices have had the complete and thor- ough cooperation of the local granges of the Pennsylvania State Grange. During the spring and early summer months all the State Fr. ployment Offices make special efforts to secure for high school and college students summer or vacation employment wherever it can be found. Frequently the older boys and young men are advan- tageously placed upon farms. In connection with this summer em- ployment a special effort is made to find when possible for the students such work as may eoordinate with their school or college courses. The Bureau of Employment maintains a daily inter-office clearance system whereby applications of persons who cannot be placed in the district of one office are cleared to those other offices in whose districts there may be openings for such applicants, and whereby orders or requisitions for employes which cannot locally be filled are cleared to those other offices in whose districts there may be an avail- able supply of the workers desired. On January 1, 1928, there was inaugurated by the Bureau of Em- ployment a monthly survey letter report upon employment and busi- ness conditions in every section of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which upon the first of each month is issued and mailed to the business men of the Commonwealth. The Bureau of Employment has found it most advantageous to in- sure that it properly reflects the pulse of those interested in the various activities of industry and employment through the development and organization of committees particularly interested in such activities throughout the Commonwealth. These committees enable both the Bureau and the Department to find out the opinion of any given indus- try or of persons interested in a given industry with reference to any projected action. They further enable the Department to secure sound advice on possible methods of extending its influence. With this fact in mind, the Bureau of Employment has created in sach of the districts where it has an employment office, a cooperative representative council or an advisory committee composed of represen- tative citizens of the district. This council holds regular stated meet- ings during the year and such special meetings as may be necessary. At these meetings the work of the local employment office is discussed and plans for increasing and improving the service of the office are considered and made. In addition to cooperation with the other bureaus in the Department of Labor and Industry, with the several departments of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, and with the United States Employment Serv- ice, the Bureau of Employment is constantly establishing definite working relations with every organization whereby it can assist in finding employment for unemployed persons, 2A This Section inspects and supervises the activities of private employ- nent and theatrical agencies which are licensed by the Department of Labor and Industry. The Bureau of Employment maintains fourteen State Employment Nffices in Pennsylvania, located as follows: Bureau of Employment (Main Office) Rooms 409-410, South Office Building, I'he Capitol, . Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ALLENTOWN Lehigh Valley State Employment Office, Rooms 1 and 2, Second floor, Perkin Building, 599.31 Hamilton Street. YVistrict : Carbon. Lehigh, and Northampton Counties. ALTOONA BRIE Cooperative State Employment Office, Room 223 Central Trust Building. District : Bedford. Blair, Centre, and Huntingdon Counties. State Employment Office, 1026 French Street. strict: “ameron, Crawford, Elk, Erie, McKean, and Warren Counties. HARRISBURG State Employment Office, Second floor, Ensinger Building, £31 Chestnut Street. istrict : Adams, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Juniata, Lebanon, VIiflin, Perry, Snyder, and York Counties. JOHNSTOWN Jtate Employment Office, Iecond floor, 219 Market Street. Mstriet : Western Bedford, Cambria, Clearfield, Fulton, Jefferson, ndiana. Somerset, and Hastern Westmoreland Counties. LANCASTER Jooperative State Employment Office, Third floor, ¥. M. C. A. Building West Orange and North Queen Streets Mstrict : Lancaster, and York Counties. McKEESPORT Nooperative State Employment Office, First floor, Y. M. C. A. Building, Ringeold Avenue & Sinclair Street. istrict : Southern Allegheny, Fayette, Greene, and Washington Counties. NEW CASTLE Cooperative State First floor, Y. M. West Washington Employment Office, C. A. Building, Qtreet. Distriet : Butler. Mercer. and Lawrence Counties. 1 OIL CITY Cooperative State Employment Office, First floor, Y. M. C. A. Building, 206 Seneca Street. istrict: Clarion, Ferest, and Venango Counties. PHILADELPHIA State Employment Office, 124 North Fifteenth .Street. istrict: Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties. PITTSBURGH State Employment Office, 822 Grant Street. istrict : Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Fayette, Greene, Washington, and Western Westmoreland Counties. READING State Employment Office, First floor, rear rooms, 533 Penn Street. District : Berks, and Schuylkill Counties. SCRANTON State Employment Office, 717 Linden treet. istrict Columbia, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Monroe, Pike, Susquehanna, Wayne, and Wyoming Counties. WILLIAMSPORT Jooperative State Employment Office, Ground floor, Y. M. C. A, Building, 343 West Fourth Street. ¥istrict : Bradford, Clinton, Lycoming, Montour, Northumberland, Potter, Sullivan, Tioga. and Union Counties. SECTION OF PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. Central Office, Room 410, South Office Building, The Capitol, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Eastern District Office, 124 North Fifteenth Street. Philadelphia. Pa. Western Distriet Office, 622 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. Tete BS ; ilelhg \ 2) foes uly BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL g STANDARDS , @ oC Loy NJ # fied The Bureau of Industrial Standards is a recent Bureau of the Department of Labor and Industry, having been organized December 8, 1924. It was created to carry out the provisions of the general law (Administrative Code) approved June 7, 1923, which reorganized the Government of the Common- wealth. This law placed upon the: Department of Labor and Industry the duty of developing the rules and regulations necessary for the proper enforcement of laws entrusted to she Department, and for prescribing means, methods, and practices for the protection of the lives and health of workers. The creation of the Bureau of Industrial Standards provided the necessary machin- ery for the proper fulfillment of this obligation. The Bureau is divided into two sections, the Research Section, and ‘he Hygiene and Sanitation Seetion. The Research Section has charge of the development of all rules and regulations except those relating to occupational diseases, and general health and sanitation. The necessity for the development of the rules is determined in several ways: First, the Accident Investigation Section of the Bureau of Inspection may determine the necessity for the preparation of eer- tain rules through the investigation of a group of accidents. Such investigation definitely determines the cause and establishes the means of preventing a recurrence. Data thus secured when translated into a regulation furnishes all plants having the hazard with information on which to take steps to eliminate it. Second, information from the Bureau of Inspection through its general inspection work. The in- spectors of that Bureau who are constantly visiting establishments under the jurisdiction of the Department are -in a position to recom- mend very definite methods for eliminating hazards. Third, the gen- eral accident statistics prepared monthly by the Bureau of Statisties. Fourth, the general work of safety organizations, Departments of Labor and Industry of other states, of trade associations and indi- vidual establishments. All of these are being studied in order to secure new information on methods of eliminating accidents. After the necessity for a rule or a group of rules has been deter- mined, the procedure of development may take either one of two courses. The first is through the use of a national code or group of regulations, and the second through investigation by the Research Section, and reference to an advisory committee appointed from the Pennsylvania industries which will be affected by the rules when promulgated. The national regulations prepared under the procedure of the Amer- ican Standards Association have been used by the Department of Labor and Industry for several years. The work of the American 29 21) Standards Association is an attempt to bring about greater uniform- ity in the development of safety regulations by the various regulatory trade associations, insurance companies and rating bureaus. The desirability of cooperating in this movement was evident to the De- partment whenever it endeavored to collect material for the develop- ment of regulations on a particular subject. National codes are de- veloped by the best minds in the country and the Department, there- fore, has the opportunity of taking advantage of expert opinion, which it could not do if it had to pay for such service. An additional advantage to the Department in adopting the na- tional codes as a basis for state codes, is that it simplifies inspection work. The national codes are being used by national trade associa- tions as standards to be used by their members in the manufacture of their products. This means that machinery and equipment will be sold direct to Pennsylvania industries in a form acceptable to the De- partment making it unnecessary to issue orders for the purchasing of this equipment. It will mean that in an industry, such as the con- tracting industry, the members of which no longer confine themselves to a particular locality in which to work but who go out for business everywhere, can be assured that their equipment will be acceptable wherever they go and that they will know and understand the rules and regulations that they will be required to comply with. For these and many reasons the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Indus- try has joined the ranks of other forward looking states and is using national codes as the basis of the state regulations whenever this is ossible. ° Whenever national codes are not used, the Research Section con- ucts its own investigation and from the data collected prepares a tentative draft of the proposed regulations. An advisory committee from the industry to be affected by the regulation is appointed to whom is referred this tentative draft. This committee composed of :mployers, employes, technicians, and members of the Department, ase this tentative draft as a basis for discussions and for preparation of a new draft for presentation to the Department. One such advisory committee is now cooperating with the Bureau in the development of the new Fire and Panic Regulations. Clarence W. Brazer, President of the Pennsylvania Institute of Architects, assisted in the formation of this committee, which is composed of Irwin T. Catharine and George I. Lovatt, both of Philadelphia; Julian Millard, Harrisburg; G. Wes- ley Stickle, Erie; and Donald F. Innes, Wilkes-Barre. From this point, the procedure in the development of regulations is the same whether the national code plan or the state committee plan ls used in preparation of the tentative draft. The draft of the regu- lation is sent to the Industrial Board in order that it may hold public hearings on the regulations to determine whether they shall be ap- proved for promulgation. A copy is also sent to the Bureau of In- spection for its eriticism from the viewpoint of their practical experi- ence. The criticism received by the Industrial Board in this way is reviewed by the Bureau of Industrial Standards, and a final draft of the regulations prepared, which is again submitted to the Industrial Board for final approval. Promulgation by the Secretary of Labor and Industry immediately follows approval. This outline of the procedure followed by the Bureau of Industrial Standards in the development of regulations indicates the effort that 21 is made to insure practical and enforceable regulations. The cooper- ation given by industry in the formulation of industrial standards is of tremendous value not only in the preparation, but in their en- forcement. APPROVAL OF DEVICES Another important duty of the Research Section is that of approving jevices. This work is divided into two parts. First, there are the jevices required to be approved by the regulations of the Department. [n other words, some parts of machines or equipment are considered so hazardous that the Department should control the types of guards placed on the machines. The regulations are, therefore, so written as to permit only approved guards to be installed on such machines or aquipment. The duty of approving the devices falls upon the Industrial Board, but this Board, through the very nature of its structure, must depend on some other agency to conduct the necessary investigations of such devices, and so refers them to the Bureau of Industrial Standards. The Research Section makes a complete study of the device to determine if it meets the requirements of the regulations, whether it is practical and dependable, and whether the reputation of the manufacturer is such as to guarantee that the device will continue to be manufactured ae- aording to specifications. The second type of approvals covers all other devices submitted to the Department in order that it may be in a position to advise indus- iries as to the practicability of the device and whether it will satisfac- torily perform the work it is intended to do. There is no legal backing to the approval and industries are not required to use such approved devices. The approval simply places the Department in a position of being able to tell inquiring industries where they can purchase a device that will satisfactorily take care of a particular guarding problem. The investigation procedure is the same as for Industrial Board ap- provals but no report of the investigation is made to the Board. Lists of these two classes of approvals are prepared by the Research Section and are available for distribution. GENERAL RESEARCH Realizing that the inspectors who have the duty of enforcing the regulations cannot be expected to interpret them to others as well as the organization that prepared them, this Bureau prepares, in the form of what is known as departmental bulletins, standard instructions con- serning the enforcement of the regulations, explanations of the mean- ing of particular rules, and illustrations of the methods of applying the rules to particular conditions. This work not only enables the inspector to give the industries in his district a proper explanation of the mean- ing of these regulations, but it insures that the inspection force labors as one man in its general enforcement work and in a way intended by the regulations. This Bureau also makes special studies concerning accident-preven- tion work for the purpose of preparing data that will be helpful to the industries of the Commonwealth, may be useful in supplementing regu- lations. or simply be of an advisory nature. 3€) In addition to any general educational work the Bureau might do in the carrying out of its routine work, it is engaging in certain special forms of educational work such as assisting in the formation of com- munity safety organizations; in cooperating with existing local organi- zations already established ; in the holding of safety conferences through the furnishing of speakers and by making efforts to increase the at- tendance. The Bureau takes a leading part in the development of the program and other features of the annual state-wide conferences. It is prepared to assist any organization interested in accident-prevention work in the educational phase of its program. HYGIENE AND SANITATION The function of the Hygiene and Sanitation Section of the Bureau of Industrial Standards is to deal with the problem of health as affected by employment. All reports of industrial accidents received by the Compensation Bureau refers to this section all reports of disabilities caused by disease. In the present Workmen’s Compensation Law “Injury’’ and ‘personal injury’’ as used in that Act ‘‘mean only violence to the physical structure of the body, and such disease or infection as naturally results therefrom.”’ Reports of disabilities aris- ing in the course of employment other than those coming under that classification are not received in large numbers. They do not, in any degree, indicate the frequency with which the industrial population of the state is being disabled by materials or through methods of manu- facture carrying with them a health hazard. They do, however, offer an avenue of approach, and, together with reports from other sources of clearly defined, or of supposed cases of industrial disease, are in- vestigated and suggestions are made for removing the conditions re- sponsible for them. This service is sought by employers, employes, physicians, and other interested persons. In addition to dealing with these individual cases, it receives infor- mation on health hazards in general, studies the conditions producing such hazards, or, without specific reports on such conditions, initiates studies of related problems. If the carrying on of such studies requires technical knowledge and equipment not available in the Department of Labor and Industry, the Hygiene and Sanitation Section calls on cooperating bodies of individuals to assist in the research necessary for their completion. The results of such investigation are made public through bulletins published by the Department. If definite dangers are found, the section recommends methods of eliminating them by means of regulations based on the findings, and developed and issued by the Department. This work is restricted because of the inability of the Department to enlist the aid of agencies not under its jurisdie- tion for the carrying on of needed investigation. Were it not hampered by such limitations increased service would be available for prompt technical research into a number of important problems which must now remain untouched. Adequate protective measures can be based only on facts. Since it is the function of this Department to develop these measures, it should, of necessity, be in a position to determine the conditions calling for such action. The Hygiene and Sanitation Seetion cooperates with the Bureau of [nspeetion by inviting the field inspectors to bring to the Section prob. 29 lems of health and sanitation which they encounter in the field and in the solution of which they feel they need special advice. Such help, when definite regulations on the subject are not needed, is given direct to the inspector to aid him in solving, with the employer, the problems in question. This further broadens the experience of the field inspector as a practical safety engineer. Replying to inquiries from all sources concerning the dangers to health in specific industrial processes, the Section supplies data on the points in question from the experiences of the members of the Depart- ment or from published information which has been collected and made available by other investigators. In addition, the Section maintains sonstant contact with individuals and agencies interested in improving generally the health of workers and the conditions under which they are employed. A recent important work of the Hygiene and Sanitation Section has been the investigation of the health hazards of spray coating. This investigation was the first of its kind undertaken on such a large scale by any such organization in the country. Locations where this work has been carried on have been very carefully investigated and the conclusions have been published in a very comprehensive report. The report contains the first authentic information and investigation on the subject. The tremendous growth in the use of the spray method of coating surfaces has made it important that the health hazards to workmen be definitely ascertained. Tt is on the findings of this investi- gation that the regulations on spray coating promulgated by this De- partment were based. When the laws enforced by this Department and relating to the health of the workers require the preparation of posters, or abstracts of the laws for posting in the establishment concerned, the preparation ~f such material is done by the Hygiene and Sanitation Section. EAR EY Fa LN / 2,0 fs 2) = os +4 Min 2 7 = NT = 0 te SH “ial Ns COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY NOV. 15,1929 PETER GLICK very Stan _—~"WoRrkMEN'S ~ in Cuange of aL Dispurco Cases Unozh Woruwen's Comprusarion Laws, Sustx vision or Rergrees. Pau, Wo Houck, CHarRman Jouw Lo MorriI3ON Joseen €, FLairz Pergr GLick, Ex=Ofricio 8rcRETARY Jo C, DetuciLen REFEl 8 rr emer meer. Hearing AsaiGHED CLaima Unoea WoRxmEn'3 CompEs= BATION Law, LLTOONA = J. Swrozs JuBors = Fy A. Hess GReENspURG = J. R, Kegrem Kang - 6. 8, Smith LANCASTER = H, B. Lutz PuiLacELpria = HoH MaTTMANN * = J. 9, Drrrven Pirrasvaas = L.E.CHRIBTLEY * =| vio B.Jouns Porravitee -' C. Seiroer Scaanron « > W. Bazmer WiLkes-tanrg « a E, Lewis ALLAN Ft) = UR Yogreperres Direcror, WM. H, Hosues | Assesrant, M, Go LEHMAN ————————— A0uINISTERS THE WORKMEN'S CoupENsaTION Law AND HE Law REQUIRING THE REPORTING GF IND USTA IAL AccroenTs, ! \pPRavES an0 DisapprovEs COMPENSATION AGREEMENT So BupcmyviSEs INSURANCE LovEAacE AND GRANTS SELF INSURANCE. Insunancqd ACCioEM. Coveaa AGREEMENT, Szcrion AND | Recevey | | Szerion Ja. 8, Freo P. | 8. F, | Mu. G. Joun Ae MEANS ¥incEnT BELLERS 1 Given k mcOonaLn | _ tere ALTOONA PiTTABURGH Epwrn BaLoriooe Fo J. MONTGOMERY IREZNSBURG Josepu TELFORD Paul Le FLiguraen TAMAQUA ITTANN NG Paul H. Biscwerr Mices A, MisLiros Wilkes-Barre PHILADELPHIA Haary TREmiLoOX 13aat Jinvie A. M. Bim — | e— LUREAU OF Women arp CriwpREN NIRECTOR, Sama M, Sorrel 1851 5TANT, BEATRICE MCCONNELL NYESTIGATES CONDITIONS SURROUNDING EMPL OTHE NT OF WomEN AnD CHiLOREN, SUPERVISES INOUATR IAL HOMEWORK. ALTOONA Eoma M. Keom IASR1S3URS Vrs. Oana He Guinivaw PHILADELPHIA Vaioa L, Nout 2 YTRAPACN SUREAU OF DiRrecTOR Witktau S. Crozikr ——— —————— Regnogas DisapLed Persons Fir vo Engact in | BuiTasiLe EMPLOYMENT, —tetetmrn DisrRicr Urricks ALTOONA = W, H, Hannue duBors = Frank G.Nowax Harrizsuse «= Rov E. Ziwn PHILADELPHIA = Ju Jo NORRIY PirTssuron « H.E.WanoLKes PorrsviLie = Wo H, Ent WiLxEs-BANRE = G. W. Ravw EMPLOYED Rev on AUDIT INC 8gevion — flomen & CHicomen SEcrion ] | Perea Be CuTanatt bine. Evare MiooLETON Executive Bureau “wAR100LE, UsPuTy SECRETARY ————————— oMINISTERS GEmERaL DEPAAT~ WENTAL PRocEount, ‘ensonnEL SECTION. TILES AWD RECORDS BEeTION. PHOTOGRAPHY AND QurLitaTing Sxcrion, | EoiYomiAL ANO PusLictyy Becrion, Joun MH, WaLkgr \owiu) 0TERS Lave £ Raga TIONS ENFORCED BY THE Deor, AS THEY APPLY TO BTAYE-OwngD 1uiLDINGS & EQUIPMENT. UREAV OF —Sranisr es Qinecror, Wu, J. Macuing Assistant, T, C. Sues A ——eet————— ComriLks ano DisTAiBUTER SYaTisricaL Data ran rie DEPARTUENT. WUREAU OF INSPECTION Diregeror, Harry DO, fumeL Assis~ant, T. J. Goure OMIN._.... .. 0. _...8 RELATING TO INSPECTION OF MANUFACTURING AND MERCANTILE ESTABLISH WEMTS, PLaces or AsdEmoLy, MuLT)PLE wgiLi nas, Eve. Lol. Beppviam BullDING ection TIER, Cod SaTwaLt Asst. (ir Snance “OT iON PicTunrs a.PoLy ie ,\ENES Quan iE! SgeTiod 8. F. ! add Just BLAing W, Boox ' - - toPuiLaceLeria (CITY) 6=WiLLiauseory J. J. Correv A, Karwan 2-Upesn Tansy T=Jonusrown R. W, Hagugry Go Vo Faank F-Hazieron 8-PiTTRsUNGH R, P. Camutma A. Po Huoxgsre!¥ t=8granton S=KanE Te He Bavitak Co Mo Cangy SeLancasven ©. B. Buck) Nar AM Accounting Bureau Dingnvan, W, C, HaLFpENNY ———— ‘IAinTains DEpaarTuEnTAL Accounva ano Budest RECORDS. DUREAL OF 'NDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Birccron Oavip WiLLtaus . I — 3CFTLEMENT OF INOUSTRIAL Disrures, OrveLoruent or Serre EnpLoven-ExrLove RELATIONS, - BUREAU OF 3E00ING AND UpHoLsTeRy’ UtRecTor, M. P. FReOERIGK ASSISTANT, F. W. Wralg tren te erm stmt AoMINISTERS THE Law GOvERN= ING THE SaLg OF MATTRESSES, | PiLLOwS, BEDDING AND JPROLSTERED FURNITURE. ~~ OUREAU OF NDYSTRIAL STANDARE Binreeron CYRIL Armswonre DUREAL OF EMP ~VMENT Diazcron 5. 8, Riopeg ramp Finos EMPLOYMENT FOR THE Uneuptoveo, SuPERviIsEs FHE ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT Angue 18. €vELOrs BTanorr0s FoR Heaurn and Sarcry in InpusTay ror Cons 1DRRATION 3¢ InDvaTeiaL 8oanro, fangs |wvEsTIQATIONS OF InousTriaL Conoirions FTHER THAN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS. CipENny ¥vestioa Tio Srerion + HYGraNg AND SANITATION 1 BecTion = ee— — WNGINEER~ EmpLovm ING Orrick Scerion Bxcrion 8. W, Homan am — ICENSED AGENT EET ION Frannie l Section i Joun s | Seioen Or, £. B Broken Geo, W. VANWAGNE! rere in Re LENT OWN We asTLE Cuamzs A, Rgszn R. Lo MzEamany ALTOONA 01L City va 8, Coates 8, J, Srammrrr, Jn. w, PriLaoTLemia A. W. MorLey Ko WM. CooLBavaNn SRA BURG Parrseunan Pacsron 8, Briagh J. Fo MiTeweLs QUNSTOEN Rear na Fo WM, Mansricie Janes 8, BinLonas "ANCASTER Bonasnton | ake HN, Wicxzar Ww, Eowin Nusse cXucsponr Jkt tAMSPORT Eaanx E. woos F, A, MrssLgn BY, L - a4 INDUSTRIA ARD CONDUCTS HEARINGS AND RECOMMENDS APPROVAL »f RyLes and Reau-~ -ATIONS, CosstoEas APPEALS ON APRLICATION 2 Lason Laws. EYER CLiex, CHAIRMAN JoNk Ay PHILLIPS te Lo LinoERNAR somes W, Fisnin Ans, HUGH NEELY FLEMING SKCNETARY © ARNDLO | espe tare WorkMEN ny £_BoarpD ADMINISTERS THE Law For THE UPEAATION I OF THK STATE WORK= MEN'S SHausanck Funo. PeTEm Guiex SECRETARY OF LABOR 4 INOUSTR CHargman EowaRD MART 14 Srare_Treasunea MatTHEw He Taosaar InsusaANCE COMMIBBIONER A. WI TATE ¥/ORKMEN'S INSURANCE FUND MANAGER, PuiLip HM, DEwey ASSISTANT, JOHN Go BinGaMAN | —— it SA sont 5ONDUCTS THE Business or Bratt womxmEN'S Insurance Fumo. Carmiga UT Rutings or 8Tavx Noaxmg u's Iusunance BOARD, +COUNT. SzeTion {om iggTION NOUSTAI. SECTION NECTION | | w. w, ; WASHASAU ALEXANDER Ka He AXWELL Teun NOHA WL son v! RITTER sn Sr sien ALLE -N OLLPHIA Ge. Mo HEwwiNDER «eo Wa. MaCFARLAND - ILTOONA Serrseunck 1 Epcar Thomas Ww, G, Dicx weLEn PoTrEVIiLLE 8. Po. aNOLNSON Jo Fo BOnNER “ERNSBURS ‘ SCRANTON HN. W. Wasuasay Geonge Do Kare IARRE SsuRE Junsuny ! ELi 8. Bersan HM. F. NEIswenren tonngromn WiLkgs-Banag i L. 3, Kesusauon (Mua) Janes A. Ogwey »OCK HAVEN, York HB. SHEARER H, Ko Frag er UNDER WRITING Secrion Faame UEHAVEN BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS The Bureau of Industrial Relations is that Bureau of the Department of Labor and Industry which studies the conditions existing between employer and employe in the industries of the State to the end that misunderstandings or disagreements may be avoided, or promptly adjusted if they do arise. The principal duties of the Bureau are therefore David Williams to prevent labor disputes between employers and employes or, if unable to prevent, to adjust such trouble, so that harmony may prevail in the industry affected. COLLECTION OF UNION WAGE SCHEDULES In addition to giving attention to industrial disputes, the representa- tives of the Bureau of Industrial Relations also assist the Bureau of Statistics in collecting union wage schedules in cities of Pennsylvania. In connection with these schedules, the representatives of the Bureau must visit all parts of the Commonwealth and confer with representa- tives of local unions and with employers. The information collected by these representatives is compiled by the Bureau of Statistics and used in reports issued by that Bureau for the Department of Labor and Industry. The Bureau of Statistics also forwards the data gathered for several of the cities to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor at Washington for use in Federal reports. Due to the fact that the collection of these statistics is gradually being extended to more cities and additional trades, it has become one of the important fune- tions of the Bureau of Industrial Relations. MEDIATION OF LABOR DISPUTES The Bureau of Industrial Relations performs that function of the Department outlined in the Administrative Code as follows: Section 2206. Mediation and Arbitration—The Department of Labor and Industry shall have the power, and its duties shall be, whenever a difference arises between an employer and his employes with regard to wages, hours, or conditions of employment, to send a representative of the department promptly to the locality in which such difference exists, and endeavor by mediation to effect an amicable settlement of the controversy. If such settlement cannot be effected, and the dispute is submitted for arbitration, the department, in the event of the failure of representatives of em- ployer and employes to name an impartial person to act as chair- man of the board of arbitration, shall, if requested by the parties to the dispute, select such person to act as such chairman. OBSERVANCE OF SAFETY CODES In addition to the responsibility of attempting to adjust labor dis- putes arising within the Commonwealth. the Bureau of Industrial Re- 3 6 lations assists in informing employes, and in some cases employers, regarding the many benefits derived from the observance of the safety codes and provisions of the labor laws of Pennsylvania. In fact, the Bureau seeks to prevent industrial unrest from misunder- standings between employers and employes, if there be any possible way for such misunderstandings or grievanees to be adjusted. ARBITRATION NOT COMPULSORY The law providing for mediation and arbitration of industrial dis- putes does not give authority for compulsory arbitration in any con- croversy. This feature of the law has the apparent approval of both the employers and employes. It is the desire of the Department of Labor and Industry to prove to both employer and employe that it is to the interest of both groups to meet the controversy as fair-minded men, and to consider all factors of the dispute. The Bureau endeavors to secure a settlement that will allow the employes to return to their work feeling that the settlement is just, thereby encouraging a mental attitude that will tend to greater efficiency in their work. In attempting to adjust an industrial dispute, this Bureau reecog- nizes the policy which must be followed if any successful results are to be expected. When a condition of industrial warfare exists in an industry and the leaders of the employes and the employing manage- ment have in consequence reached a point in their relationships where a crisis is imminent, experience and tact in adjusting labor disputes are required to get the contending parties together. The representatives of the Bureau are under strict orders to main- ‘ain at all times a position of impartiality and to act in a way to prove the Bureau of Industrial Relations to be of benefit to the industries of ‘he Commonwealth. Information received by the Director or the Mediators of the Bureau is eonsidered confidential and the work of the Bureau is constantly ander the direct supervision of the Secretary of Labor and Industry, whose attention is always directed to any serious industrial difficulty in which the Bureau is endeavoring to be of conciliatory service. PROMPT ACTION MAY PREVENT STRIKES The entire field staff of the other Bureaus of the Department are supplied with forms for the reporting of controversies and disputes in industry which may be adjusted by the representatives of this Bureau. It is desired that the Bureau receive the information of a labor dispute hefore the controversy has reached the stage of strike or lock-out, so that disputes may be adjusted with less Joss and less trouble to both smployer and employe. The Bureau also cooperates and acts jointly with the Division of Conciliation of the Federal Department of Labor, which maintains a number of Commissioners of Conciliation in Pennsylvania, to assist in the settlement of labor disputes. Many times strikes or other labor controversies extend beyond the limits of the State and the cooperative working agreement between this Bureau and the Federal Department of Labor, which operates in all States, results in the dispute being adjusted without the State mediators being handicapped by State limi- tations. 27 It will be noted that the Administrative Code directs the Depart- ment to select the chairman of an arbitration board, if such request is made to the Department by both parties to the dispute. It is not the desire of the Department that this duty shall be forced upon it if it is possible for the parties to the dispute to agree upon a chairman of the arbitration board. When strikes or labor disputes are settled by agree- ment between the parties to the dispute, through their own chosen representatives, experience has proved beyond any question that the relationship between the parties to the settlement is far more harmoni- ous and lasting than when the dispute is settled by a decision of an arbitrator. The Department, therefore, urges the settlement of labor disputes through mediation and conciliation and only advises arbitra- tion when every effort at conciliation has failed. It is the desire of the Department to assist in keeping the industries continually in operation without interference occasioned by industrial disputes. Any and all legitimate means to promote harmony and understanding between the employer and employe, and to bring about this condition are part of the duties of the Bureau of Industrial Rela- tions and its representatives in the field. BUREAU OF STATISTICS The principal powers and duties delegated to the Bureau of Statistics in the administrative work of the Department of Labor and Industry are outlined in Section 2204 of the Administrative Code which reads as follows: ““The Department of Labor and Industry shall have the power to collect, compile, and publish statistics relating to labor and industry, to or- ganizations of employes, and to organizations of employers.”’ The word ‘‘statisties’’ is defined generally as meaning numerical facts, collectively, pertaining to a body of things, especially quantita- tive data scientifically and systematically -collected, tabulated, collated, and analyzed. The Bureau of Statisties was organized in June, 1923. Prior to that time each bureau in the Department kept its own statistical records and published information concerning its own individual activities. This plan operated unsatisfactorily, and the demand for information, purely statistical in nature, con- cerning the work of the Department had increased to such an extent that it was found to be advisable to form a separate and distinct agency to carry on the statistical work for the entire Department. The scope of statistical work was enlarged, and it now covers nearly all compilations that are used for ad- ministrative information and guidance, as well as for all statistical information that is of general pub- lic interest. The main and important groups into which the statistical work of the Bureau is divided are: In- dustrial accidents, compensation, employment, wages, building activi- ties. and Departmental records. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND COMPENSATION The collection and classification of facts relating to industrial acei- dents on the basis of their relative number and manner of occurrence is the major part of the Bureau’s work. The primary purpose in secur- ing statistics of accidents is to obtain reliable information upon which effective safety work may be based, and to indicate places where the adoption and strict enforcement of accident preventive measures is desirable. Secondary considerations are to obtain aceurate records of the number and kind of industrial aecidents occurring, to provide material for research into the effect of Workmen’s Compensation and the need for improvements in Workmen’s Compensation Legislation, and generally, to assist in the proper administration of the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation law. In order to obtain best results for each of the considerations named. RY tN it is necessary to classify accident information in considerable detail. The field for correlation of accident and compensation data is almost unlimited. The mention of a few uses that are made of accident and compensation data may serve to illustrate this point. Employers want accident information in order to compare their accident experience with the experience of others engaged in kindred lines. Manufacturers of machinery want to know the hazards of particular machines so that new produets may be made with every known safeguard. The Depart- ment wants to know where accident hazards exist so that proper protective and preventive regulations may be adopted. Insurance companies want to know accident hazards for use in rate making. Manufacturers of safety devices are eager to get accident records for use in advertising their products. Manufacturers of first-aid equip- ment want to know about the frequency of infection in accident cases. Governmental agencies in other states want accident records with which they may compare their own experience. Illustrations of the nature of the demand for accident statisties could go on indefinitely. It is sufficient to say that there is a real demand for accident statistics of the most detailed character. The Bureau endeavors to supply accident information in as much detail as possible and tabulates accident data in a great variety of classifications. The source of industrial accident information is the reports received by the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation of all accidents that cause a loss of working time of two or more days. These reports must be made to the Department within 30 days following the accidents. Fatal accidents as a rule are reported within 24 hours. The Bureau of Work- men’s Compensation also receives copies and approves all agreements ander which compensation payments are made; these agreements pro- vide the information from which tabulations relating to compensation are prepared. This information is classified, coded and punched on tabular eards in the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation, and the cards are then sent to the Bureau of Statistics for tabulation, analysis, and the preparation of reports. A new feature in the work of the Bureau of Statistics was inaugurated in January, 1929. When plans were being made for the Industrial Safety Campaign of 1929, it was decided that during the eampaign the work of the inspectors of the Department should be directed on the basis of the accident experience of individual employers. The Bureau of Statistics was instructed to plan to furnish the Inspection Bureau each month beginning January, 1929, with records showing the number of accidents reported by each industrial establishment in the state during the month immediately preceding. This was an impor- tant development in the statistical work of the Department, as there are approximately 25,000 manufacturing plants in the state, together with an indefinite number of construction companies, quarry operators, mercantile establishments, hotels, restaurants, institutions, ete., the work of providing a monthly accident record for each of these firms was no small task. Accident records for coal mining companies, and transpor- tation and public utility companies, except records for maintenance and repair shops of the latter groups, were excluded from these tabulations because safety inspection and accident investigation in coal mines and public utilities are functions of other state departments. Some modi- fications of the reporting system were made so that records of estab- (1 lishments employing less than five workers could be omitted because of their relative unimportance, but even with these various exclusions the Bureau of Statisties is now compiling the accident experience monthly for approximately 25,000 establishments, more than two-thirds of which are manufacturing plants. By providing the Bureau of Inspection with current information concerning the accident experience in these estab- lishments, the work of the inspector is concentrated primarily on the individual establishments having bad accident records, instead of fol- lowing the system of routine inspections by block areas previously in effect. The new system is working very satisfactorily and is produeing good results in accident prevention work. The attention of the in- spectors is now directed more immediately to places where the need for their services is greatest. EMPLOYMENT Two principal forms of employment statisties are compiled by the Department. First is the record of activities of the State Employment sffices, and second is the reports on volume of employment and wage payments secured monthly from approximately 900 manufacturing es- tablishments and construction firms in the State. The reports of activities of State Employment offices measure employ- ment in three ways. First, they record the number of applicants for smployment. This registration of applications for employment gives a fairly accurate picture of the condition of the labor market at any given time or in any locality. The second measure of employment is the record of the number and class of employes needed by employers. This second record serves to confirm facts shown in the application record ; for usually when work is plentiful, applicants for employment are few and demands from employers for help are high; and inversely when work is scarce, applicants for employment fairly besiege the em- ployment offices, while demands from employers for help are few. The third part of the Employment Bureau records that give an insight into employment conditions is the report of placements made. The second class of employment information is obtained directly from individual industrial concerns by means of questionnaires sent to them monthly, asking for a report of their employment and payroll figures for the current month. Through a cooperative agreement this work is performed jointly by the Third Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and this Bureau. Collection of this class of employment data was begun in January, 1923, from about one-half of the 900 firms that are now reporting. These employment figures represent approximately 30 per cent of the total manufacturing and construction employment in the Commonwealth and serve as fairly sensitive indices of employment and earnings for those two industries. UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR The Bureau has been able to do little in the matter of wage studies. Unless wages and wage rates are fixed by definite agreement, it is always difficult to determine actual earnings in a given industry or occupation. Where wage rates are fixed by definite agreement, the assembling and compiling of wage rates is comparatively easy. The most complete wage study made by the Bureau is the annual compilation of the rates of wages and hours of labor as shown by 192 the working agreements of union labor organizations. These data are collected by the Department of Labor and Industry of Pennsyl- vania in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Labor Sta- tisties. The work was inaugurated in Pennsylvania in 1919, and the data has been gathered in each succeeding year. Originally this information was gathered in sixteen Pennsylvania cities but that number has since been increased to twenty-four. Union wage data is now compiled for the following cities: Allentown, Altoona, Chester, DuBois, Easton, Erie, Harrisburg, Hazleton, Johnstown, Lancaster, Meadville, New Castle, Oil City, Philadelphia, Pottsville, Pittsburgh, Seranton, Sharon, Warren, Washington, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, and York. Rates for approximately seventy crafts are represented in this compilation. The information, as nearly as possible, is con- fined to scales of wages paid to union workmen but in some cases, especially in the absence of union organizations in the locality, pre- valling non-union rates are determined and published. Even this one wage compilation alone represents the expenditure of a large amount of time and money. Numerous personal interviews are neces- sary in order to obtain the required information. Experience has demonstrated that the only satisfactory method of seeuring accurate wage figures is through personal calls made on the local representa- tives of the various unions. This is the Federal practice, and it has been followed in Pennsylvania. The Bureau of Industrial Relations is constantly in touch with Union officials in the various cities and for that reason the agents of that bureau have been assigned the work of collecting the union wage data during the last few years. These union wage scales are published in special bulletins of the Department of Labor and Industry and of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Rates for the years 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, and 1924, are published in one special bulletin of the Department of Labor and Industry printed in 1924. Rates for subsequent years are oublished in separate bulletins. " The Union wage rates as published by the Department are of con- siderable interest and value to employers in this and other states. The rates as published in our bulletins are used by contractors in fig- aring labor costs on construction jobs in the various cities. A state- wide knowledge of wage rates is also of value to the Department in adjusting wage disputes. BUILDING PERMITS Building activities in a number of Pennsylvania cities and boroughs constitute another field of statistical inquiry. Collection through monthly reports from building inspection offices of the number and sstimated value of permits granted in the cities and boroughs of the State was begun in January, 1923. For a few years this information was published in the Department bulletin, but it was found that the information is of maximum value when it can be brought to the atten- tion of interested persons soon after permits have been granted. With a view toward making this possible, widespread publicity is now given to building permit reports by means of press notices that are released within a few days after complete reports have been received at the Department. There is considerable demand for this class of informa- tion and copies of reports are furnished to a number of financial insti- tutions and to the Federal Government. These reports of building are of interest to construction companies, manufacturers and jobbers of building supplies, and to tradesmen engaged in the various building trades. Building permit information is now published monthly by the De- partment for the following forty-four Pennsylvania cities and bor- oughs: Allentown, Altoona, Ambridge, Berwick, Bethlehem, Bradford, Bristol, Butler, Carlisle, Clairton, Coatesville, Connellsville, Donora, Duquesne, Easton, Erie, Harrisburg, Hazleton, Homestead, Jeannette, Johnstown, Lancaster, McKeesport, McKees Rocks, Meadville, Mon- essen, Monongahela, New Castle, Norristown, Oil City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Pottsville, Reading, Scranton, Sunbury, Tyrone, Union- town, Warren, Washington, Wilkes-Barre, Wilkinsburg, Williamsport, ind York. RECORDS OF DEPARTMENTAL ACTIVITIES The maintenance of statistical records of the work accomplished by the individual bureaus of the Department is another part of the Bu- reau’s work. Primarily such records are compiled for the informa- tion and guidance of the administrative head of the Department and for general record purposes. The records also serve as bases for the preparation of periodical reports of accomplishment by the individual bureaus. When it is considered that on an average 180,000 accidents are received and 70,000 compensation agreements are approved each year by the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation, some idea of the magni- tude of the task of statistical compilation and analysis is obtained. The necessary sorting, counting and tabulating of eards to obtain detailed information concerning all classes of accidents during the course of a year requires the handling of many millions of cards. The compre- hensive and accurate presentation of the results of statistical inquiry seldom reflects any real indication of the amount of painstaking work sntailed in its preparation. BUREAU OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN The Bureau of Women and Children was estab- lished in 1925 in answer to the insistent demand of the women of Pennsylvania who believed that the employment of women and children in the industries of the state justified the establishment of a Bureau especially equipped to consider the problems of such employment. As the second largest industrial state in the Union, Pennsylvania was employing in indus- try about three-fourths of -a million women and one- fourth of a million children under 18. This employment presented problems that were unique and which required special consideration. Thus the Administrative Code, Section 1707, providing for the creation of the Bureau specifically states that it shall be the duty of this Bureau “to make studies and investigations of the special problems connected with the labor of women and children.’ The activities of the Bu- reau during its four years of existence have been confined to three divisions: Research, Administration and Education. RESEARCH The Bureau of Women and Children is in its essence a faet finding eommission. Upon it has devolved the duty of studying conditions under which women and children labor and presenting the facts in a scientifie, accurate and scholarly manner so that they may be of benefit to the public and to the industrial workers. In its research work, the Bureau has consistently treated as separate and dis- tinct problems matters pertaining to women and matters pertaining to children in industry. The conditions under which women and children work are in many instances similar but the problems that result are different. The nature of the surveys made has been determined largely by out- standing problems as they have appeared from time to time in speeifie ‘ndustries. For example, at the time the Bureau was organized, one of the most serious problems in the matter of the employment of children was that of migratory workers who came into the state at seasonal periods for the purpose of canning fruit and vegetables. The establishment of these temporary labor camps into which parents came and worked with children presented questions of the enforcement of the Child Labor Law, the maintenance of educational standards for children residents of another state, and the maintenance of sanitary conditions in the labor camps. In December of 1925, the Bureau published a sensational, but true picture of this problem in the Department bulletin, ¢‘ What of Pennsylvania Canneries?’”” In a similar way, because of the large number of minors employed in the glass industry in the Commonwealth, another bulletin. ‘Opportunities and Conditions of Work for Minors 8 Under 18 in the Glassware Industry,”’ was undertaken. In the same way developed the Bureau's report on “Fourteen and Fifteen Year Old Children in Industry,’’ together with its analyses and studies of acei- dents to minors. Realizing the fatigue that comes with industrial life and the need of correct posture and good chairs for industrial workers, the Bureau published a study, ‘A Good Chair for the Industrial Worker,”’ that presented basic principles in these matters. Im its studies of women in industry, the Bureau considered quite early the smployment of women in department stores and in its bulletin, ‘The Personnel Policies of Pennsylvania Department Stores,’ it made a distinet contribution. Recently, the Bureau has undertaken a very somprehensive survey of hours and earnings of men and women em- ployed in the textile industries. Its first bulletin on this subject, a study of conditions in the silk industry, has just recently been pub- lished. A second one on the same subject dealing with the hosiery industry will soon be published and the third and last one in that group dealing with the knit goods industry is now being prepared. A complete list of the publications of the Bureau includes the fol- lowing : SPECIAL BULLETINS Number 10—Conference on Women in Industry. Proceedings. 1926. 11— Industrial Home Work and Child Labor. 1926. 13—The Personnel Policies of Pennsylvania Department Stores. 1926. 16—Opportunities and Conditions of Work for Minors Under 18 in the Glassware Industry. 1927. 91— Fourteen and Fifteen Year Old Children in Industry. 1927. 26—Migratory Child Workers and School Attendance. 1928. 97—A History of Child Tabor Legislation in Pennsylvania. 1928. 29_Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Silk In- dustry. 1929. Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Hosiery Industry. (In press). Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Knit Goods Industry. (In preparation). SPRCIAL ARTICLES IN “LABOR AND INDUSTRY” November 1925— Who are the Working Women of Pennsylvania December 1925—What of Pennsylvania Canneries? February 1926—Industrial Accidents and Illegal Employment of Minors. November 1926—Children in Industry. March 1927—The First Year’s Administration of Industrial Home Work Regulations. April 1927—Why Industrial Home Work? July 1927—The Illegally Employed Child Injured in Industry. August 1927—Conference on Industrial Nursing. Proceedings. March 1928—The Second Year’s Administration of Pennsylvania Home Work Regulations. July 1928—Injured Children Excluded from the Benefits of Work- men’s Compensation. 17 August 1928—A Good Chair for the Industrial Worker. October 1928—Three Years’ Work of the Bureau of Women and Chil- dren. June 1929-—Hours of Work and Earnings of Women Employed at In- dustrial Home Work. November 1929—An Analysis of Machine Accidents to Employed Minors. LEAFLETS The Employment of Children in Pennsylvania. The Employment of Women in Pennsylvania. A Directory of Industrial Nurses in Pennsylvania—August 1927. Persons, Firms, and Corporations Licensed to Employ Home Workers in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania—1928. Jome Facts about Fourteen and Fifteen Year Old Wage Earners—1928. Jome Facts about Pennsylvania Women Wage Earners—1929. ADMINISTRATION In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania there is a certain amount of factory work which is performed not within industrial establishments but within private homes, work done largely by women in the leisure moments of their household duties. This type of factory work is known as Industrial Home Work. Three industries, clothing, knit goods, and tobacco, send out a great amount of such work to private homes. Be- cause the possibility of violations in the Child Labor and Women’s Law and the need for maintenance of sanitation and safety conditions present certain distinct problems of enforcement, the Department of Labor and Industry in 1925 adopted definite regulations pertaining to Industrial Home Work. The problem here was unique. It involved contacts with the employer and with the home and demanded a type of inspection that was other than ordinary routine factory inspection. Hence the administration of these regulations was entrusted to the Bureau of Women and Children. In its adoption of said regulations, the Department of Labor and Industry placed the responsibility for having goods manufactured in accord with them directly on the employer. The employer is licensed by the Department and is required to report quarterly the names of all persons thus employed. All goods sent into private homes must bear the employer’s identification tag. Representatives of the Bureau go into the homes and study a representative number of families of each employer giving out work, see that the conditions are sanitary and that the Women’s Labor Liaw and Child Labor Law are observed. Since 1925 an educational program has been carried on to secure the cooper- ation of the employer as the touchstone in the Bureau’s administration of these regulations. As of December 31, 1928, there were licensed in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1,240 employers and there were 11,309 home workers. This gives some idea of the problems that home work brings to the Bureau. LD EDUCATION Because of the special phases of its activities and the appeal that its work makes to women and the public generally, the Bureau has tried to cooperate with, and secure the interest of all individuals and groups n the Commonwealth interested in improving the conditions under which women and children are employed in industry. The publications »f the Bureau are sent regularly to a special mailing list that is eom- prehensive and general in its representation. Representatives of the Bureau speak to groups of women throughout the Commonwealth on the activities of the Bureau and various phases of industrial relations. The public has been educated to come direct to the Bureau with com- plaints in the matter of violation of the Woman's or Child Labor Laws and for all material on any phase of the subject that the Bureau has surveyed. If women and children are to be protected in industry, it is essential that the public understand the laws at present on the statute books and the need for revision and amendment as it develops and appears. Such information the Bureau at all times seeks to dis- seminate. A number of important conferences have been held under the diree- tion of the Bureau at which problems pertaining to industry have been ~onsidered and discussed from the point of view of a specialist or highly trained worker. Such a conference was the Conference on Women in Industry held in December, 1925. Another was the joint conference by the Department of Public Instruction and the Department of Labor and Industry held in April, 1926, to discuss phases of the Child Labor Law for which these Departments are jointly responsible. In June of 1927, a third conference on Industrial Nursing was held and in March of 1928, under the leadership of the Bureau, the industrial secretaries of the Y. W. C. A’s of the Commonwealth came together for an informal discussion of industrial problems. The Bureau faces the future conscious of its responsibilities. Woman has become an increasingly important factor in our industrial life. Our machine age presents ever changing problems which render more im- portant the need for safeguarding women and children in industry and guarding the conditions under which they work. In the solution of these problems, this Bureau must continue to assume intelligent leader- ship. BUREAU OF BEDDING AND UPHOLSTERY The Bureau of Bedding and Upholstery was for- merly a Section in the Bureau of Inspection. As the work of this Section had very little in common with the general work of the Bureau of Inspection, it was made a Bureau on October 27, 1927, by ap- proval of the Executive Board. The Bedding and Upholstery Act of April 14, 1923, as amended by Act of June 14, 1925, charged the Department of Labor and Industry with the duty of requiring the manufacturers of mattresses, pillows, comfortables, and articles of upholstered furniture to state on a tag attached to such articles an exact and definite statement of the material used in filling. Because of the lack of supervision of this industry, great latitude and license in what was put inside of articles of bedding and upholster- ed furniture were employed by many manufacturers throughout the United States. Highly colored descriptions were used to describe the most ordinary and inferior grades of filling ma- terials, so that, in many cases, it was next to impos- sible for any one to know just what they were buying in such articles as mattresses, pillows, upholstered furniture, etc. A mattress might be labeled COT- TON FELT and contain the lowest grade of cotton linters; a pillow might be labeled DOWN and con- tain erushed chicken feathers; and a davenport might be labeled HAIR (supposedly HORSE HAIR) and contain a dyed vegetable fiber mixed with hog hair. At the present time only the actual materials used in the manufacture of an article coming under the provisions of the Act may be printed on the tag attached. No trade names may be used to describe the filling material. A pillow to be labeled DOWN must contain at least ninety per cent of DOWN, a tolerance of ten per cent of small feathers being allowed on account of the natural conditions in the feather industry which do not permit of perfect separation. In connection with the offices of the Bureau is a laboratory in charge of a chemist where filling materials are analyzed. The Bedding and Upholstery Advisory Committee at present con- sists of twelve representative manufacturers of Pennsylvania. These members are appointed by the Secretary of Labor and Industry who acts as Chairman of the Committee. They meet at the call of the Secre- tary to discuss regulations affecting the industry and questions pertain- ing to legislation. The Committee comprises: General Albert J. Logan, H. E. Wolf, I. H. Wolfson, all of Pittsburgh; H. Gilman Fisher, W. D. Babcock, David T. Gladding, Charles Gearhart, A. J. Schob, all of Philadelphia; John K. Herr, Lancaster; C. W. Parkinson, Waynes- boro: Issac C. Decker, Montgomery :~and G. W. Atlee, Chester. M. P. Frederick Director BUREAU OF ACCOUNTING The Bureau of Accounting was created by the Executive Board February 28, 1929. It had previ- ously been a section of the Executive Bureau, De- partment of Labor and Industry. The Bureau of Accounting prepares the budget and the estimates for the Department. It makes up a monthly report of the estimate sheet for two years, and a monthly report which must be in accordance with the estimate so that the apportionment of the appropriations is kept within the estimate. The Bureau of Accounting also makes a report to the budget office on the allotment made to the Department of Labor and Industry by the Department of Property and Supplies, and prepares all payrolls and handles all expense accounts for the Depart- ment and makes up monthly reports as well as the payroll for the State Workmen’s Insurance Fund. W. C. Halfpenny Diractor 1 INDUSTRIAL BOARD The Industrial Board, Department of Labor and Industry, is composed of five members: The Secre- tary of Labor and Industry, who is the chairman; an employer of labor; a wage earner; a representative of women; and a representative of the public. All are appointed by the Governor. The Board meets at least once a month, The work of the Board is man- aged by a secretary in the Harrisburg office of the Department. The Industrial Board has three major functions: to approve or dis- approve regulations for earrying into effect the provisions of all the laws entrusted to the Department for enforcement; to receive and act upon petitions when exceptions are taken to the regulations; and to conduct investigations. The Board has the responsibility of approving all rules and regula- tions administered by the Department. These are usually received in tentative form from the Bureau of Industrial Standards. but the Board may also propose regulations for the Depart. ment to enforce as a result of investigations. When new or revised regulations are contem- plated, public hearings are held throughout the State in localities where the majority of those inter- ested in the proposed regulations may attend. Ef- fort is made to give the announcement of these hear- ings the greatest publicity. Department bulletins, press associations, and special mailing lists are the principal mediums used by the Board for this pur- pose. Hearings are held so that all possible constructive criticism may be obtained. Written suggestions are also invited from interested persons who are unable to attend the hear- ings. At the conclusion of the hearings, the suggestions and eriticisms which have been received are analyzed, and the tentative rules or regu- lations revised if necessary. The next steps are final approval by the Board and promulgation by the Department. In the administration of laws and regulations, it often becomes neces- sary that the intent of various provisions or requirements be empha- sized. For this reason the Industrial Board is fre- quently called upon to render interpretation of such laws and regulations, either upon request of indus- try, of the public, or of any Bureau within the De- partment. Included in this first activity of the Industrial Board is another function. Numerous laws and regulations enforced by the Department require that sertain protective devices be provided and that they be of approved types. The Board receives requests for approval of such devices, investigates their merits, and either approves or disapproves them. Where approval is given, a certificate indicating such A. L. Linderman Board Member yt approval is awarded the applicant. The devices submitted for approval are usually sent to the De- partment by manufacturers of the devices, but it trequently happens that the industry affected by a regulation will design a device of its own and submit it for approval. This latter practice is growing and 's most gratifying to the Department because it indi- sates an increased interest in accident-prevention work by industrial plants. Two of the codes of regulations enforced by the Department cover boilers and elevators. Among other provisions are requirements for periodical in- spections by approved inspectors. Insurance companies have a cooper- \tive understanding with the Department, and their boiler and elevator inspectors, as well as those of the Department, must pass examinations ‘0 determine their qualifications for the posts. For this reason the [ndustrial Board has two advisory boards composed of technical ex- perts, one for boilers and one for elevators. These advisory boards meet quarterly and conduct examinations, the results of which deter- mine whether or not the Board shall authorize the granting of. certificates of competency to applicants for inspectors’ commissions. The advisory boards are also utilized when expert technical advice is needed in the conduct of the busi- ness of the Industrial Board insofar as boilers and elevators are concerned. These two advisory boards receive no remuneration other than actual expenses, and their service is of inestimable value to the De- partment, to employers, workers and the public. The personnel of the Boiler Board is made up of representatives of boiler manufacturers, of insur- James S. Arnold ance companies, and of the cities of Philadelphia and Sporty Erie, the latter two representing boiler owners and the public. W.P. Eales, Travelers Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn.; John M. Lukens, Chief Boiler, Inspector, City of Philadelphia; James Speed, Chief Boiler Inspector, City of Erie; and George W. Bach, Union Iron Works, Erie, Pa., constitute this Board. The Elevator Board has representation from elevator manufacturers, elevator erectors, engineers, insurance companies, and cities of Phila- delphia and Pittsburgh, the latter two representing elevator owners and the public. This Board comprises William McD. Manning, of the Otis Elevator Company, Philadelphia; James Heron, Elevator Con- structors’ Union, Philadelphia; W. S. Atkinson, Ashland, N. J.; W. P. Eales, Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn.; Samuel B. Brooks, Chief of the Bureau of Elevator Inspection of the City of Philadelphia; and William E. Alexander. Bureau of Building Inspeec- tion of the City of Pittsburgh. The second major function of the Industrial Board is to act as a board of appeal in the interest of industry and the public. By indus- try is meant both employer and employe. This service may be ob- tained in either of two ways. Where enforcement of a regulation by the Department imposes upon anyone a hardship that seems unwar- ranted in the licht of existing local conditions, appeal may be taken 35 from compliance with that order. This type of appeal is in the form of a petition for relief in a specific case. Another type is known as petition for general modification of Departmental Regulations where it is thought such regulations are unreasonable. The difference is that in the first instanee it is recognized that certain regulations involved may only be unreasonable where applied to a specific establishment because of conditions peculiar to that establishment, and in the second instance a rule or regulation may be considered unreasonable in itself. Each type of appeal is considered, investigated, and its merits ascer- tained. Should a hearing be deemed necessary, notice of the time and place of such hearing is given the petitioner and to such other persons as may be directly interested. Otherwise, a decision is rendered on the basis of the facts presented and the results of the investigation. The third principal duty is to consider and investigate the work of any subdivision of the Department. For this purpose the Board has access to all Departmental records. Other investigations are also made as may be found necessary in carrying out the duties imposed upon the Board. The services of any of the administrative bureaus of the Department are available when requested by the Board to assist in the conduct of investigations. WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION BOARD The Workmen’s Compensation Board is a quasi- judicial body within the Department of Labor and Industry, whose primary function is to hear claims and appeals in disputed cases arising under the Workmen’s Compensation Law. The Board consists of three members appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate for terms of four years, the terms of office, however, continu- ing until a successor is appointed. One of the mem- vers is designated by the Governor as Chairman of the Board. The Secretary of Labor and Industry is ex-officio a member. The Board is assisted in its work by referees located in designated districts throughout the Commonwealth. The referees are likewise appointed by the Governor for terms of four years or until their sue- cessor is appointed and their appointments are confirmed by the Sen- ate. The number of referees is determined by the Governor and the Secretary of Labor and Industry. There are at present thirteen ref- erees, two each in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh and one each in Pottsville, Lancaster, Scranton, Wilkes- Barre, Williamsport, Altoona, DuBois, Kane and Greensburg. The Board and referees comprise a distinet de- partmental administrative body under the Admin- istrative Code, and perform their respective duties independently of the Secretary of Labor and Indus- try or any other official of the Department, except that all clerical, stenographic and other assistance required by the Board and referees is appointed by the Secretary of Labor and Industry. John L. Morrison Board Member METHOD OF PROCEDURE All proceedings are instituted by petition or appeal directed to the Workmen’s Compensation Board. Claims for compensation are as- signed by the Board to a referee in the district in which the case arises, for hearing and determination. From the decision of the ref- eree an appeal may be taken, within ten days after notice of the ref- eree’s decision, to the Board ; and from the Board, within ten days after notice of the Board’s decision, to the Common Pleas Court; and there- after to the Superior Court, within thirty days after antry of judgment. The judgment of the Superior Court is final unless an appeal therefrom is allowed as in the case of other judgments of that tribunal. In addition to original claims for compensation, all compensation agreements are subject to proceed- ings by petition for review, modification, termina- tion, suspension, or reinstatement. These petitions are assigned to referees in the first instance from whose decisions appeals may be taken to the Board and to the courts as heretofore indicated. When an appeal is taken to the Board, the referee Joseph E. Fleitz Board Member ” 1s required to file with the Board a transcript of the testimony taken before him. The Board lists all appeals for hearing so as to afford opportunity to both parties to present arguments either oral or by arief or both, after which the records are reviewed by members of the Board and the decision of the referee is affirmed, reversed, or a further hearing ordered. The referees travel within their districts and hold hearings at points most convenient for the litigants. The Board likewise travels and holds hearings in various cities of the Commonwealth. In case of default in payment of compensation by an employer a judgment may be secured by filing a certified copy of a claim petition, agreement for compensation or award with the prothono- tary. Such judgment then becomes a lien against the property of the smployer or other party liable and execution may issue forthwith. Any document on file in the Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation or with the Board or any referee or any proceedings before the Board or a referee may be proved by a copy thereof certified by the Chairman of the Board and attested by the Secretary of the Board under the Board’s seal. Certain petitions such as petitions on agreed facts, petitions for commutation of payments, petitions for allowance of attorney’s fee and petitions to authorize persons other than a guardian to collect compensa- tion of minors must be heard bv the Workmen's {Compensation Board. COMMUTATION OR. LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Compensation payable to non-resident alien de- pendents may be commuted by the employer without first securing permission from the Board. oy Lo Le ery Commutation in all other cases is subject to order of the Workmen’s Compensation Board upon petition of either employe or employer. All such petitions are heard by the Board exeept in cases where it would be inconvenient, because of distance, for the petitioners to appear before the Board. Such cases are referred to a referee, who takes testimony and returns transeript with his recommendation to the Board for final action. When application is made for commutation for the purchase of prop- erty, payment of a mortgage or other indebtedness or to finance a busi- ness, an investigation is made by a representative of the Department of Labor and Industry, so that the Board, when passing upon the appli- cation, has before it the report of the investigation as well as the facts developed at the hearing. In most cases where commutation is granted, the order includes the condition that the money be applied by the em- ployer or the insurance carrier to make certain nroner application of ‘he funds. The calculations, when compensation payments are commuted, are made from a table of present values which shows the present value at five per cent, compounded annually, of $1.00 per week, payable at the end of each week for any period up to twenty years. Copies of this table and method of application are contained in Volume IV. Court qd 29 Decisions, on compensation cases, published by the Department of Labor and Industry. Surveys made to determine whether commutations granted have proved beneficial, show, in most cases, that the judgment of the Board that the commutation would be to the best interest of the employe or dependents, has been justified. The Board has had excellent cooper- ation from employers and representatives of insuring companies, both in furnishing the results of their investigations and in safeguarding the use of the funds when commuted. While the hearings of the Board on commutation petitions are formal, they are not in reality contests between petitioners and respondents but rather the meeting of the em- ployer, the employe and the Board in a combined effort to obtain all the information possible which might have a bearing on the application. The Board also considers whether a commutation might work a hardship on the employer. In this connection, the health of the em- ploye has some bearing and in ease of a widow, the probability of remarriage. The Board may, under a ruling of the Supreme Court, require that a widow give bond to indemnify the employer against loss in the event of her remarriage during the period covered by any com- mutation granted to her COMPENSATION FOR DEPENDENT CHILDREN Until the workmen’s compensation act was amended in 1919, eom- pensation for children, after the widow’s portion was satisfied, could be paid only to a guardian appointed by the orphans’ court, and in some cases, the result was that such eompensation was held for the dependent child, under jurisdiction of such guardian, until the child reached the age of twenty-one years. By the amendment of 1919, the Workmen’s Compensation Board, upon petition, may authorize the mother or any other fit person, having the custody of the child, to collect the compen- sation payments and expend them in behalf of the child without the necessity of appointment of a guardian by the orphans’ court. Such petitions are investigated by representatives of the Department who report on home conditions for determination by the Board of its action on the petition filed. The workmen’s compensation act provides that no claim or agree- ment for legal services on a compensation case is valid or binding unless it has first been approved by the Board. The rules of the Board require that such matters come before it by petition in which is set forth an itemized statement of the attorney’s services. Other petitions which do not come within the foregoing classifications filed with the Board, are listed as miscellaneous petitions such as peti- tions for rehearing, petitions for extension of time to appeal from the decision of a referee. Physicians and associate counsel definitely attached to the Depart- ment of Labor and Industry assist the Board and referces as requested in the adjudication of cases. Services of these physicians may be re- quested by a referee, either before or after the proceedings are insti- tuted, primarily for the purpose of determining from an impartial standpoint so far as possible. the exact physical condition of the compen- sation elaimant 2) Attorneys attached to the Department as associate counsel for the Board assist impecunious claimants in their efforts to obtain workmen’s sompensation. These attorneys appear before the referees and the Workmen’s Compensation Board and in some instances, assist in carry- ing the cases to the appellate courts. STATE WORKMEN’S INSURANCE FUND The State Workmen’s Insurance Fund was created by special Act of the General Assembly of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania coincident with the en- actment of the Workmen’s Compensation Law for the purpose of providing employers of labor in Penn- sylvania a means of obtaining protection under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, at net cost. The Fund is administered by the State Workmen’s In- surance Board, which is an Administrative Board in the Department of Labor and Industry. The Secretary of Labor and Industry is designated as Chairman of the Board, while the other two members comprising the Board are the State Treasurer and the Insur- ance Commissioner. The present members of the Board are Peter Glick, Chairman; Edward Martin, State Treasurer; and Matthew H. Taggart, State Insurance Commissioner. The State Workmen’s Insurance Fund received an appropriation from the (teneral Assembly with which to start its activities, and again two years after its inception, it received an additional appropriation for the purpose of firmly establishing the Fund. These two appro- priations amounted to $500.000, which amount has since been returned to the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania. Since 1917, the State Workmen’s Insur- ance Fund has not received any State appropri- ation and has been self-supporting. The expense of conducting the work of the Fund is paid out of pre- miums paid into the Fund by employers of labor who insure their liability under the Workmen's J. G. Bingaman Compensation Aet with the State Fund. Asisiant Mansgst The State Fund has an accumulated surplus over and above all liabilities of approximately $3,000,000; $2,000,000 of this amount has been set aside as a general surplus, while $1,000,000 has been set aside as a special eatastrophe reserve. This surplus and reserve is considered by all authorities as ample to meet any contingency which may con- front the Fund in the way of a catastrophe. In addition to the reserve for catastrophe of $1,000,000, the Fund carries reinsurance to the amount of $500,000 as a precautionary measure. The State Fund, for the past few years, has operated on a net cost basis. After all losses have been paid and proper reserves set aside to take care of unpaid losses and the expense of the management of the Fund has been ascertained for each year, the balance remaining from premium income is distributed to policyholders of record during the year, in the form of dividends, which, during the past few years, have amounted to rather attractive figures. The general operations of the State Fund are practically the same as those of any other insurance carrier which issues policies in aceord- ance with the Pennsylvania Insurance Department’s rules and regula- Philip H. Dewey Manager s VA tions covering liability under the Pennsylvania Workmen’s Compensa- tion Act. Compensation insurance rates in Pennsylvania are calculated by two Rating Bureaus, one of which has charge of the industrial class of business, while the other Bureau has charge of coal mine business. These Bureaus are supported by the State ‘Workmen's Insurance Fund as well as all other insurance carriers writing compensation insurance policies in Pennsylvania, but they are under the control of the Insur- ance Commissioner of Pennsylvania. Under the rules and regulations of the Insurance Department, the State Fund, as well as all other in- surance carriers, is required to report to these Rating Bureaus the description as well as the cost of all accidents which are reported to them by their policyholders. Likewise, a report is required to be made sovering the payroll and premium covering each and every policy issued by the various insurance carriers. From this data the Rating Bureaus promulgate the rate which, after their approval by the Insur- ance Commissioner, are used by the State Workmen ’s Insurance Fund as well as all other insurance carriers in underwriting compensation insurance policies. These rates are the same for the State Workmen's [nsurance Fund as for all other insurance carriers. These published rates are subject to modification by the application of an experience rating plan and also of a rating schedule, which, as applying to in- dustrial business and coal mine business, have been built up purely from Pennsylvania experience. The operations of the State Workmen’s Insurance Fund have been separated into various divisions so that the policyholders may receive the maximum of service under their policies. The divisions which come in contact with the public insured with the State Fund. together with their funetions. are as follows: UNDERWRITING DIVISION This Division is entrusted with the task of underwriting all policies covering liability under the Workmen’s Compensation Act issued by the State Fund. Extensive records are maintained showing the correct rates applicable to nearly every industrial business or enterprise in Pennsylvania so that the proper classification and rate may be applied to each application for a policy. All correspondence concerning the issuance of policies as well as the many requests for definitions of vari- sus conditions contained in the State Fund policy, are handled by this Division. ACCOUNTING DIVISION The principal duty of this Division is the collection of all premium moneys due the Fund and the proper maintenance of all finaneial records. A complete analytical record is kept of disbursements made by the Fund; as the records of this Division as to income and disburse- ments are important in arriving at the rate of dividend to be declared by the Fund each year. All statements of monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual accounts are handled by this Division. All correspondence pertaining to any question relating to the payment of premium is also handled bv this Division. CLAIM DIVISION This Division takes care of all reports of accidents occurring to em- sloyves of policyholders issued to the Fund. An average of approxi b3 mately 35,000 accident reports are handled by this Division each year. Through branch offices, which the State Fund has established through- out Pennsylvania, assighments are sent to our various employes cover- ing these accidents and after they have been investigated and the facts, as set forth on the report checked, agreements are entered into for the payment of any compensation which may be due. All disbursements of moneys for the payment of compensation and medical expense is made by this Division. Some idea of the enormous sums of money paid out by the State Fund as compensation and medical expense, can be gathered from the fact that the average amount paid out for these purposes each year during the past three years, amounted to approxi- mately $2,500,000. This Division also conducts all correspondence re- lating in any way to the adjustment or payment of claims. INDUSTRIAL INSPECTION DIVISION This Division is maintained by the Fund for the purpose of rendering special service to policyholders whose risks are rated under the In- dustrial Rating Schedule or the Quarry Rating Schedule as approved by the Insurance Commissioner. A corps of safety engineers and in- speectors are conveniently located throughout Pennsylvania for the pur- pose of explaining to policyholders entitled to such service, how, by safe- guarding hazardous points of operation on the machines in their plants or the physical conditions of the building in which their equipment is housed, their accidents can be reduced and consequently their compen- sation insurance rates lowered. Inspections which are made by safety sngineers attached to the State Workmen's Insurance Fund do not govern the rating of the policies; they only serve the purpose of placing the equipment in the best possible shape so that when an inspector of the Pennsylvania Compensation Rating and Inspection Bureau makes an inspection on which the rate will be based, the policyholder may receive as many credits as possible applving to his comvensation in- urance rates. COAL MINE INSPECTION DIVISION This Division of the State Fund, as a matter of convenience, is lo- cated at Greensburg, Pennsylvania, in the heart of the mining industry of Pennsylvania. Safety inspectors under the supervision of a chief mining engineer, make service inspections of coal mines insured with the State Fund for the purpose of safeguarding the working conditions in each mine so as to conform as much as possible to the Coal Mine Rating Schedule issued by the Coal Mine Rating Bureau. These in- spections are only of a service nature and are made for the purpose of inducing coal mine operators to remove as many hazards as possible from their mines and thereby hold their accident experience down, and consequently reduce their compensation insurance costs. Coal mines in Pennsylvania, subject to the Coal Mine Rating Schedule, are regu- larly inspected by inspectors attached to the Coal Mine Rating Bureau, on the basis of whieh inspection rates are published governing each mine. STATISTICAL DIVISION This Division of the State Fund gathers all rating data having to do with payrolls, premiums, and losses applying to each individual poliey issued by the State Fund, and furnishes this data to the Pennsylvania Department of Insurance where it is used by the Rating Bureaus for the 34 making and revising of compensation insurance rates. This Division also maintains complete statistical data covering the premium income of the State Fund as well as the incurred losses resulting from accidents reported to the Fund, which information is available at all times to policyholders of the Fund. The claim reserve, or the ameunt remaining to be paid at the close of each year on accidents occurring during that particular year, is calculated and set up by this Division. SPECIAL BULLETINS of the DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY Union Scale of Wages and Hours of Labor 1919-1924. Proceedings of the State-Wide Safety Conference. Industrial Home Work in Pennsylvania. Labor Laws—1924. Labor Laws—1925. Hernia as a Compensable Accident. Compilation of Elevator, Machinery and Transmission Accidents —1924. State-Wide Safety Conference—1925. Union Scale of Wages and Hours of Labor—1925. Conference on Women in Industry. [ndustrial Home Work and Child Labor. Workmen’s Compensation Laws—1926. The Personnel Policies of Pennsylvania Department Stores. Is now Number 25. Safety Organization and Accident Statistics. Spray Painting in Pennsylvania. An Analysis of Compensated Accidents to Minors in the Year 1924. 18 Opportunities and Conditions of Work for Minors in the Glass- ware Industry. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Safety Congress—1928. Union Seale of Wages and Hours of Labor—1926. Fourteen and Fifteen Year Old Children in Industry. Union Scale of Wages and Hours of Labor—1927. Pennsylvania Compensation Laws—1928. Zmployment Fluctuations in Pennsylvania 1921-1927. The Department of Labor and Industry. Its Organization and Operation. 26 Migratory Child Workers and School Attendance. 27 A History of Child Liabor Legislation in Pennsylvania. 28 Rules of Procedure of the Workmen’s Compensation Board. 29 Hours and Earnings of Men and Women in the Silk Industry. 30 Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Safety Congress—1929. Out of print. LEAFLETS ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF WOMEN AND OHIT.DREN The Employment of Children in Pennsylvania. The Employment of Women in Pennsylvania. Some Facts about Pennsylvania Women Wage Earners. A Good Chair for the Industrial Worker. Persons, Firms and Corporations Licensed to Employ Home Work- ers in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. *Three Years’ Work of the Bureau of Women and Children. r Out of Brine v & INDUSTRIAL SAFETY and GENERAL FIRE AND PANIC REGULATIONS ~{) Abrasive and Polishing Wheels Bakeries Brewing and Bottling Canneries Cereal Mills, Malt Houses and Grain Elevators Compressed Air Apparatus Construction and Repairs Cranes and Hoists Jry Color Industry Electric Safety Regulations Elevators, Escalators, Dumbwaiters and Hoists Emergency Lighting Foundries Handling, Storage and Use of Explosives in Pits, Quarries and Mines other than Coal Mines Head and Eye Protection Heating Boilers Industrial Home Work [ndustrial Lighting ; Industrial Sanitation Labor Camps Ladders Laundries Lead Corroding and Lead Oxidizing Logging, Sawmill, Wodworking, Veneer and Cooperage Operations Machine Tools Manufacture of Nitro and Amido Compounds Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus Mines other than Coal Mines Miniature Boilers Minors, Affecting Employment of Operation of Motion Picture Projectors Paint Grinding Pits and Quarries Plant Railways Plants Manufacturing and Using Explosives Power Boilers Power, Foot and Hand Cold Metal Presses Printing and Allied Industries Protection from Fire and Panic Railings, Toe Boards, Open Sided Floors, Platforms and Runways Safe Practices Recommendations Spray Coating Stationary Engines Textile Industries Tunnel Construction and Work in Compressed Air Window Cleaning Women, Affecting Commonwealth of Pennsylvania DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY DIRECTORY OF OFFICES Harrisburg : Allentown: ..... Altoona = ... DuBois: ... Erie: ... Franklin: ... Gaines: .... Greensburg: . Harrisburg: ... . azleton: . Johnstown * Rane: .. Lancaster * Lock Haven: .... McKeesport . Dffice of the Secretary, Industrial Board, Workmen’s Compensation Board, South Office Building, Bureau of Bedding and Upholstery, 400 North Third Street, Bureau of Employment, Dxecutive Bureau, 3ureau of Industrial Relations, Bureau of industrial Standards, Sureau of nspection, Bureau of ehabilitation, Bureau of Statistics, Bureau of Workmen’s Compensation, Bureau of Women and Children, South Office Building, State Workmen's Insurance Fund, Fourth and Blackberry Streets, BRANCH OFFICES high Valley State Employment Office, 529 Hamilton Street. tate Workmen's Insurance Fund, 6 Gernerd Building, 838 Hamilton St. looperative State Employment Office. Central Trust Building. Bureau of Rehabilitation, #orkmen’s Compensation Referee, Commerce Building, State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 333 Central Trust Building, , Bureau of Rehabilitation, Workmen’s Compensation Referee, Deposit National Bank Building. . State Employment Office, 1026 French Street. cieve.... State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 4183 Franklin Trust Building. vevv... State Workmen’s Insurance Fund, .. State Workmen’s Insurance Fund, 308 Coulter Building. Workmen's Compensation Referee, 608 First National Bank Building. .. State Employment Office, Second and Chestnut Streets. ... Bureau of Inspection, . 713 Hazleton National Bank Building. Bureau of Inspection, 427 Swank Building. Jtate Employment Office, 219 Market Street. State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 1005 U. 8. National Bank Building. Workmen’s Compensation Referee, Kane Trust and Savings Building. 3ureau of Inspection, Fraley and Field Streets. ‘ooperative State Employment Office, Y. M. C. A. Building. Bureau of Ruspeckion Workmen's oy inn Referee, Woolworth Bullding. cee... State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 214 Vesper Street. -+..Cooperative State Hmployment Office, Y. M. C. A. Building, ity d 08 New Castle: .............Cooperative State Employment Office, Y. M. C. A. Building. West Washington Street. Cooperative State Hmployment Office, Y. M. C. A. Building. State Employment Office (Main Office), Bureau of Rehabilitation, Steele Building, Fifteenth and Cherry Streets. Bureau of Inspection, Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Norkmen’s Compensation Referee, Workmen's Compensation Board, Manhattan Building, Fourth and Bureau of Women and Children, 1924 Chestnut Street. State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 804 Commercial Trust Building. Bureau of Inspection, Bureau of Rehabilitation, Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Workmen’s Compensation Referee, Bureau of Industrial Relations, Fulton Building. State Employment Office, 622 Grant Street. State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 904 Park Building. Bureau of Rehabilitation, Workmen's Compensation Referee, 1 Ulmer Building. State Workmen's Insurance Fund. Baird Building. State Employment Office, 5333 Penn Street. State dmployment Office, Linden Street and Madison Avenue. Bureau of Inspection, Workmen's Compensation Referee, State Workmen’s Insurance Fund, 418 Union National Bank Building. State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 9 Witmer Building. State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 216 Poplar Street. Bureau of Inspection, Sureau of Bedding and Upholstery. 311 Market St. Bureau of Rehabilitation, Workmen’s Compensation Referee, Coal Exchange Building. State Workmen's Insurance Fund, 174 Carey Avenue. Bureau of Inspection, ¥orkmen’s Compensation Referee, Heyman Building. soperative State Employment Office, Y. M. C. A. Building. . 343 West Fourth Street. Burean of Workmen's Compensation, Central National Bank Building. State Workmen's Insurance Fund. 917 Wayne Avenue. Offices are conducted in cooperation with the United Note. State Employment States Employment Service. Through the courtesy of The Pennsylvania Museum of Art Philadelphia permission has been given to reproduce “The Thinker’ on the cover of this bulletin $1 x 50 TZ , i LS hs #1 A> tn ND rs = ooh kak el fFFRER ade to insure practical and enforceable regulations. The cooper- 1 given by industry in the formulation of industrial standards * tremendous value not only in the preparation, but in their en- ement. APPROVAL OF DEVICES nother important duty of the Research Section is that of approving ices. This work is divided into two parts. First, there are the ices required to be approved by the regulations of the Department. other words, some parts of machines or equipment are considered razardous that the Department should control the types of guards ted on the machines. The regulations are, therefore, so written as permit only approved guards to be installed on such machines or ipment. The duty of approving the devices falls upon the Industrial wird, but this Board, through the very nature of its structure, must rend on some other agency to conduct the necessary investigations of h devices, and so refers them to the Bureau of Industrial Standards. » Research Section makes a complete study of the device to determine t meets the requirements of the regulations, whether it is practical { dependable, and whether the reputation of the manufacturer is such to guarantee that the device will continue to be manufactured ac- ding to specifications. The second type of approvals eovers all other devices submitted to Department in order that it may be in a position to advise indus- 38 as to the practicability of the device and whether it will satisfac- ily perform the work it is intended to do. There is no legal backing the approval and industries are not required to use such approved sices. The approval simply places the Department in a position of ng able to tell inquiring industries where they can purchase a device at will satisfactorily take care of a particular guarding problem. ie investigation procedure is the same as for Industrial Board ap- ovals but no report of the investigation is made to the Board. Lists of these two classes of approvals are prepared by the Research ction and are available for distribution. GENERAL RESEARCH = mJ A § Realizing that the inspectors who have the duty of enforcing the gulations cannot be expected to interpret them to others as well as e organization that prepared them, this Bureau prepares, in the form what is known as departmental bulletins, standard instructions eon- roing the enforcement of the regulations, explanations of the mean- g of particular rules, and illustrations of the methods of applying the les to particular conditions. This work not only enables the inspector “give the industries in his district a proper explanation of the mean- g of these regulations, but it insures that the inspection force labors ; one man in its general enforcement work and in a way intended by ie regulations. This Bureau also makes special studies concerning accident-preven- on work for the purpose of preparing data that will be helpful to the idustries of the Commonwealth, may be useful in supplementing regu- itions, or simply be of an advisory nature.